UMkhukula

1. Ubungqina boMkhukula

Ngokufuthi uMkhukula uye wabonwa njengentsomi nje. Ingakumbi abo bantu, bakholelwa kwingcamango yendaleko, abakholelwa ukuba wakha wakho uMkhukula. Bacinga ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba amanzi akhe agubungela umhlaba uphela. 

   Kodwa ngaba uMkhukula wabakho ngokwenene? Ukuba siqwalasela umhlaba, iifosili kunye nezithethe zabantu, zibhekisela kuMkhukula. Babonisa ukuba intshabalalo enkulu yakha yabakho eMhlabeni. Ngokulandelayo, siza kuhlolisisa ngendlela efana noluhlu ubungqina obubonisa le ntlekele inkulu.

Amangcwaba ezilwanyana

• Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho malunga nama-800 eebhiliyoni zezilwanyana ezinomqolo ezingcwatywe kwingingqi yaseKarroo eMzantsi Afrika (inqaku likaRobert Broom kwiSayensi, ngoJanuwari 1959). Ubukhulu bale ndawo yokungcwaba bucebisa ukuba kwenzeke isiganeko esingaqhelekanga. Izilwanyana kumele ukuba zangcwatywa ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuqhelekileyo, olu hlobo lwesiganeko lunokuchazwa kakuhle ngentshabalalo enkulu enjengoMkhukula, onokuthi ngokukhawuleza ufumbe umaleko womhlaba phezu kwezilwanyana.

• I-permafrost yaseAlaska neSiberia inezigidi zeetoni zamathambo ezilwanyana. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, uninzi lwezi zilwanyana yayizizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinkulu ezazingenakukwazi ukuphila kwiimeko ezibandayo nezingenakuzingcwaba. Inkcazo evela kwincwadi ethi Maailman Luonto isixelela ngayo. Ibonisa indlela ezi zilwanyana zikhulu ezafunyanwa ngayo nzulu emhlabeni kunye nohlaza olwahlukeneyo:

Eyona nto inomdla apha kukuba i-permafrost e-Alaska naseSiberia inokubandakanya inani elibonakalayo lamathambo kunye nenyama, kunye nezityalo ezibolile ngesiqingatha kunye nezinye iintsalela zehlabathi. Kwezinye iindawo, ezi zidibanisa inxalenye ephawulekayo yomhlaba. Inxalenye enkulu yale ntsalela ivela kwizilwanyana ezikhulu, ezinje ngomkhombe oboya, iingonyama ezinkulu, ii<em>beaver, iinyathi, iimusk, iinkomo, iimammoth, neendlovu ezinoboya, eziye zabhanga… Yiyo loo nto kucacile ukuba imozulu yaseAlaska ukufudumala kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kube ngumkhenkce.

• Ubungqina bamangcwaba amakhulu ziintsalela zemikhombe, iinkamela, iihagu zasendle kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezingenakubalwa ezifunyenwe eAgate Spring, eNebraska. Ngokoqikelelo lweengcali, kukho iintsalela zezilwanyana ezikhulu ezingaphezu kwama-9 000 kulo mmandla.

• Ngowe-1845, kwagrunjwa amathambo ezilwanyana kufuphi ne-Odessa eRashiya, eyayiquka amathambo eebhere ezingaphezu kwe-100, kwakunye namathambo amaninzi ehashe, iibhere, iimammoth, imikhombe, iinyathi, ielk, iingcuka, iingcuka, izinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo, iimpuku; otters, martens kunye neempungutye. Ezi zazijonge phantsi zixutywe neentsalela zezityalo, iintaka kunye neentlanzi (!). Ubukho beentlanzi phakathi kwezilwanyana zasemhlabeni bubonakala bubhekisela kuMkhukula. Zinokuba njani iintlanzi kwindawo enye nezilwanyana zasemhlabeni?

• Iinduli eziqulethe inani elikhulu lamathambo emvubu zifunyenwe ePalermo, eItali. Ekubeni kukho namathambo eimvubu eziselula phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenweyo, azinakufa ngokwemvelo. Ubukho bezi imvubu ziselula balatha ngokucacileyo kuMkhukula.

• Kufunyenwe imiqolomba, umzekelo, eYorkshire eNgilani, eChina, kunxweme olusempuma ye-USA naseAlaska, apho amathambo ezilwanyana ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nabatya izilwanyana afunyenwe kwimiqolomba enye. EYorkshire, eNgilani, kwafunyanwa amathambo endlovu, omkhombe, imvubu, ihashe, ixhama, ingwe, ibhere, ingcuka, ihashe, impungutye, umvundla, umvundla kwakunye neentaka ezininzi. komnye wemiqolomba ye-stalactite. Njengomthetho, ezi zilwanyana zidla enye kwenye akukho meko ziya kuhlala kunye.

• Elinye ingcwaba elikhulu lifunyenwe eFransi, apho kwafunyanwa khona amathambo angaphezu kwe-10,000 amathambo amahashe.

• Kuye kwafunyanwa izinto kumangcwaba edayinaso ezinkulu. Amathambo amakhulu aliqela, kunye namawaka, ama-dinosaurs amancinci afunyenwe eBelgium kwidiphozithi yodongwe malunga neemitha ezingama-300 ubunzulu. Amathambo amacilikishe angama-10 000 aye afunyanwa kwindawo encinane yaseMontana, eUnited States, yaye eAlberta, eKhanada, kuye kwafunyanwa amangcwaba aneentloko eziziintloko ezilikhulu. Ukongeza, amanye amangcwaba amancinci afunyenweyo anxulumene needinosaurs aye enziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi zilwanyana ziye zabandakanyeka kwintshabalalo efanayo eyehlela ihlabathi ngaxeshanye.

   Omnye umzekelo ukwafumaneka kwincwadi ethi The Age of Dinosaur ebhalwe sisazinzulu esaziwayo esikholelwa kwindaleko uBjörn Kurten. Ukhankanya indlela iifosili ezininzi zee<em>dinosaur eziye zafunyanwa kwindawo yokuqubha iintloko zazo zijijelwe ngasemva, ngokungathi kumzabalazo wokufa.

Amathambo esiqu somthi, uninzi lwawo oluxukutywayo lujonge ezantsi . Ngaphambili, kuye kwachazwa indlela amathambo emithi efunyenwe ngayo evela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ezingaphakathi emhlabeni kwaye zinwenwela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo. Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi ziqu kunye nezigodo zibubugxwayiba nje obunye obukhulu obufunjwe kunye nodaka, amathambo nodaka. Iingcambu zabo zisenokuba zijonge ezantsi, nto leyo ebubungqina besiganeko esithile esibi. Ukuze amathambo esiqu somthi azalwe kwaye agcinwe, kufuneka angcwatywe ngokukhawuleza kumaleko omhlaba owangqongileyo - kungenjalo bekungasayi kubakho mathambo aseleyo kuwo.

Imvelaphi yeefosili . Iifosili emhlabeni zibubungqina obunamandla boMkhukula. Imvelaphi yeefosili emhlabeni inokuchazwa kuphela yinto yokuba udaka luye lwangcwaba isityalo kunye nesilwanyana esiphilayo okanye esandula ukufa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba oku kwakungenzeki ngokukhawuleza, iifosili ngengazange zenziwe, kuba kungenjalo iibhaktheriya kunye ne-scavengers zaziza kuzibola ngexesha elifutshane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kule mihla iifosili ayikabunjwa. Umhloli wamazwe owaziwayo uNordenskiöld waphawula ukuba kulula ukufumana amathambo amadala amacikilishe amakhulu eSpitzbergen kunalawo asandul’ ukungcwatywa, nangona kukho izigidi zamantini kuloo mmandla.

    Ngoko ke, kuyingxaki enkulu ukuzama ukucacisa indlela izilwanyana ezikhulu ezifana nee<em>mammoth, ii<em>dinosaur, imikhombe, iimvubu, amahashe nezinye izilwanyana ezikhulu ezazinokungcwatywa ngayo phantsi kodaka neengqimba zomhlaba ukuba ubani akakholelwa kuMkhukula. Iimammoths zizodwa ziqikelelwa ukuba zimalunga nezigidi ezi-5 zabantu abangcwatywe emhlabeni. Phantsi kweemeko zangoku, ezo zilwanyana zazingayi kungcwatywa emhlabeni, kodwa zaziza kubola ngokukhawuleza emhlabeni okanye abarhali bazitye ngoko nangoko. Le nkcazo ilandelayo (uJames D. Dana: "Manual of Geology", p. 141) ibonisa indlela umngcwabo okhawuleza ngayo uyimfuneko kwifossilization:

Izilwanyana ze-Vertebrate, ezifana neentlanzi, izirhubuluzi njl.njl., ziyabola xa amalungu azo athambileyo esusiwe. Kufuneka zingcwatywe ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba zifile ukuze zingaboli kwaye zingatyiwa zezinye izilwanyana.

WANGCWATYWA EPHILA . Iifosili ezininzi zinika ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba zangcwatywa ngokukhawuleza.

    Ngaphandle kokungcwatywa ngokukhawuleza, kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokuba izilwanyana zazisaphila ngexesha lokungcwatywa kwazo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo:

Iifosili zeentlanzi. Inani elikhulu leefosili zeentlanzi zifunyenwe zineempawu zokungcwatywa ziphila kwaye ngokukhawuleza.

   Okokuqala, amathambo eentlanzi afunyenwe ebenesidlo esiqhubekayo: baye banenye intlanzi encinci emlonyeni wabo xa ngokukhawuleza bangcwatywa phantsi komhlaba omkhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba intlanzi idla isidlo sayo, ayifumani ukufa okuqhelekileyo, kodwa iphile ubomi obuqhelekileyo de ibe ifumene ukungcwatywa ngokukhawuleza.

    Okwesibini, kuye kwafunyanwa inani elikhulu leefosili zeentlanzi ezazinazo zonke izikali endaweni, umlomo uvuleke kwaye onke amaphiko asasazekile. Nanini na xa loo manqaku efunyenwe kwiintlanzi, abonisa ukuba bamele ukuba babesaphila yaye besilwa nekamva labo de bangcwatywe ngequbuliso. Kwisikhukula, ukungcwatywa ngokukhawuleza ngolo hlobo phantsi kodaka bekuya kuba yeyona ndlela inokwenzeka yokufa kweentlanzi. Umzekelo, malunga ne-9/10 yeentlanzi zezixhobo ezifunyenwe kwiidiphozithi zelitye lentlabathi ebomvu zikwimeko enjalo - ziye zaphakamisa iimpondo zazo ezimbini kwii-engile ezichanekileyo kwi-bony plate yentloko yazo njengophawu lwengozi - nto leyo ebonisa ukuba banamava. umngcwabo okhawulezileyo.

    Ngaphezu koko, iifosili zeentlanzi azikwazi ukubunjwa nangayiphi na enye indlela - ngaphandle kwendlela ekhankanywe ngaphambili - kuba phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo iintlanzi zibola ngokukhawuleza okanye zidliwa zezinye izilwanyana. Noko ke, kwiindawo ekungcwatywa kuzo iintlanzi kufumaneka izigidi zaloo mathambo.

Iimbaza zeBivalve kunye neembatyisi. Iimbaza zeBivalve kunye neembaza ziye zafunyanwa kwindawo evaliweyo, ebonisa ukuba zangcwatywa ziphila. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa ezi zilwanyana zisifa isihlunu esibambe oonokrwece baso zivalekile siphumla sivumela isanti nodongwe ukuba lungene. Ezi fossils, nangona kunjalo, zidla ngokufunyanwa zivaleleke ngokuqinileyo kwaye akukho santi okanye udongwe phakathi kwamaqokobhe. Ekubeni la maqokobhe evalwe ngci, oko kubonisa ukuba ezi zilwanyana ziye zangcwatywa zisaphila.

IiMammoths. Kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezininzi, kuye kwafunyanwa izinto ezinkulu ezinkulu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ziya kuthi zifikelele kwizigidi ezi-5 iimammoths ezingcwatywa emhlabeni. Amathambo azo, ubukhulu becala, amabamba, agrunjwe emhlabeni ngeetoni, kwaye ade asetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada kwishishini leempondo zendlovu, ngoko ke asikwazi kuthetha ngayo nayiphi na imali encinci efunyenweyo.

    Eyona nto iphawulekayo ngezi ziphumo zinkulu kukuba ezi mammoths zafunyanwa zigcinwe zikwimeko entle kakhulu. Ezinye zazo zifunyenwe kwindawo yokuma (!), Abanye basenokutya okungagatywanga emlonyeni naseziswini zabo. Ukongezelela, ezinye ziye zafunyanwa zigqibelele yaye zingonakalanga.

    Xa oko kufunyaniswe kwiindawo ezinkulu, kubonisa ukuba abazange babulawe kwisikhukula sasentwasahlobo sasekuhlaleni, ngokufa okucothayo ngenxa yendlala, okanye nakuphi na ukufa okuqhelekileyo njengoko kuchaziwe. Akukho bungakanani be-uniformitarianism inokuchaza ukufa kwangaxeshanye kunye nobundlobongela kwamakhulu amawaka ezilwanyana kunye nendlela ezangcwatywa ngayo kumaleko wentlenga kunye nomhlaba. NgoMkhukula, oko kunokwenzeka.

IZIDALWA EZIDALWA ELWANDLE KUNYE NENDAWO ZAZO ZIFUMANEKA KWIINTABA NAMHLABA OWOMILEYO .

- ( Gen 7:19 ) Aba namandla amanzi kunene kakhulu ehlabathini; zagutyungelwa zonke iintaba eziphakamileyo kakhulu, eziphantsi kwamazulu onke.

- (2 Petros 3:6) … elathi ihlabathi langoko, lakhukuliswa ngamanzi, latshabalala.

Mhlawumbi obona bungqina bubalaseleyo boMkhukula wehlabathi lonke sisibakala sokuba sinokufumana iintsalela zezidalwa zaselwandle ezintabeni nakumhlaba owomileyo. (Imizekelo efanayo inokufunyanwa kwiinkqubo zendalo zikamabonwakude.) Ngokuqinisekileyo ezi ndawo bezingenakubakho kwiindawo ezikuyo ukuba ulwandle belungakhange lugubungele le mimandla ngaxa lithile.

• Kwiminyaka engama-500 ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ikhalenda yale mihla, uPythagoras wafumana amasalela ezilwanyana zaselwandle ezintabeni. (p.11 IPlaneetta maa (“iPlanethi yoMhlaba”)).

• Kwiminyaka elikhulu kamva, umbhali-mbali ongumGrike uHerodotus wabhala ukuba oonokrwece baqokelelwa kwintlango yaseYiputa. Wagqiba kwelokuba ulwandle lufanele ukuba lwafikelela kwintlango (iphe. 11 “Planeetta maa”). Iintsalela zezilwanyana ezikhulu zaselwandle ziye zafunyanwa nakwiintlango ezinkulu zentlabathi zaseAfrika.

• I-Xenofanes yafumana iifosili zaselwandle kwimimandla ekude kakhulu nolwandle malunga nowama-500 BC Kwakhona wafumana amathambo entlanzi kwindawo ekwari eSirakuse eSicily, naseMalta nakwilizwe lase-Italiya. Ugqibe kwelokuba le mimandla yayikhe yagutyungelwa lulwandle ngaphambili (iphe. 17 Nils Edelman - Viisaita ja veijareita geology maailmassa).

• UCharles Darwin naye wabalekela kwizisele zaselwandle xa wafumana amathambo omnenga kwimimandla yeentaba yasePeru.

• UAlbaro Alonzo Barba, owayengumlawuli wemigodi ePetos, ukhankanya kwincwadi yakhe eyabhalwa ngowe-1640, ukuba wafumana amaqokobhe angaqhelekanga ematyeni phakathi kwePotos neOroneste eBolivia, iimitha ezingama-3,000 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle (iphe. 54 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja) . veijareita geology maailmassa )

• I-German PS Pallas ngeminyaka yoo-1700 yafumana ilitye lekalika kunye nezileyiti zodongwe kwiintaba ze-Ural kunye ne-Altai - zombini eRashiya - ezazibambe iintsalela zezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nezityalo (iphe. 125 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja veijareita geology maailmassa) .

• Izinto ezininzi eziphila elwandle ezifana neembaza, iammonites, ibelemnites, (iammonites kunye neebelemnites zaziphila ngexesha elinye needinosaurs) , intlanzi yamathambo, iinyibiba zolwandle, iifosili zekorale kunye neplankton kunye nezalamane zeeurchins zaselwandle zangoku kunye nestarfish zafunyanwa kwiikhilomitha ezininzi ngaphezu kolwandle. kwinqanaba le-Himalayas. Incwadi ethi Maapallo Ihmeiden Planeetta ( iphe. 55) izichaza ezi ntsalela ngolu hlobo:

UHarutaka Sakai osuka kwiYunivesithi yaseJapan eKyushu iminyaka emininzi waphanda ngezi ntsalela zaselwandle kwiiNtaba zeHimalaya. Yena kunye neqela lakhe badwelise i-aquarium yonke ukusuka kwixesha le-Mesozoic. Iinyibiba zolwandle ezibuthathaka, izalamane kwiiurchins zaselwandle zangoku kunye nestarfishes, zifumaneka kwiindonga zamatye ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezintathu ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ii-Amon, ii-belemnites, iikorale kunye neeplankton zifunyanwa njengeefosili kumatye eentaba (...)

   Kumphakamo weekhilomitha ezimbini, izazi ngokuma komhlaba zafumana umkhondo owawushiywe lulwandle ngokwalo. Umphezulu welitye elifana namaza uhambelana neefom ezihlala entlabathini ukusuka kumaza aphantsi kwamanzi. Kwanakwincopho ye-Everest, kufunyanwa imicu etyheli yekalika, eyavela ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwiintsalela zezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingenakubalwa.

• Ukongeza kwii-Himalayas, kufunyenwe izinto ezininzi kwiiAlps, iAndes kunye neeNtaba zeRocky. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziquka iimbaza, iicrustaceans, ammonites, kunye nestreaks kunye ne-clay shale deposits eziqulethe iifossils zaselwandle. Ezinye zezinto ezifunyenweyo zikumphakamo weekhilomitha eziliqela. Le nkcazo ilandelayo yeeAlps ibonisa ubukho beefosili zaselwandle:

Kukho isizathu sokujonga ngokusondeleyo kwindalo yokuqala yamatye kwiintaba. Ibonakala kakhulu kwiiAlps, kwi-lime Alps esemantla, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Helvetian zone. I-Limestone yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yamatye. Xa sijonga ilitye elilapha kumathambeka okanye encotsheni yentaba – ukuba besinamandla okunyuka sinyukele phaya – ekugqibeleni siya kufumana iintsalela zezilwanyana, iifosili zezilwanyana, kuzo. Zihlala zonakaliswe kakhulu kodwa kunokwenzeka ukufumana iziqwenga ezibonakalayo. Onke loo mathambo ngamaqokobhe ekalika okanye amathambo ezidalwa zaselwandle. Phakathi kwazo kukho iiammonies ezinemisonto espiral, kwaye ngakumbi iiclams ezinamaqokobhe amabini. (…) Umfundi usenokuzibuza kweli nqanaba ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba udederhu lweentaba lugcina intlenga engaka, enokufunyanwa ibekwe emazantsi elwandle.(iphe. 236,237, Pentti Eskola, Muuttuva maa)

• Ilitye likalikalika eligubungela phantse ikota yeChina liquka iintsalela zeekorale ezivela elwandle (iphe. 97,100-106 “Maapallo ihmeiden planetta”). Kukho iindawo ezifanayo eYugoslavia nakwiiAlps.

• Kwindawo ekumbiwa kuyo isileyiti kwiiNtaba ze-Snowdon eNgilani, kukho igrabile enkulu kunye neeleya zentlabathi ezizele ngoonokrwece bembaza elunxwemeni malunga neemitha ezingama-1,400 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

• Amacilikishe entlanzi okanye ii-Ichthyosaurs, ezinokukhula zibe ziimitha ezininzi ubude, zifunyenwe eNgilani naseJamani zingcwatywe kumaleko wodongwe kunye namathambo kunye nezikhumba zazo. Enye yamathambo, egcinwe kwingqokelela ye-Helsinki University Geological Institute, yafunyanwa kwilitye lodongwe eHolzmaden yaseWurttenberg. Iziimitha ezi-2.5 ubude kwaye igcinwe kakuhle kakhulu. (iphe. 371 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Kumbindi weFransi (eSaint-Laon, eVienne), kuye kwafunyanwa oonokrwece beammonite kwilitye likalika. (iphe. 365 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Ummandla welimestone eSolnhofen yaseBavaria unamathambo amabini ecilikishe lentaka (Archaeopteryx). Ukusuka kwindawo enye yelimestone, ezinye iifosili ezigcinwe kakuhle, ezifana nezinambuzane, medusas, crayfishes, belemnites, kunye neentlanzi nazo zifunyenwe. (iphe. 372, "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Kukho imimandla ethile eLondon, eParis, naseVienna eyayifudula iyibhedi yolwandle. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iindawo zelimestone eParis zenziwe ikakhulu ngamaqokobhe emollusk asuka kulwandle olushushu. (iphe. 377 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Kummandla waseBerlin, iileya zentlenga zentlenga eziziimitha eziliqela ubukhulu ziquka amaqokobhe egastropod engasekhoyo ( Paludina diluviana ), kunye neentsalela zeepikes. (iphe. 410 "muuttuva maa, Pentti Eskola)

• Imimandla efana neSiriya, iArabhiya, uSirayeli okhoyo ngoku neYiputa ibiziindawo zolwandle. (p.401, 402 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Iifosili ezindala zembatyisi ziye zafunyanwa eTunisia, kufutshane nedolophu yaseTozeur. (iphe. 90 Björn Kurten, Kuinka Mammutti pakastetaan )

• Kwintlango yeFaijum iikhilomitha ezingama-60 kumzantsi-ntshona weCairo, iintsalela zeminenga neengonyama zolwandle zifunyenwe kumathambeka omqolo ophakamileyo we-Djebel Qatran. (iphe. 23 Björn Kurten, Jääkausi, [The Ice Age])

• Ukusuka kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo zehlabathi, kuye kwafunyanwa iintsalela zeentlanzi ezineentlanzi ezingamakhulu amawaka okanye izigidi. Umzekelo, kwiifosili zeHerring eCarlifonia, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho ibhiliyoni yeentlanzi kwindawo ezizikwekhilomitha ezilishumi. Imimandla esuka eJamani ukuya kuLwandle lweCaspian, eItali, eSkotlani, eDenmark (kwingxondorha yetshokhwe yaseSteven's Klint ) nakumazantsi eSpain (iinduli zeCaravaca) iquka iileya zezigidi zeefosili zeentlanzi. Yonke le mimandla yomhlaba owomileyo kufuneka igutyungelwe lulwandle okanye oku kufunyanisiweyo kweentlanzi bekungenakwenzeka.

• Izaleko ezaziwa ngodongwe ezizileyiti zaseBurgess, ezafunyanwa kwiiNtaba zeRocky ngonyaka ka-1909, ziquka amashumi amawaka eefosili ezisuka kumandlalo wolwandle lwamandulo, kule mihla kumphakamo ongaphezu kwama-2,000 eemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

• Ukusuka kwiindawo ezikumntla-ntshona we-Australia (iphe. 96 Maapallo ihmeiden planetta) kunye neNew Guinea, iikorali kunye neefosili zentlanzi zinokufunyanwa.

• Ukusuka kumbindi welizwe loMntla Merika, iintsalela zeminenga zafunyanwa kumgama omde ukusuka elwandle. Ezi ziphumo zenziwe ngokomzekelo kwiLake lase-Ontario, eVermont, eQuebec, naseSt. Ngoko ke, le mimandla imele ukuba yayigutyungelwe lulwandle ngaxa lithile ngaphambili.

• Uninzi lweendawo eziphakamileyo emhlabeni jikelele - ii-Himalaya kunye nezinye iintaba eziphakamileyo - zibonisa iimpawu zamanxweme amandulo kunye nentshukumo yamaza. Ezi ziphumo zenziwa naseNew Guinea, eItali, eSicily, eNgilani, eIreland, eIceland, eSpitzbergen, eNovaja-Semlja, kuMhlaba waseFranz Joseph, eGreenland, kwimimandla ebanzi kuMntla nakuMzantsi Melika, eAlgeria, eSpain ... kuqhubeka kuqhubeka. (Ulwazi luvela ikakhulu kwi -Maanpinnan muodot ja niiden synty , iphe. 99,100 / ngu Iivari Leiviskä ).      

   Unxweme lwamandulo luye lwafunyanwa naseFinland nakwiindawo eziselumelwaneni. Omnye umzekelo yiPyhätunturi, apho kukho amatye aneempawu zamaza. Imiqondiso yonxweme yamandulo inokufumaneka nakumathambeka eenduli ezininzi. Kumazantsi eFinland, ezo ndawo yiKorppoo, iJurmo, iKaunissaari ePyhtää naseVirttaankangas eSäkylä, kunye nokuya emantla, umzekelo iLauhanvuori, iRokua neAavasaksa. (Kusuka kwincwadi ethi Jokamiehen geologia , iphe. 96 / nguKalle Taipale, Jouko.T. Parviainen)

• Ilava ifunyenwe kwiintaba zeArarati kumphakamo oziimitha ezingama-4,500 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, kwaye inokuba yimveliso yogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo ngaphantsi kwamanzi (Molen, M., Vårt ursprung?, 1991, p. 246)

• Olunye uphawu loMkhukula ngamatye entlenga yaselwandle. Zixhaphake kakhulu kunawo nawaphi na amanye amatye entlenga edibene. UJames Hutton, othathwa njengoyise wejoloji, ubhekisele kolu qwalaselo ebesele lukhona kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo:

Kufuneka sigqibe kwelokuba zonke iileya zomhlaba (...) zenziwa yintlabathi kunye negrabile ehlanganiswe kulwandle, amaqokobhe e-crustacean kunye ne-coral matter, umhlaba kunye nodongwe. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Kumazwekazi, amatye aselwandle aqheleke kakhulu kwaye asasazeke kunawo onke amanye amatye entlenga edibene. Esi sesinye sezibakala zilula zifuna ukucaciswa, ukuba kusembindini wayo yonke into enxulumene nemigudu eqhubekayo yomntu yokuqonda ukutshintsha kwejografi yexesha elidluleyo lokwakheka komhlaba.

ULWAZI LWESINTU NOMKHUMBO . Akuyomfuneko ukuba sikhangele kwindalo yonke inkcazelo engoMkhukula; ubungqina bayo sibufumana kwizithethe zezizwe ngezizwe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho phantse amakhulu amahlanu ala mabali abaliswa ziinkcubeko zehlabathi. Uninzi lwala mabali luye (ngokwemvelo) lutshintshile ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa zonke zifana nokukhankanywa kwamanzi njengonobangela wokutshatyalaliswa. Uninzi lwala mabali lukwakhankanya amaxesha amnandi angaphambili, Ukuwa komntu kunye nokubhideka kweelwimi okwenzeka eBhabheli (iBhabheli) – zonke iziganeko ekuthethwa ngazo eBhayibhileni.

   Amabali afumaneka kubantu abahluke kakhulu: amaBhabhiloni, abemi bomthonyama baseOstreliya, abantu baseMiao baseTshayina, ama-Efe dwarfs aseAfrika, amaIndiya angamaHopi aseMerika akuMntla Merika wesizwe samaPadago, nentaphane yezinye izizwe. Ubukho bamabali oMkhukula kwindalo yonke bucebisa ukuba esi siganeko siyimbali: 

Malunga neenkcubeko ezingama-500 - kuquka abantu bomthonyama baseGrisi, eTshayina, ePeru naseMntla Merika - zaziwa ehlabathini apho iintsomi neentsomi zichaza ibali elichukumisayo lomkhukula omkhulu owatshintsha imbali yesizwe. Kumabali amaninzi, bambalwa abantu abasindayo kumkhukula, kanye njengakwimeko kaNowa. Izizwana ezininzi zaziwugqala lo mkhukula njengobangelwa ngoothixo abathi, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, bakruquka ngabantu. Mhlawumbi abantu babenganyanisekanga, njengakumaxesha kaNowa nakwintsomi yesizwe samaHopi amaMerika Omthonyama kuMntla Merika, okanye mhlawumbi babebaninzi gqitha abantu ababenengxolo, njengakwingoma kaGilgamesh. (2)

ULenormant uthi kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Ukuqala kweMbali":

"Sinethuba lokubonisa ukuba ibali loNogumbe lisiko lendalo yonke kuwo onke amasebe oluntu, kwaye isithethe esinjalo nesifanayo esinjalo asinakugqalwa njengentsomi eqikelelwayo. Imele ibe yinkumbulo yenyani neyokwenene neyiyo. Isiganeko esoyikekayo, isiganeko esabetheleleka ngamandla ezingqondweni zabazali bokuqala bentsapho yoluntu kangangokuba kwanenzala yabo yayingenakuze isilibale.

Abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo banamabali ahlukeneyo angelifa lentlekele enkulu. AmaGrike aye abalisa ibali elingoMkhukula, yaye lisekelwe kumlinganiswa ogama linguDeukayon; kwakude kudala ngaphambi kukaColumbus, abemi bomthonyama belizwekazi laseMerika babenamabali awayeyigcine iphila inkumbulo yomkhukula omkhulu. Amabali angomkhukula aye adluliswa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana de kube namhlanje eOstreliya, eIndiya, ePolynesia, eTibet, eKašmir naseLithuania. Ngaba zonke zingamabali nje namabali? Ngaba zonke zenziwe? Kuqikelelwa ukuba zonke zichaza intlekele enye enkulu. (4)

Ukuba uMkhukula wehlabathi lonke wawungeyonyani, ezinye izizwe zaziza kuchaza ukuba ugqabhuko-dubulo oloyikekayo lwentaba-mlilo, izaqhwithi ezinkulu zekhephu, imbalela (...) ziye zatshabalalisa ookhokho bazo abangendawo. Ngoko ke, ukubakho kwebali loMkhukula ehlabathini lonke sesinye sezona nxalenye zibalaseleyo zobungqina bobunyaniso balo. Sinokuyichitha nayiphi na intsomi njengeentsomi zomntu ngamnye kwaye sicinge ukuba yayiyintelekelelo kuphela, kodwa xa zidibene, ngokwembono yehlabathi, ziphantse zangaphikiswa. (Umhlaba)

Okulandelayo, iimbekiselo ezininzi kwisihloko esifanayo. Ababhali-mbali bamandulo baye bakhankanya uMkhukula njengesiganeko sokwenene embalini. Ukubhalwa kwakhona kwembali yanamhlanje endaweni yoko kufuna ukutshintsha imbali yoluntu ngokukhanyela le ntlekele inkulu kaNogumbe kwaye yongeze amakhulu amawaka kunye nezigidi zeminyaka kwimbali apho kungekho bungqina bubambekayo.

• Umbhali-mbali uJosephus noBerosus waseBhabhiloni baye bakhankanya iintsalela zomkhombe kaNowa

• Umbhali-mbali ongumGrike uHerodotus uye wabhekisela kumaSkitiya kwinxalenye yesihlanu yeMbali yakhe. Ubakhankanya njengenzala kaYafete (unyana kaNowa) ( Gen 10:1, 2 : NW : Yiyo le ke inzala yoonyana bakaNowa, uShem, uHam, noYafete: abazalelwa kubo oonyana emva konogumbe.” UYafete, uGomere, noMagogi, noMadayi, noYavan, noTubhali, noMesheki, noTirasi.

• Kwibali likaGilgamesh, u-Utnapisthim wayalelwa ukuba akhe inqanawa: “Owu ndoda yaseShuruppak, unyana ka-Ubar-Tutu. Yidiliza indlu yakho kwaye wakhe inqanawa, ulahle ubutyebi, ufune ubomi basemva kokufa, udele ubutyebi, sindisa ubomi bakho. Thatha imbewu yabo bonke abaphilayo kwinqanawa oyakhayo. Lilinganise kakuhle imilinganiselo yalo.”

• Kwingxelo yesikhukula saseAsiriya kukho inkcazo yokwakhiwa kwenqanawa:

Yenza inqanawa ngokwale nto - -

Ndiya kumtshabalalisa umoni nobomi.

- Mayingene imbewu yobomi, yonke,

esazulwini somkhombe, enqanaweni oyenzayo.

Ubude bayo buyikubhite ezingamakhulu amathandathu

yaba ziikubhite ezimashumi mathandathu ububanzi nokuphakama kwayo.

- - Mayingene nzulu. -

Ndalwamkela umyalelo kwaye ndathi kuHea, Nkosi yam:

Xa ndigqiba

ukwakha iinqanawa ondixelele ukuba ndikwenze,

abancinci nabadala bayandigezela. (5)

• Ama-Aztec abhekisele kuNogumbe:

Xa ihlabathi lalikho kangangeminyaka eli-1716, kwafika uMkhukula: “Lonke uluntu lwathi shwaka lwaza lwarhaxwa.

baphawula ukuba baziintlanzi. Yonke into yanyamalala ngosuku olunye”. NguNata nomfazi wakhe uNana kuphela abasindiswayo, kuba uthixo waseTitlachauan wayebaxelele ukuba bakhe iphenyane ngomthi womsipres. (6)

• Icwecwe lodongwe lafunyanwa kwisixeko saseBhabhiloni, iNippur, ngeminyaka yee-1890, yaye eli cwecwe lalidala kune- Epic of Gilgamesh . Icwecwe lodongwe lisusela ubuncinane kwi-2100 BC, njengoko indawo apho yafunyanwa khona, ithala leencwadi likawonkewonke, latshatyalaliswa ngelo xesha.

Umzobo wayo ufana kakhulu nalowo ukwiNcwadi yeGenesis. Ikhankanya ukuza koMkhukula ize icebise ukuba kwakhiwe inqanawa enkulu yokukhusela abo basindayo. Umbhalo okweli cwecwe waguqulelwa yingcali yeAsiriya uHerman Hilprecht. Amagama akwizibiyeli ezisikwere akafumaneki kwisicatshulwa, kodwa uHilprecht uwabandakanyile ngokusekelwe kumxholo:

(2) … [imida yezulu nomhlaba ndiyayisusa]

(3) … [Ndiya kuzisa unogumbe, yaye] uya kubatshayela bonke abantu ngaxeshanye;

4 funani ubomi, ungekafiki unogumbe;

(5)……[Kuba phezu kwezinto zonke eziphilileyo], ebuninzini bakho, ndiya kuyibhangisa, imbubhiso, imbubho.

(6) …Yakha inqanawa enkulu kwaye

(7) ...ubude bubonke mabube bubume bayo

(8) …mayibe sisikhephe esithutha abasindileyo.

(9) …ngesiciko esiqinileyo (sona).

(10) … [Enqanaweni] oyenzayo

(11) zizise apho amarhamncwa elizwe, iintaka zezulu;

(12) ... [nezinambuzane zomhlaba zibe ngambini, ngambini, esikhundleni sengxokolo;

(13) …kunye nosapho… (7)

• Ngokuphathelele ubalo-maxesha lwaseYiputa, lusenokuphela ngeenkulungwane. AmaJiphutha ayengenalo uludwe lwabalawuli kwimihla yangaphambili, kodwa ahlanganiswa kwiinkulungwane kamva (c. 270 BC) ngumfundisi waseYiputa uManetho. Enye yeempazamo kwizintlu zakhe kukuba uManethon wayecinga ukuba abanye ookumkani babelawula omnye emva komnye, nangona befunyaniswa ukuba baye balawula ngaxeshanye.

    Ngaphandle kwayo yonke into, uManetho uqinisekisa ubunyani bembali yeGenesis. “Wabhala ukuba ‘emva komkhukula’ kuHam, unyana kaNowa, wazalelwa ‘yiYiputa, okanye iMisraim’, owayengowokuqala ukuhlala kummandla weYiputa yanamhlanje ngexesha laxa izizwe zaqalisa ukusasazeka”. (8)

IIMPAWU ZOOOTA . Ngokutsho kweBhayibhile, xa uNowa wangena emkhombeni kwakukho abanye abantu abasixhenxe kuphela ababekunye naye; bebonke babesibhozo abantu eTyeya (Gen 7:7 neyoku-1 kaPetros 3:20).

   Noko ke, kubangel’ umdla ukuba inani elifanayo lesibhozo kunye nembekiselo ecacileyo kuMkhukula zibonakala nakwiisimboli zoonobumba, ngokukodwa kwinkqubo yokubhala yesiTshayina. Kwinkqubo yokubhala yaseTshayina, uphawu lwenqanawa yinqanawa enabantu abasibhozo kuyo, inani elifanayo nelomkhombe kaNowa! Isimboli segama elithi “umkhukula” nalo linenani lesibhozo! Ayinakuba ngamabona-ndenzile ukuba inani elifanayo, elisibhozo, linxulunyaniswe nemiqondiso yenqanawa noNogumbe. Olu nxibelelwano ngokuqinisekileyo lubangelwa sisibakala sokuba amaTshayina nawo anesithethe esigciniweyo sikaNogumbe wehlabathi lonke njengezinye izizwe. Kwakhona ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ayekholelwa ukuba mnye kuphela uThixo osezulwini.

Umzekelo wesibini. Uphawu lwaseTshayina lwenqanawa yinqanawa enabantu abasibhozo kuyo. Abantu abasibhozo? Umkhombe kaNowa wawunabantu abasibhozo kanye phakathi kwawo.

   (…) Bonke abaphandi abanalo uluvo olufanayo ngentsingiselo ethe ngqo yazo zonke iisimboli. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, amaTshayina ngokwawo (njengamaJapan amaninzi, abathi - xa bethetha - banenkqubo yokubhala efanayo) banomdla kwiindlela zokutolika abavangeli basemazweni abaye bazinika bona. Nangona ezi ngcamango zazingalunganga, ukuthetha nje ngazo kusenokwanela ukubonisa inyaniso yokomoya kwabo bangakholwayo.

   Mna ngokwam ndiye ndaphawula ukuba abashumayeli abaninzi baseTshayina nabaseJapan bacinga ukuba le miqondiso yahlukeneyo iyindlela ebalaseleyo yokucinga yabantu babo. (UDon Richardson, unaphakade ezintliziyweni zabo)

Igama elithi ubulungisa . Kwinkqubo yokubhala yaseTshayina, kukho nolunye uphawu olukhethekileyo: igama elithi “ilungisa”. Isimboli sobulungisa sibunjwe ngamacandelo amabini ahlukeneyo: inxalenye ephezulu ithetha imvana kwaye ngaphantsi kwayo sisimelabizo sobuntu I . Ngoko ke, kukho imbono yokuba abantu abanakuba ngamalungisa bebodwa. Bangamalungisa kuphela xa bephantsi kwemvana. Ke, inkqubo yokubhala yaseTshayina ifundisa imiyalezo efanayo neTestamente eNtsha. Kufuneka sibe phantsi kweMvana esiyinikwe nguThixo (uYesu Kristu), ukuze sibe ngamalungisa. Oku kubhekiselwa kuko kwiindinyana ezilandelayo zeBhayibhile:

- ( Yohane 1:29 ) Ngengomso uYohane wabona uYesu esiza kuye, wathi, Nantso iMvana kaThixo , ethwala isuse isono sehlabathi.

- (1 Cor 1:30) Ke nivela kuye, nina bakuKristu Yesu, owenziwe kuthi ubulumko obuvela kuThixo, nobulungisa , nobungcwalisa, nentlawulelo.

2. Ukuzalwa kwekhabhoni kunye neoli

IKHABHONA NEOLI . Ngokuqhelekileyo sifundiswa ukuba ikhabhoni kunye neoli zenziwa ngenkqubo ecothayo efuna izigidi zeminyaka. Abantu bathetha malunga nexesha lekhabhoni, xa inani elikhulu kakhulu lekhabhoni liza kwenziwa. Kodwa kwenzeka njani? Ngaba ezi zinto zabakho kumakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo yaye ngaba zithabathe izigidi zeminyaka ukuyilwa? Ukuba siyijonga ekukhanyeni kwezi nyaniso zilandelayo, kunokuba zibonise ukuba zenziwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo 'kwixa elidlulileyo', kumawaka ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye ngokucacileyo kumxholo womkhukula okhankanywe eBhayibhileni.

Ubudala beediphozithi zekhabhoni kunye nemithombo yeoli. Inqaku lokuqala kukuba ubungqina beminyaka yekhabhoni kunye neediphozithi zeoli azibhekiseli kwixesha elikhulu. Sithethile ngale nto ngaphambili kwaye amanqaku amabini alandelayo angqina oku:

• Uxinzelelo lwamaqula e-oyile luphezulu kakhulu (kuqhelekile ukuba i-oyile ingene emoyeni isuka kumngxuma ogrunjiweyo emhlabeni), ayinakuba ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10,000 ubudala. (Izahluko ze-12-13 ze- Prehistory kunye nemizekelo yomhlaba nguMelvin A. Cook, uMax Parrish kunye nenkampani, i-1966). Ukuba le mithombo yeoli ibizizigidi zeminyaka ubudala, uxinezeleko ngeluphelile kudala.

• Imikhondo yabantu ifunyenwe kumaleko ekhabhoni achazwa njenge "250-300 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala" kwiindawo ezininzi (Mexico, Arizona, Illinois, New Mexico, Kentucky, phakathi kwezinye). Izinto zendoda kunye neefosili zabantu (!) zifunyenwe kolu luhlu lunye. Oku kuthetha ukuba mhlawumbi abantu babehlala emhlabeni kwiminyaka engama-300 ezigidi eyadlulayo, okanye loo maleko ekhabhoni eneneni anamawaka ambalwa eminyaka ubudala. (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt , Hänssler, 1980, ss. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men – Fact or Fallacy? Sovereign Publications, 1981; Barnes, FA, The Case of the Bones in Stone, Intlango/Februwari, 1975, iphe. 36-39). Kunokwenzeka ukuba le ndlela yokugqibela iyinyani, kuba izazinzulu azikholelwa ukuba abantu babehlala eMhlabeni kwiminyaka eyi-300 yezigidi eyadlulayo:

"Ukuba umntu (...) nangaluphi na uhlobo wayekho kwasekuqaleni kwixesha le-Iron Carbon, yonke inzululwazi yokwakheka komhlaba ayilunganga ngokupheleleyo kangangokuba zonke iingcali zokwakheka komhlaba kufuneka zirhoxe kwimisebenzi yazo kwaye zibe ngabaqhubi beelori. Ke, ubuncinci okwangoku, isayensi iyayikhaba enye into ehendayo yokuba umntu eshiye loo mikhondo. ( The Carboniferous Mystery , Scientific Monthly, vol. 162, Jan.1940, p.14)

• Isizathu sesithathu sokungathatheli ngqalelo idiphozithi yamalahle ne-oyile njengezigidi zeminyaka ubudala yiradiocarbon ekhoyo. Xa isiqingatha sobomi be-radiocarbon sineminyaka engama-5730 kuphela, akufuneki kushiyeke nanye kwiidiphozithi ezizizigidi okanye amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala. Noko ke, kwangowe-1969 upapasho iRadiocarbon yakhankanya indlela iisampulu zeradiocarbon ezinike ngayo iisampulu ezithatyathwe kumalahle, i-oyile kunye negesi yendalo iminyaka engaphantsi kwama-50,000 eminyaka ubudala.

Isantya sokwakheka. Ngokuphathelele ukubunjwa kweoli kunye nekhabhoni akufuneki ukuba kuthathe ixesha elide. Enye inkxaso yale ngcamango ifumaneka kwinto yokuba ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II ioli yenziwe ngamalahle kunye ne-lignite eJamani, kwaye ngempumelelo. Ayizange ithathe i-eons, kodwa yenzeke ngexesha elifutshane. Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji eyahlukileyo ngoku kutshanje, i-barrel yeoli yaveliswa kwimizuzu engama-20 ukusuka kwitoni enye yenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo (Uyilo lomatshini, i-14 ngoMeyi 1970 ).

   Kwakhona kuye kwenzeka ukuguqula imithi kunye neselulosi kwikhabhoni okanye izinto ezifana nekhabhoni kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa. Oku kubonisa ukuba xa iimeko zilungile, i-oyile kunye nekhabhoni inokwakheka ngokukhawuleza. Akufuni izigidi zeminyaka ukuba zenziwe. Kuphela ziingcamango ezingendaleko ezifuna izigidi zeminyaka. Lo mzekelo ulandelayo ungqina ukuba amalahle eminerali anokwakheka ngexesha elifutshane, kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa. Umbhali ungqina ukuba iziganeko ezinjalo zazinokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, ngokunxibelelene noNogumbe.

Izazinzulu kwi-Argonne National Laboratory (e-US) zibonakalise ukuba ikhabhoni emnyama yodidi oluphezulu inokufumaneka kusetyenziswa le ndlela ilandelayo: thatha i-lignin (into ebalulekileyo emaplangeni) kwaye uyixube nodongwe oluneasidi kunye namanzi. Fudumeza umxube kwisikhongozeli sequartz esivaliweyo esingenayo ioksijini kwi-150 ºC ngaphandle kokunyusa uxinzelelo. Oku akusiyo iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ukusuka kwimbono ye-geological - eneneni, akukho nto ikhethekileyo okanye "engekho ngokwemvelo" malunga nezithako, nokuba. Kananjalo inkqubo ayithathi izigidi zeminyaka - ithatha kuphela iiveki ezi-4-36!

   (...) Isazi sokuma komhlaba esidumileyo saseOstreliya uMhlekazi uEdgeworth David uchaze kwingxelo yakhe yowe-1907 esamile izikhondo zemithi etshileyo eyafunyanwa phakathi kweengqimba zekhabhoni emnyama eNewcastle (eOstreliya). Iinxalenye ezisezantsi zeziqu zazingcwatywe nzulu kwi-carbon stratum, kwaye emva koko i-trunks yahamba ngqo kwi-strata engentla, ekugqibeleni iphelela kwi-carbon stratum phezulu!

 Cinga ukuba abantu bazama ukuchaza ezi zinto ngokwenkqubo ecothayo eyenzeka kwimigxobhozo emibini eyahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha amakhulu phakathi kwabo. Xa umkhethe ube "ukukhula kancinci kancinci", kucacile ukuba oku kuthintele eyona ngcaciso icacileyo yemvelaphi yamalahle, oko kukuthi isiphithiphithi esikhulu sendalo esibangelwa ngamanzi siye sangcwaba ngokukhawuleza izityalo ezikrazukileyo.

    Ukuhamba kwamanzi kunokubangela ngokukhawuleza inani elikhulu lotshintsho lwejoloji, ngakumbi ukuba kukho amanzi amaninzi. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba olu tshintsho lumele luthabathe izigidi zeminyaka. (…)

    Ezinye izazi ngokuma komhlaba (kuquka uninzi lwabo bakholelwa kwiinkqubo “zezigidi zeminyaka”) ngoku bathi iGrand Canyon yasekwa ngendlela efanayo, ngentlekele, kwaye ayizange idalwe kukukhukuliseka okucothayo koMlambo iColorado ngaphezu kwezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeminyaka. iminyaka.

    UNogumbe wathatha unyaka omnye, wagubungele iintaba, wabangela isiphithiphithi ehlabathini kwaye watshabalalisa umhlaba xa amanzi (kwaye ngokungaphephekiyo ne<em>magma) emkhukula kangangeenyanga (“agqabhuka imithombo yamanzi enzonzobila enkulu”, Gen 7:11). Intlekele eyoyikeka ngolo hlobo ibiya kubangela utshintsho olukhulu ngokumangalisayo. (9)

Ubungqina obuxhasa ukusekwa kwexesha elifutshane. Ezi ngongoma zilandelayo ziyixhasa ngamandla ingcamango yokuba ikharbhon neoli zadalwa ngokukhawuleza ebudeni boMkhukula, kungekhona ngokuthe ngcembe kwizigidi zeminyaka:

• Amathambo eziqu zemithi agqobhoza ngokwahlukeneyo anokufunyanwa kumbindi womaleko wekhabhoni. Umfanekiso omdala womgodi wamalahle eFransi ubonisa indlela izikhondo zemithi emihlanu ezigqobhoza ngayo malunga nemigangatho elishumi. Ezi fossils zazingenakuba zenziwe okanye zivele ukuba i-carbon layers yenziwa kwisithuba sezigidi zeminyaka.

• Esinye seziphumo ezibangela umdla kukuba kwiidiphozithi zekhabhoni ezininzi zomhlaba, izixa ezibalulekileyo zeedipozithi ze-crustal marine kunye neefosili zezilwanyana zaselwandle zifunyenwe ("Inqaku malunga nokwenzeka kwezilwanyana zaselwandle lihlala kwibhola yamalahle yaseLancashire", imagazini yeGeological, 118:307 , 1981 kunye no-Weir, J. "Izifundo zakutsha nje zegobolondo lemilinganiselo yamalahle ", Inkqubela phambili yeSayensi, 38:445, 1950).   Kwakhona, izityalo ezingakhuli nakumgxobhozo zifunyenwe kolu maleko wekhabhoni. Ezi ziphumo zalatha ngokucacileyo kuNogumbe, owawuza kuthutha izilwanyana zaselwandle nezinye izinto eziphilayo phakathi kwezityalo ezifumaneka kumhlaba owomileyo.

UProf. Price ubonisa iimeko apho amalahle angama-50–100 angaphezulu komnye kwaye phakathi kwawo kukho iileya eziquka iifosili ezisuka elwandle olunzulu. Ubona obu bungqina bunamandla kwaye buqinisekisa ukuba akazange azame ukuchaza ezi zibakala ngezizathu zethiyori yokufana kukaLyell. (Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma , iphe. 198)

• Ikhabhoni ne-oyile azenziwanga ngokwendalo kule mihla. Yiyo loo nto zibizwa ngokuba yimithombo yendalo engahlaziyekiyo. Ayenziwe ngokwemvelo nakumazwe ashinyeneyo, nangona iimeko zaloo mazwe kufanele ukuba zifaneleke. Ngokuchasene noko, izityalo apho zibola ngokukhawuleza kwaye akukho mafutha okanye ikhabhoni eyenziwe.

   Ukuphela kwendlela yokuvelisa amalahle yintlekele yendalo egubungela ngokukhawuleza inkunkuma yezityalo phantsi kobuninzi bomhlaba, ishiya phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye ne-oxygen-free state, apho i-oksijini ayinakuyonakalisa. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nemowudi ye-oxygen-free ithathwa njengento ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni amalahle. Ukongezelela, iibhaktheriya azikwazi ukubola inkunkuma yezityalo kwindawo engenawo umoya-mpilo. UMkhukula, owafumba inyambalala yodaka nomhlaba phezu kwelinye, unokusichaza kakuhle isiganeko esinjalo. Isicatshulwa esilandelayo kwincwadi ethi "Muuttuva maa" (iphe. 114) yi-geologist yaseFinland uPenti Eskola, ibhekisela kwinto efanayo. Kubonisa ukuba, ngokubhekiselele kwi-coal seams, kukho amatye odongwe ahlulwe emanzini. Isicatshulwa sibhekisa ngokucacileyo kuNogumbe njengowabakho kwiminyaka nje embalwa eyadlulayo:

"Ngaphantsi nangaphezulu kwee-seams zamalahle kukho, njengoko bekutshiwo, iileyile eziqhelekileyo zelitye lodongwe, kwaye ukusuka kwisakhiwo sazo sinokubona ukuba ziye zahluthwa emanzini."

3. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweedinosaur

Abantu ngokubanzi bakholelwa ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa kweedinosaurs kwenzeka kwizigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo ngexesha lokugqibela lexesha leCretaceous, liphinde litshabalalise i-ammonites, i-belemnites, kunye nezinye iintlobo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ukutshatyalaliswa kukholelwa ukuba kukhukulise uninzi lwezilwanyana zexesha leCretaceous.

   Ngaba loo nkolelo iyinyaniso? Ngaba iidinosaurs zatshatyalaliswa ngokwenene ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba yiCretaceous kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, okanye ngaba zatshatyalaliswa ngoNogumbe? Oku kulandelayo, siza kuphonononga lo mba ngelixa siqwalasela ezona thiyori zixhaphakileyo ezithe zabekwa phambili:

Ngaba iidinosaur zatshatyalaliswa ngubhubhani, yintsholongwane, okanye abaphangi amaqanda ? Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba iidinosaur zatshatyalaliswa ngubhubhani okanye yintsholongwane. Abanye bathi ngequbuliso ezinye izilwanyana zaqalisa ukutya amaqanda edayinaso.  

   Nangona kunjalo, kukho ingxaki enkulu kwiithiyori zombini: kwaye ayichazi ukuba ezinye izityalo kunye nezilwanyana-i-plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, i-pterosaurs, izityalo, i-herbivores ammonites, kunye ne-belemnites-zinokuthi zife ngaxeshanye. (Ama-ammonite nee<em>belemnite zizilwanyana zaselwandle ekuye kwafunyanwa amathambo azo kumathambeka eAlps naseHimalayas, phakathi kwezinye iindawo.) Kwakutheni ukuze ezi ezinye iintlobo zife ngaxeshanye? Ngokuqinisekileyo iintsholongwane azinakuba ngumbulali; zinokuthi iintsholongwane zitshabalalise njani iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izilwanyana zaselwandle nezasemhlabeni, kwanezityalo? Iintsholongwane ezinjalo azaziwa.

   Ngokuphathelele abo batya amaqanda, nabo abanakuchaza ukutshatyalaliswa ngaxeshanye kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo, singasathethi ke ngezityalo. Abakwazanga ukubangela ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kunye nokuphela kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye. Kufuneka kubekho ingcaciso engcono yoku.

Ngaba yimeteorite engunobangela womonakalo? Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba i-meteorite yaphakamisa ilifu elikhulu lothuli, kwaye eli lifu lothuli lavala iLanga ixesha elide kangangokuba zonke izityalo zafa kwaye izilwanyana ezitya uhlaza zabulawa yindlala.

   Kukho, nangona kunjalo, enye ingxaki kule nkcazo yokutshintsha okucothayo kwimozulu. Le ngcamango, okanye iingcamango ezikhankanywe ngasentla, azikwazi ukuchaza indlela amathambo ee-dinosaur anokufunyanwa ngayo ngaphakathi kwamatye nakwiintaba kwiindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. Zinokufumaneka kwihlabathi jikelele ngaphakathi kwelitye eliqinileyo, elingaqhelekanga ngokwenene. Iyamangalisa kuba nasiphi na isilwanyana esikhulu – mhlawumbi esiziimitha ezingama-20 ubude – asikwazi ukungena ngaphakathi kwelitye eliqinileyo. Ixesha alincedi, kananjalo. Kwanokuba besinokulinda izigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ezi zilwanyana zingcwatywe emhlabeni zize zitshintshe zibe ngamathambo, beziya kubola ngaphambi kokuba zityiwe zezinye izilwanyana. Ngokwenyani, nanini na sibona ifosili yedayinaso okanye ezinye iifosili, zimele ukuba zingcwatywe ngokukhawuleza phantsi kodaka nodaka. Abanakuzalwa nangayiphi na enye indlela:

Kucacile ukuba ukuba ukubunjwa kweediphozithi kwenzeka ngesantya esincinci, akukho mathambo ayeza kuveliswa, kuba ayengayi kungcwatywa kwintlenga, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba abola phantsi kweempembelelo ze-asidi zamanzi, okanye ziya kutshatyalaliswa zize ziqotywe zibe ziingceba njengoko zazigudla yaye zibetha emazantsi olwandle olungekho nzulu. Zinokugqunywa kuphela kwintlenga kwingozi, apho zingcwatywa ngequbuliso. ( I-Geochronology okanye i-Age of the Earth ngezizathu ze-Sediments kunye noBomi , i-Bulletin yeBhunga loPhando leSizwe No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)

Isiphelo sesokuba ezi dinosaur, ezifumaneka kwihlabathi liphela, kufuneka ukuba zangcwatywa ngokukhawuleza phantsi kodaka kunye ne-slime deposits. Udaka oluthambileyo luqale lwawajikeleza, lwaze lwaqina nzima ngendlela efanayo nesamente. Kungale ndlela kuphela apho kunokuthi kucaciswe i-genesis yamathambo eedinosaurs, iimammoth kunye nezinye izilwanyana. NgoMkhukula, into enjalo yayinokwenzeka ngokuqinisekileyo. Sijonga inkcazo, enika ingcamango echanekileyo yomcimbi. Ibonisa ukufunyanwa kweedayinaso ngaphakathi kwamatye aqinileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kumele ukuba zigqunywe ludaka oluthambileyo. Udaka luye lwaqina ngeenxa zonke kubo. KungoMkhukula kuphela, kodwa kungekhona kumjikelo oqhelekileyo wendalo, apho sasinokulindela ukuba kwenzeke into enjalo (kwakho nembekiselo ekubhalweni kwayo ngendlela imisinga yamanzi esenokuba yafumba ngayo amathambo edayinaso).

Waya kwiintlango zaseMzantsi Dakota, apho kukho iindonga ezinemibala eqaqambileyo ebomvu, etyheli kunye neorenji kunye namatye. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa wafumana amathambo kudonga lwamatye , awaqikelela ukuba luhlobo awayezimisele ukulufumana. Xa wemba ilitye ejikeleze amathambo , wafumanisa ukuba amathambo abekwe ngokulandelelana kwesakhiwo sesilwanyana. Babengekho kwimfumba njengamathambo edayinaso rhoqo. Uninzi lwezo mfumba zazingathi zenziwe ngumsinga onamandla wamanzi.

   Ngoku la mathambo ayekwilitye lentlabathi elizuba, eliqina kakhulu . Ilitye lentlabathi kwafuneka lisuswe ngohlelo kwaye lisuswe ngokuqhushumba. UBrown kunye nabadlali bakhe abasecaleni benza umngxuma omalunga neemitha ezisixhenxe ezinesiqingatha ubunzulu ukuze bakhuphe amathambo. Ukususa amathambo amabini amakhulu. Abazange nangayiphi na indlela bawasuse amathambo etyeni. Bawathutha amatye ngololiwe ukuya kwimyuziyam, apho izazinzulu zazikwazi ukucofa izinto zamatye kwaye ziseta amathambo. Eli cilishe likhohlakeleyo ngoku lime kwiholo yemiboniso yemyuziyam. (iphe. 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler noHarold G. Coffin)

REFERENCES:

1. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated

2. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78

3. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen?, p. 5

4. Werner Keller: Raamattu on oikeassa, p. 29

5. Arno C. Gaebelein: Kristillisyys vaiko uskonto?, p. 48

6. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 165

7. siteeraus: Luominen 17, p. 39

8. J. Ashton: Evolution Impossible, Master Books, Green Forest AZ, 2012, p. 115, lainaa viitettä 1, p. 7

9. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 12-14