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Zaziphila nini iidinosaur?
Funda ukuba kutheni iidinosaurs zaziphila mva nje, ngaxeshanye nabantu. Izigidi zeminyaka kulula ukuzibuza malunga nobungqina
Inkolelo eqhelekileyo yeyokuba iidinosaur zazilawula uMhlaba ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100 yezigidi zada zatshatyalaliswa kwiminyaka yezigidi ezingama-65 eyadlulayo. Lo mbandela ubusoloko ugxininiswa ngoncwadi neenkqubo zendaleko, ngoko ingcamango yee<em>dinosaur eziphila emhlabeni kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo iye yabethelelwa ngamandla kwinkoliso yabantu. Akucingelwa ukuba ezi zinkulu (Ubukhulu buyazalana. Iminenga eblue yanamhlanje imalunga nobunzima obuphindwe kabini kuneyona dinosaurs inkulu)izilwanyana zaziphila kutshanje nangexesha elinye nabantu. Ngokutsho kwengcamango yendaleko, kucingelwa ukuba iidinosaurs zazihlala kwixesha leJurassic kunye neCretaceous, izilwanyana zexesha leCambrian nangaphambili, kwaye izilwanyana ezincelisayo zavela emhlabeni. Ingcamango yendaleko yala maqela avela kule planethi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo yomelele kakhulu ezingqondweni zabantu kangangokuba bakholelwa ukuba imele isayensi kwaye iyinyani, nangona kunokwenzeka ukufumana izibakala ezininzi ezichasene nale ngcamango. Okulandelayo, siza kuphonononga esi sihloko ngokubanzi. Ubungqina obuninzi bubonisa ukuba akukabi kudala zabakho iidinosaur emhlabeni. Sijonga kobu bungqina ngokulandelayo.
Iifosili zeDinosaur ekuphononongeni . Ubungqina bokuba ii<em>dinosaur bezikhe zaphila emhlabeni ngamathambo azo. Ngokusekelwe kuzo, kunokwenzeka ukwazi ubungakanani kunye nenkangeleko yeedinosaurs kwaye yayizizilwanyana zokwenyani. Akukho sizathu sakuthandabuza ukuba yimbali yabo. Ukuthandana kweedinosaurs, nangona kunjalo, ngumcimbi owahlukileyo. Nangona ngokutsho kwetshathi yexesha lejoloji elakhiwe ngenkulungwane ye-19, ii<em>dinosaur zatshatyalaliswa kwiminyaka yezigidi ezingama-65 eyadlulayo, eso sigqibo asinakwenziwa ngokusekelwe kwiifosili zokwenyani. Iifosili azinambhalo malunga nobudala bazo kunye nexesha ezaphela ngalo. Kunoko, imeko entle yeefosili ibonisa ukuba ngumcimbi wamawakawaka, kungekhona izigidi zeminyaka. Kungenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:
Amathambo akasoloko egruzukile . Iifosili ezinamathambo zifunyenwe kwiidinosaur, kodwa namathambo angonakaliswanga. Abantu abaninzi banombono wokuba onke amathambo edayinaso agruzukile kwaye ke amandulo. Ngapha koko, bacinga ukuba ukwenziwa kwepetrification kuthatha izigidi zeminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, i-petrification ingaba yinkqubo ekhawulezayo. Kwiimeko zebhubhoratri, kuye kwenzeka ukuvelisa iinkuni ezinomthi ngeentsuku ezimbalwa. Kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, njengakwimithombo eshushu eneminerali etyebileyo, amathambo nawo asenokugrumba kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Ezi nkqubo azifuni izigidi zeminyaka. Ngoko ke amathambo edayinaso afunyenwe. Ezinye iifosili zedayinaso zisenokuba nobuninzi bethambo lazo lokuqala elishiyekileyo kwaye zinokunuka ukubola. Isazi ngendalo esikholelwa kwingcamango yendaleko sathi ngesinye isiza esikhulu esafunyanwa ngamathambo edayinaso athi “onke amathambo aseHell Creek ayanuka.” Anokunuka njani amathambo emva kwamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka? Umpapasho weSayensi uxelela indlela uC. Barreto kunye neqela lakhe lomsebenzi abaye bafunda ngayo amathambo ama-dinosaurs amancinci (iSayensi, 262: 2020-2023), engazange ifakwe. Amathambo aqikelelwa ukuba aneminyaka eyi-72-84 yezigidi ubudala ayenomlinganiselo ofanayo we-calcium kumxholo we-phosphorus njengamathambo anamhlanje. Upapasho lwantlandlolo lutyhila iinkcukacha zemikroskopu ezigcinwe kakuhle zamathambo. Kuphela amathambo amancinci afunyenweyo afunyenwe kwimimandla esemantla njengeAlberta kunye neAlaska eCanada. I<em>Journal of Paleontology (1987, Umqu. 61, Nombolo 1, iphepha 198-200) inikela ingxelo ngokufunyaniswa okunjalo:
Umzekelo ochukumisa nangakumbi wafunyanwa kunxweme olusemantla eAlaska, apho amawakawaka amathambo ephantse angonwabi kwaphela. Amathambo akhangeleka ngathi amathambo enkomo amadala. Abafumani abazange baxele ukufunyanwa kwabo iminyaka engamashumi amabini kuba babecinga ukuba bangama-bison-, kwaye kungekhona amathambo e-dinosaur.
Umbuzo olungileyo ngowokuba amathambo ebeya kulondolozwa njani amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka? Ngexesha leedinosaurs, imozulu yayishushu, ngoko ke umsebenzi we-microbial wawuya kutshabalalisa amathambo. Inyaniso yokuba amathambo angenasiphelo, agcinwe kakuhle kwaye abukeka afana namathambo amatsha abonisa ixesha elifutshane kunexesha elide.
Izihlunu ezithambileyo . Njengoko kuchaziwe, iifosili azinazo iithegi kwiminyaka yazo. Akukho mntu unokutsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba leliphi inqanaba izinto eziphilayo ezifunyenwe njengeefosili beziphila eMhlabeni. Oku akunakuchazwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiifosili. Xa kufikwa kwifossil yedayinaso, nangona kunjalo, luphawu olumangalisayo ukuba uninzi lwamathambo alondolozwe kakuhle. Ngokomzekelo, i-Yle uutiset ibike ngoDisemba 5, 2007: "Izihlunu zeDinosaur kunye nesikhumba zifunyenwe e-USA." Ezi ndaba ayizizo zodwa zohlobo lwayo, kodwa iindaba ezifanayo kunye noqwalaselo zininzi. Ngokutsho kwenye ingxelo yophando, izicubu ezithambileyo ziye zahlukaniswa malunga nethambo ngalinye lesibini le-dinosaur ukusuka kwixesha leJurassic (i-145.5 - 199.6 yezigidi ze-evolutionary years ago) (1). Iifosili zedayinaso ezigcinwe kakuhle ziyiphazili enkulu ukuba zisuka kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-65 ezigidi eyadlulayo. Umzekelo omhle yifosili yedayinaso phantse epheleleyo efunyenwe kwidiphozithi yekalika yasePietraroia kuMazantsi e-Italiya, leyo ngokwethiyori yendaleko yayigqalwa njengeminyaka eyi-110 yezigidi ubudala, kodwa isibindi sayo, amathumbu, izihlunu- kunye nenyama yentlala zazisele. Ukongezelela, eyona nto imangalisayo koko kufunyenweyo yayilithumbu eligciniweyo, apho izihlunu zazisenokubonwa. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, amathumbu akhangeleka ngathi asanda kusikwa! ( TREE, Agasti 1998, Umqu. 13, No. 8, iphepha 303-304) Omnye umzekelo ngamathambo ee<em>pterosaur (yayingamacilikishe amakhulu abhabhayo) afumaneka eAraripe, eBrazil, awayelondolozwe kakuhle ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Isazi ngezidalwa zamandulo seYunivesithi yaseLondon u-Stafford House wachaza ngezi zinto zifunyenweyo (Fumana 2/1994):
Ukuba eso sidalwa sasifile kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo, singcwatywe sagrunjwa, bekuya kufana ncakasana nale. Igqibelele ngokupheleleyo ngandlela zonke.
Ke, iithishu ezithambileyo ezigcinwe kakuhle zenziwe kwiidinosaur. Izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zifana kakhulu noko kuye kwenziwa iimammoths, ekucingelwa ukuba zafa kumawaka ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo. Umbuzo olungileyo ngowokuba, amathambo edayinaso angachazwa njani amadala kaninzi kuneefosili ezinkulu, ukuba zombini zigcinwe ngokulinganayo? Asikho esinye isiseko soku ngaphandle kwetshati yexesha lejoloji, efunyenwe iphikisana noko kunokubonwa kwindalo amaxesha amaninzi. Kuya kuba lixesha lokuyeka le tshathi yexesha. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ii<em>dinosaur nee<em>mammoths zaziphila emhlabeni ngaxeshanye.
Iiprotheni ezifana ne-albumin, i-collagen kunye ne-osteocalcin zifunyenwe kwiintsalela zeedinosaurs. Kwakhona iiprotheni ezibuthathaka kakhulu i-elastin kunye ne-lamin zifunyenwe [i-Schweitzer, i-M. kunye nezinye i-6, i-Biomolecular characterization kunye ne-protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, iSayensi 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Eyona nto ibangela ukuba ezi zinto zifunyaniswe zibe yingxaki kukuba ezi zinto azisoloko zifumaneka nakwiifosili zezilwanyana ukususela kumaxesha anamhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, kwisampulu yamathambo amakhulu, ekuqikelelwa ukuba yayineminyaka eyi-13,000 ubudala, yonke i-collagen yayisele inyamalele (iSayensi, 1978, 200, 1275). Nangona kunjalo, i-collagen iye yahlukaniswa kwiifosili ze-dinosaur. Ngokutsho kwephephancwadi lobuchwephesha iBiochemist, icollagen ayinakugcinwa kwanakwiminyaka ezizigidi ezithathu ikwiqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo leqondo elingunothi ngokukaCelsius (2) . Isibakala sokuba oko kufunyaniswe kusenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kubonisa ukuba iifosili zedayinaso zininzi kumawaka ambalwa eminyaka ubudala. Ukumiselwa kweminyaka ngokusekwe kwitshati yexesha lejoloji ayihambelani nezinto ezifunyaniswe ngoku.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyaziwa ukuba i-biomolecules ayikwazi ukugcinwa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100,000 (i-Bada, J et al. 1999. Ukugcinwa kwee-biomolecules eziphambili kwirekhodi ye-fossil: ulwazi lwangoku kunye nemingeni yexesha elizayo. I-Philosophical Transactions ye-Royal Society B: IiSayensi zebhayoloji.354, [1379]). Esi sisiphumo sophando lwesayensi yovavanyo. I-Collagen, eyi-biomolecule yezicubu zezilwanyana, oko kukuthi iprotheyini eqhelekileyo yolwakhiwo, ihlala yodwa kwiifosili. Kuyaziwa malunga neprotheni echaphazelekayo ukuba iphule ngokukhawuleza emathanjeni, kwaye kuphela iintsalela zayo zingabonwa emva kweminyaka engama-30,000, ngaphandle kweemeko ezikhethekileyo ezomileyo kakhulu. Indawo yaseHell Creek iqinisekile ukuba iya kufumana imvula ngamaxesha athile. Ke ngoko, i-collagen ayifanele ifunyanwe kwithambo elineminyaka eli-"68 yezigidi" elingcwatywe emhlabeni. (3)
Ukuba imigqaliselo malunga neeprotheyini ezihlukanisiweyo kumathambo e-dinosaur, njenge-albumin, i-collagen kunye ne-osteocalcin, kunye ne-DNA ichanekile, kwaye asinasizathu sakuthandabuza ukunyameka kwabaphandi, ngokusekelwe kwezi zifundo, amathambo kufuneka ahlaziywe kwakhona. akukho ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40,000-50,000 ubudala, ngenxa yokuba elona xesha liphezulu lokugcinwa kwezinto ekuthethwa ngazo kwindalo alinakugqithwa. (4)
Iiseli zegazi . Enye into ephawulekayo kukufunyanwa kweeseli zegazi kwiintsalela zeedinosaurs. Iiseli zegazi ezine-nucleated zifunyenwe kwaye kufunyaniswe ukuba i-hemoglobin ihleli kuzo ngokunjalo. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokufunyanwa kweeseli zegazi sele zenziwe ngoo-1990 nguMary Schweitzer. Kuye kwenziwa nezinye izinto ezifanayo ukususela ngoko. Umbuzo olungileyo ngowokuba iiseli zegazi zinokugcinwa njani amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka okanye ngaba zisemva kwayo yonke imvelaphi yamva nje? Izinto ezininzi eziye zafunyaniswa ngolu hlobo zibiza itshati yexesha lejoloji kunye nezigidi zeminyaka yayo njengombuzo. Ngokusekelwe kwimeko entle yeefosili, akukho zizathu zibambekayo zokukholelwa kwizigidi zeminyaka.
Xa uMary Schweitzer wayeneminyaka emihlanu ubudala, wabhengeza ukuba uya kuba ngumphandi wedayinaso. Iphupha lakhe lazaliseka, kwaye xa wayeneminyaka engama-38 ubudala, wakwazi ukufunda i-skeleton ephantse igcinwe ngokugqibeleleyo yeTyrannosaurus Rex, eyafunyanwa eMontana ngo-1998 (iJournal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Vol. 270, No 19 , iphepha 2376-2377). Ubudala be-skeleton buqikelelwa "kwi-80 yezigidi zeminyaka." Kangange 90% yamathambo afunyenweyo, kwaye ebesenjalo. U-Schweitzer ugxile kuphando lwethishu kwaye uzibiza ngokuba yi-molecular palaeontologist. Wakhetha amathanga kunye namathambo afunyenweyo kwaye wagqiba ekubeni ahlolisise umongo. U-Schweitzer waphawula ukuba umongo wamathambo awuzange uguqulwe ibe wawugcinwe kakuhle ngendlela engakholelekiyo. Ithambo lalisebenza ngokupheleleyo kwaye ligcinwe kakuhle kakhulu. USchweitzer wayifunda ngemakroskopu waza waphawula izinto ezinomdla. Zazincinane yaye zingqukuva yaye zinenucleus, kanye njengeeseli ezibomvu zegazi kumthambo wegazi. Kodwa iiseli zegazi bekufanele ukuba zanyamalala kumathambo e-dinosaur kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.Ulusu lwam lwaba namaqhuma, ngathi ndijonge ithambo langoku,” utshilo uSchweitzer. “Kakade ke andizange ndikukholelwe oko ndandikubona ndaza ndathi kwigcisa laselebhu: ‘La mathambo aneminyaka engama-65 ezigidi ubudala, zazinokuphila njani iiseli zegazi ixesha elide kangako?’” ( Science, Julayi 1993, Umqu . iphepha 160–163). Okubalulekileyo koku kufunyenweyo kukuba ayingawo onke amathambo asele enziwe ifosili ngokupheleleyo. UGayle Callis, umphandi oyingcali wamathambo, ubonise iisampuli zamathambo kwintlanganiso yezenzululwazi apho ugqirha wezifo eziye zazibona ngempazamo. Isazi ngezifo sathi, "Ngaba ubusazi ukuba kukho iiseli zegazi kweli thambo?" Oku kwakhokelela kulonwabo olumangalisayo. UMary Schweitzer ubonise isampuli kuJack Horner, umphandi odumileyo weedinosaurs,"Ngoko ucinga ukuba kukho iiseli zegazi kuyo?" , apho uSchweitzer waphendula wathi, "Hayi, andiyi." “Ke, zama nje kwaye ubonise ukuba azizoseli zegazi,” waphendula uHorner (UMHLABA, 1997, Juni: 55–57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). UJack Horner ucinga ukuba amathambo angqindilili kangangokuba amanzi kunye neoksijini azikwazanga ukuzichaphazela.
I-Radiocarbon . Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iminyaka yezinto eziphilayo yindlela ye-radiocarbon. Ngale ndlela, isiqingatha sobomi be-radiocarbon (C-14) yiminyaka engama-5730, ngoko ke akufuneki kushiyeke emva kweminyaka eyi-100,000. Nangona kunjalo, inyaniso kukuba i-radiocarbon ifunyenwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo "kwikhulu lezigidi zeminyaka ubudala" iidiphozithi, imithombo yeoli, izinto eziphilayo zeCambrian, iidiphozithi zamalahle, kunye nedayimani. Xa isiqingatha esisemthethweni sobomi be-radiocarbon yiminyaka embalwa kuphela, oku akufanele kwenzeke ukuba iisampulu zisuka kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ekuphela kwento enokwenzeka kukuba ixesha lokufa kwezinto eziphilayo lalisondele kakhulu kwixesha langoku, oko kukuthi amawaka, kungekhona izigidi zeminyaka kude. Ingxaki efanayo ikwidinosaur. Ngokubanzi, iidayinaso azizange zibe nomhla we-radiocarbon, kuba iifosili ze-dinosaur zithathwa njengezindala kakhulu kwi-radiocarbon dating. Nangona kunjalo, imilinganiselo embalwa yenziwe kwaye ukumangaliswa kukuba i-radiocarbon ihleli. Oku, njengophawu lwangaphambili, kubonisa ukuba akunakuba zizigidi zeminyaka ukususela oko ezi zidalwa zabhangayo. Esi sicatshulwa silandelayo sichaza ngakumbi ngale ngxaki. Iqela laseJamani labaphandi linika ingxelo malunga ne-radiocarbon iintsalela zedayinaso ezifumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo:
Iifosili ekucingelwa ukuba zindala kakhulu azidli ngokuba nekhabhoni-14 yomhla kuba kufuneka zingabinayo iradiocarbon eshiyekileyo. Isiqingatha sobomi bekhabhoni yeradioactive bufutshane kakhulu kangangokuba phantse yonke ibole kwiminyaka engaphantsi kwe-100,000. Ngo-Agasti 2012, iqela labaphandi baseJamani babika kwintlanganiso ye-geophysicists iziphumo zemilinganiselo ye-carbon-14 eyenziwe kwiisampuli ezininzi ze-dinosaur ze-fossilized. Ngokweziphumo, iisampuli zamathambo zaziyiminyaka eyi-22,000-39,000 ubudala! Ubuncinci ngexesha lokubhala, umboniso uyafumaneka kwiYouTube. (6) Wafunyanwa njani umphumo? Ababini koosihlalo, abangakwaziyo ukwamkela imilinganiselo, bacima i-abstract yenkcazo kwiwebhusayithi yenkomfa ngaphandle kokukhankanya kwizazinzulu. Iziphumo ziyafumaneka ku-http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Ityala libonisa indlela iparadigm yendalo echaphazela ngayo. Kuphantse kube yinto engenakwenzeka ukufumana iziphumo eziphikisanayo ezipapashwe kuluntu lwezenzululwazi olulawulwa yindalo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iirasentyisi ziyabhabha. (7)
DNA . Enye into ebonisa ukuba intsalela yedayinaso ayinakuvela kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kukufunyaniswa kweDNA kuzo. I-DNA iye yahlukaniswa umz. Malunga neTyrannosaurus Rex imathiriyeli yamathambo (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) kunye namaqanda e-dinosaur e-China (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Yintoni eyenza ukufunyaniswa kwe-DNA kube nzima kwithiyori yendaleko kukuba nakwizidumbu ezindala zabantu okanye iimammoth eziye zafundwa, iisampuli zeDNA azinakusoloko zifumaneka ngenxa yokuba le nto iye yonakaliswa. Umzekelo omhle kuxa uSvante Pääbo wafunda ngeesampulu zezicubu zabantu ezingama-23 kwimyuziyam yaseBerlin eUppsala. Wayekwazi ukuhlukanisa i-DNA kumama omnye kuphela, ebonisa ukuba le nto ayinakuhlala ixesha elide (Indalo 314: 644-645). Isibakala sokuba i-DNA isekho kwiidinosaur ibonisa ukuba iifosili azinakuvela kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Yintoni eyenza kube nzima ngakumbi kukuba emva kweminyaka eyi-10,000 akufanele kubekho i-DNA eseleyo kwaphela (Indalo, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Ngokufanayo, kuphononongo lwamva nje olusuka kwi-2012, kwabalwa ukuba isiqingatha sobomi be-DNA yiminyaka engama-521 kuphela. Oku kubonisa ukuba ingcamango yamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala yeefosili inokugatywa. Kwiindaba ezinxulumeneyo (yle.fi > Uutiset > Tiede, 13.10.2012) kwathiwa:
Umda wokugqibela wokugcinwa kwe-DNA wafunyanwa - amaphupha e-cloning dinosaurs aphelile
Iidayinaso zaphela kwi-65 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. I-DNA ayiphili phantse ixesha elide, kungekhona nakwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, ngokutsho kophando lwakutsha nje ... I-Enzymes kunye ne-micro-organism iqala ukuphula i-DNA yeeseli kanye emva kokuba isilwanyana sifile. Noko ke, esona sizathu siphambili soku kucingelwa ukuba kukusabela okubangelwa ngamanzi. Ekubeni kukho amanzi aphantsi komhlaba phantse kuyo yonke indawo, iDNA ifanele, ngokweengcamango, ibole ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukumisela oku, nangona kunjalo, phambi kwalo mhla asikwazanga ukufumana izixa ezikhulu ngokwaneleyo zeefosili ezazisenayo i-DNA esele. Ngoku izazinzulu zaseDenmark nezaseOstreliya ziye zayicombulula le mfihlelo, njengoko ziye zafumana amathambo eentaka ali-158 entaka enkulu iMoa kwigumbi lazo lokufundela, yaye amathambo ayesashiyeke kuwo. Amathambo aneminyaka engama-600 - 8000 ubudala kwaye asuka kwindawo efanayo, ngoko ke akhulile kwiimeko ezizinzileyo.
Akukho nokuba i-amber inokubonelela nge-DNA ixesha elongezelelweyo
Ngokuthelekisa ubudala beesampuli kunye namazinga okubola kwe-DNA, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukubala isiqingatha sobomi beminyaka eyi-521. Oku kuthetha ukuba emva kweminyaka engama-521 isiqingatha samalungu e-nucleotide akwiDNA siye sahlukana. Emva kweminye iminyaka engama-521 oku kuye kwenzeka nakwisiqingatha samalungu aseleyo njalo njalo. Abaphandi baye baqaphela ukuba nokuba ithambo lihlala kwiqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo, onke amalungu ebeya kuba aqhekeka emva kweminyaka eyi-68 yezigidi. Kwanasemva kwesigidi esinesiqingatha sesigidi, i-DNA ayifundeki: kukho ulwazi oluncinci oluseleyo, kuba zonke iindawo ezibalulekileyo zihambile.
Ukuba i-DNA isekhona kwiidinosaurs kwaye isiqingatha sobomi bale nto silinganiswa kuphela kumakhulu eminyaka, izigqibo kufuneka zenziwe kule nto. Mhlawumbi imilinganiselo ye-DNA ayithembekanga, okanye iingcamango malunga namadayinaso awayephila amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo aziyonyani. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukhetho lokugqibela luyinyani, kuba eminye imilinganiselo ibhekisela kwixesha elifutshane, kungekhona kwizigidi zeminyaka. Le yinzululwazi esekelwe kwimilinganiselo, kwaye ukuba iyaliwa ngokupheleleyo, siyazikhohlisa.
UKUTSHATYALALISWA KWE-DINOSAURS . Xa kuziwa ekutshatyalalisweni kweedinosaurs, ngokuqhelekileyo kucingelwa ukuba kwenzeke kwizigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo, ekupheleni kwexesha leCretaceous. Kukholelwa ukuba i-ammonites, i-belemnites kunye nezinye iintlobo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana nazo zibandakanyeka kwintshabalalo efanayo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kufuneka ukuba kucinywe inxalenye enkulu yezilwanyana zexesha leCretaceous. Oyena nobangela wokutshatyalaliswa ngokuqhelekileyo uthathwa njengemeteorite, ebiya kuphakamisa ilifu elikhulu lothuli. Ilifu lothuli beliya kugubungela ukukhanya kwelanga ixesha elide, xa izityalo zazifile yaye izilwanyana ezitya izityalo nazo zaziya kufa yindlala. Nangona kunjalo, ithiyori yemeteorite kunye neethiyori ezicothayo zokutshintsha kwemozulu zinengxaki enye: azichazi ukufunyanwa kweefosili ngaphakathi kwamatye aqinileyo kunye neentaba. Iifosili zedayinaso zifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi ngaphakathi kwamatye aqinileyo, nto leyo ephawulekayo. Iyamangalisa, kuba asikho isilwanyana esikhulu - mhlawumbi iimitha ezingama-20 ubude - esinokungena ngaphakathi kwelitye eliqinileyo. Ixesha alincedi nto, kuba ukuba ubulinda izigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuba isilwanyana singcwatywe emhlabeni size sivuthululwe, besiya kubola kakuhle ngaphambi koko okanye beziya kutyiwa zezinye izilwanyana. Enyanisweni, nanini na sidibana nedayinaso nezinye iifosili, zimele ukuba zingcwatywe ngokukhawuleza phantsi kodaka. Iifosili azinakuzalwa nangayiphi na enye indlela:
Kucacile ukuba, ukuba ukubunjwa kweedipozithi kwenzeke ngesantya esiphantsi ngolo hlobo, akukho mathambo asele efile anokulondolozwa, ekubeni ayengayi kungcwatywa kwintlenga ngaphambi kokuba abole ziiasidi zamanzi, okanye ngaphambi kokuba atshatyalaliswe aze aqhekezwe. iziqwenga njengoko bekhuhla kwaye babetha emazantsi olwandle olungekho nzulu. Zinokugqunywa kuphela kwintlenga kwingozi, apho zingcwatywa ngequbuliso. ( I-Geochronology okanye i-Age of the Earth ngezizathu ze-Sediments kunye noBomi , i-Bulletin yeBhunga loPhando leSizwe No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)
Isiphelo sesokuba ezi dinosaur zifunyenwe kwihlabathi liphela kufuneka ukuba zangcwatywa ngokukhawuleza ngodaka. Udaka oluthambileyo luye lwawajikeleza ekuqaleni lwaza lwaqina nzima ngendlela efanayo nesamente. Kungale ndlela kuphela apho imvelaphi yeedinosaurs, iimammoth kunye nezinye iifosili zezilwanyana zinokuchazwa. NgoMkhukula, oko kwakunokwenzeka ngokuqinisekileyo. Sijonga inkcazo, enika ingcamango efanelekileyo malunga noku. Ibonisa ukuba iidayinaso zifumaneka ngaphakathi kwamatye aqinileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kumele ukuba zigqunywe ludaka oluthambileyo. Udaka luye lwaqina ngeenxa zonke kubo. Kuphela kuNogumbe, kodwa kungekhona kumjikelo oqhelekileyo wendalo, sinokulindela ukuba kwenzeke into elolo hlobo (eli nqaku likwabhekisela kwindlela iieddies zamanzi ezazinokufumba ngayo amathambo edayinaso). Amagama angqindilili afakwe kwisicatshulwa emva koko ukuze kucace ngakumbi:
Waya kwiintlango zaseMzantsi Dakota, apho kukho iindonga ezinemibala eqaqambileyo ebomvu, etyheli kunye neorenji kunye namatye. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa wafumana amathambo kudonga lwamatye , awaqikelela ukuba luhlobo awayezimisele ukulufumana. Xa wemba ilitye ejikeleze amathambo , wafumanisa ukuba amathambo abekwe ngokulandelelana kwesakhiwo sesilwanyana. Babengekho kwimfumba njengamathambo edayinaso rhoqo. Uninzi lwezo mfumba zazingathi zenziwe ngumsinga onamandla wamanzi. Ngoku la mathambo ayekwilitye lentlabathi elizuba, eliqina kakhulu . Ilitye lentlabathi kwafuneka lisuswe ngohlelo kwaye lisuswe ngokuqhushumba. UBrown kunye nabadlali bakhe abasecaleni benza umngxuma omalunga neemitha ezisixhenxe ezinesiqingatha ubunzulu ukuze bakhuphe amathambo. Ukususa amathambo amabini amakhulu. Abazange nangayiphi na indlela bawasuse amathambo etyeni. Bawathutha amatye ngololiwe ukuya kwimyuziyam, apho izazinzulu zazikwazi ukucofa izinto zamatye kwaye ziseta amathambo. Eli cilishe likhohlakeleyo ngoku lime kwiholo yemiboniso yemyuziyam. (iphe. 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler noHarold G. Coffin)
OBUNGENA UBUNGQINA BOMKHUMBA . Ngoko inyaniso kukuba iintsalela zeedinosaurs zifumaneka ngaphakathi kwamatye anzima, apho kunzima ukuwasusa. Ekuphela kwendlela eziye zangena ngayo kwesi simo kukuba udaka oluthambileyo lwenze ngokukhawuleza lubajikelezile lwaze lwaqina lube lilitye. Kwimeko efana noNogumbe, oku kusenokuba kwenzeka. Noko ke, kukhankanywa izilwanyana ezikhulu ezinje kwimbali yoluntu nasemva konogumbe, ngoko ke azizange zife zonke ngelo xesha. Kuthekani ngobunye ubungqina boMkhukula? Apha sigxininisa kuphela ezimbalwa zazo. Oko kwitshati yexesha lokwakheka komhlaba kuchazwa zizigidi zeminyaka, okanye mhlawumbi iintlekele ezininzi, zonke zinokubangelwa yintlekele enye: uMkhukula. Inokuchaza ukutshatyalaliswa kweedayinaso kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibonwa emhlabeni. Obunye ubungqina obunamandla boMkhukula, umzekelo, kukuba intlenga yaselwandle ixhaphakile ehlabathini lonke, njengoko ezi zicatshulwa zilandelayo zibonisa. Eyokuqala yamagqabaza aphuma kwincwadi kaJames Hutton, utata wejoloji, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 eyadlulayo:
Kufuneka sigqibe kwelokuba zonke iileya zomhlaba (...) zenziwa yintlabathi kunye negrabile ehlanganiswe kulwandle, amaqokobhe e-crustacean kunye ne-coral matter, umhlaba kunye nodongwe. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: Kumazwekazi, amatye aselwandle aqheleke kakhulu kwaye asasazeke kunawo onke amanye amatye entlenga edibene. Esi sesinye sezibakala zilula zifuna ukucaciswa, ukuba kusembindini wayo yonke into enxulumene nemigudu eqhubekayo yomntu yokuqonda ukutshintsha kwejografi yexesha elidluleyo lokwakheka komhlaba. (8)
Olunye umqondiso woMkhukula ziindawo zamalahle ezisehlabathini lonke, ezaziwa ngokuba zahlulwe ngamanzi. Ukongeza, ubukho beefosili zaselwandle kunye neentlanzi zibonisa ukuba iidiphozithi azinakuba sisiphumo sokucotha kokucotha kumgxobhozo othile. Kunoko, ingcaciso engcono kukuba amanzi ahambisa izityalo kwiindawo apho amalahle ayenziwe khona. Amanzi aye ancothula izityalo nemithi, azifumbela kwiziduli ezikhulu, aza azisa izilwanyana zaselwandle phakathi kwezityalo zasemhlabeni. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela kwintlekele enkulu, enjengoMkhukula okhankanywe eBhayibhileni.
Xa amahlathi angcwatywa kwi-sludge ngesizathu esithile, iidiphozithi zamalahle zadalwa. Inkcubeko yethu yangoku yoomatshini isekelwe ngokuyinxenye kolu luhlu. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, p. 91)
Ngaphantsi nangaphezulu kwee-mineral coal seams kukho, njengoko kushiwo, iileyile eziqhelekileyo zelitye lodongwe, kwaye ukusuka kwisakhiwo sazo sinokubona ukuba ziye zahluthwa emanzini. (9)
Ubungqina bubonisa kakhulu ukuba amalahle ezimbiwa aveliswa ngokukhawuleza xa amahlathi amakhulu etshatyalalisiwe, agqunywa aze angcwatywe ngokukhawuleza. Kukho i-lignite strata enkulu e-Yallourn, e-Victoria (e-Australia) equlethe inqwaba yeziqu zemithi yompayina-imithi engakhuli ngoku kumhlaba omgxobhozo. I-strata ehleliweyo, engqindilili equlethe ukuya kuma-50% we-pollen ecocekileyo kwaye esasazwe kwindawo enkulu ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba i-lignite strata yenziwe ngamanzi. (10)
Kufundiswa ezikolweni ukuba i-carbon yenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwi-peat, nangona kungekho ndawo inokubonwa ukuba oku kuyenzeka. Ukuqwalasela ubungakanani bamabala amalahle, iintlobo zezityalo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nemithi emile enemigangatho emininzi, kubonakala ngathi iidiphozithi zamalahle zenziwe zizihlenga ezinkulu zohlaza, ngexesha lesikhukula esikhulu. Iipaseji ezikrolwe zizidalwa zaselwandle nazo zifumaneka kula mathambo ezityalo anekhabhoni. Iifosili zezilwanyana zaselwandle nazo zifunyenwe kwiidiphozithi zamalahle ("Inqaku malunga neNtshukumo yeZilwanyana zaseLwandle ezihlala kwiBhola yamalahle yaseLancashire", iGeological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... Iqokobhe lezilwanyana zaselwandle ezibonakalayo kunye neefosili zeSpirorbis , eyayihlala elwandle, inokufumaneka nakwiidiphozithi zamalahle.(Weir, J., "IziFundo zakutsha nje zeeShell zeMilinganiselo yeCarbon", Inkqubela phambili yeSayensi, 38:445, 1950). (11)
UProf. Price ubonisa iimeko apho amalahle eeminerali angama-50 ukuya kwi-100 angaphezulu komnye kwaye phakathi kwawo kukho iileya eziquka iifosili ezisuka enzonzobileni yolwandle. Ubona obu bungqina bunamandla kwaye buqinisekisa ukuba akazange azame ukuchaza ezi zibakala ngezizathu zethiyori yokufana kukaLyell. (12)
Into yesithathu ebonisa uMkhukula bubukho bamathambo aselwandle kwiintaba eziphakamileyo njengeeHimalaya, iiAlps neeAndes. Nantsi eminye imizekelo evela kwiincwadi zenzululwazi kunye nezazinzulu:
Ngelixa wayehamba ngeBeagle Darwin ngokwakhe wafumana oonokrwece bamandulo bezilwanyana zaselwandle ukusuka phezulu kwiiNtaba zeAndean. Ibonisa ukuba, into ngoku eyintaba yayikhe yaphantsi kwamanzi. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Kutheni indaleko iyinyaniso], iphe. 127)
Kukho isizathu sokujonga ngokusondeleyo kwindalo yokuqala yamatye kwiintaba. Ibonakala kakhulu kwiiAlps, kwi-lime Alps esemantla, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Helvetian zone. I-Limestone yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yamatye. Xa sijonga ilitye elilapha kumathambeka okanye encotsheni yentaba – ukuba besinamandla okunyuka sinyukele phaya – ekugqibeleni siya kufumana iintsalela zezilwanyana, iifosili zezilwanyana, kuzo. Zihlala zonakaliswe kakhulu kodwa kunokwenzeka ukufumana iziqwenga ezibonakalayo. Onke loo mathambo ngamaqokobhe ekalika okanye amathambo ezidalwa zaselwandle. Phakathi kwazo kukho iiammonies ezinemisonto espiral, kwaye ngakumbi iiclams ezinamaqokobhe amabini. (…) Umfundi usenokuzibuza kweli nqanaba ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba udederhu lweentaba lugcina intlenga engaka, enokufunyanwa ibekwe emazantsi elwandle. (iphe. 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
UHarutaka Sakai osuka kwiYunivesithi yaseJapan eKyushu iminyaka emininzi waphanda ngezi ntsalela zaselwandle kwiiNtaba zeHimalaya. Yena kunye neqela lakhe badwelise i-aquarium yonke ukusuka kwixesha le-Mesozoic. Iinyibiba zolwandle ezibuthathaka, izalamane kwiiurchins zaselwandle zangoku kunye nestarfishes, zifumaneka kwiindonga zamatye ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezintathu ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ii-Amon, ii-belemnites, iikorale kunye neeplankton zifunyanwa njengeefosili kumatye eentaba (...) Kumphakamo weekhilomitha ezimbini, izazi ngokuma komhlaba zafumana umkhondo owawushiywe lulwandle ngokwalo. Umphezulu welitye elifana namaza uhambelana neefom ezihlala entlabathini ukusuka kumaza aphantsi kwamanzi. Kwanakwincopho ye-Everest, kufunyanwa imicu etyheli yekalika, eyavela ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwiintsalela zezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingenakubalwa. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planetta", iphe. 55)
Into yesine ebonisa uMkhukula ngamabali omkhukula, athi ngokutsho kolunye uqikelelo, aphantse abe ngama-500 kuwo. Ubume bendalo bala mabali bunokuqwalaselwa njengobungqina obungcono besi siganeko:
Malunga neenkcubeko ezingama-500 - kuquka abantu bomthonyama baseGrisi, eTshayina, ePeru naseMntla Merika - zaziwa ehlabathini apho iintsomi neentsomi zichaza ibali elichukumisayo lomkhukula omkhulu owatshintsha imbali yesizwe. Kumabali amaninzi, bambalwa abantu abasindayo kumkhukula, kanye njengakwimeko kaNowa. Izizwana ezininzi zaziwugqala lo mkhukula njengobangelwa ngoothixo abathi, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, bakruquka ngabantu. Mhlawumbi abantu babenganyanisekanga, njengakumaxesha kaNowa nakwintsomi yesizwe samaHopi amaMerika Omthonyama kuMntla Merika, okanye mhlawumbi babebaninzi gqitha abantu ababenengxolo, njengakwingoma kaGilgamesh. (13)
Ukuba uMkhukula wehlabathi lonke wawungeyonyani, ezinye iintlanga zaziza kuchaza ukuba ugqabhuko-dubulo oloyikekayo lwentaba-mlilo, izaqhwithi ezinkulu zekhephu, imbalela (...) ziye zatshabalalisa ookhokho bazo abangendawo. Ngoko ke, ukubakho kwebali loMkhukula ehlabathini lonke sesinye sezona nxalenye zibalaseleyo zobungqina bobunyaniso balo. Sinokuyichitha nayiphi na intsomi njengeentsomi kwaye sicinge ukuba yintelekelelo kuphela, kodwa xa zidibene, ngokwembono yehlabathi, ziphantse zangathandabuzeki. (Umhlaba)
Iidayinaso kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo . Xa sifunda iincwadi zebhayoloji kunye noncwadi lwendaleko, ngokuphindaphindiweyo sidibana nengcamango yokuba zonke izinto eziphilayo zazivelela njani ukusuka kwiseli yakudala ukuya kwezona zikhoyo ngoku. I-Evolution yayiquka ukuba intlanzi kufuneka ibe ngamasele, amasele abe zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye needinosaurs zibe zizilwanyana ezincancisayo. Nangona kunjalo, uqwalaselo olubalulekileyo kukuba amathambo edayinaso afunyenwe phakathi kwamathambo afana nehashe, inkomo kunye namathambo egusha (Anderson, A., Tourism iwe lixhoba le tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus inokuba yafa ngokuzolileyo emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ngo-1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), ngoko iidinosaur nezilwanyana ezanyisayo zimele ukuba zaziphila ngaxeshanye. Le ngcaphulo ilandelayo ibhekisa kwinto enye. Ichaza indlela uCarl Werner anqume ngayo ukuvavanya ithiyori kaDarwin ekusebenzeni. Wenza uphando lweminyaka eyi-14 kwaye wathatha amawaka eefoto. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba izilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye neentaka zaziphila ngobuninzi kwaye ngaxeshanye needinosaurs:
Ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili malunga neefosili eziphilayo, ugqirha waseMelika uCarl Werner wagqiba kwelokuba abeke ithiyori kaDarwin phantsi kovavanyo olusebenzayo… Wenze uphando olubanzi lweminyaka eli-14 malunga neefosili zexesha ledayinaso.kunye neentlobo ezinokubakho ezinokuthi zihlale kunye nazo… UWerner waziqhelanisa noncwadi lobuchwephesha bepaleontology kwaye watyelela iimyuziyam zembali yendalo ezingama-60 kwihlabathi jikelele, apho wathatha khona iifoto ezingama-60 000. Wagxila kuphela kwiifosili ezagrunjwa ukusuka kwisitrato esifanayo, apho iifosili zedayinaso zinokufunyanwa (Triassic -, Jurassic -, kunye namaxesha eCretaceous kwiminyaka eyi-250-65 yezigidi eyadlulayo). Emva koko wathelekisa amawaka eefosili ezindala ngokulinganayo awayewafumene kwiimyuziyam kwaye wabonwa kuncwadi kunye neentlobo zangoku waza wadlan' indlebe neengcali ezininzi kwicandelo le-paleontology kunye nezinye iingcali. Isiphumo sakhe yaba kukuba iimyuziyam kunye noncwadi olusekwe kwipaleontology lubonise iifosili zalo lonke iqela leentlobo ezikhoyo ngoku ... Siye saxelelwa ukuba izilwanyana ezanyisayo zaqalisa ukukhula ngokuthe ngcembe ebudeni “bexesha eliphambili” lee<em>dinosaur, ukuba izilwanyana zokuqala ezanyisayo “yayizizidalwa ezincinci eziziingonyama ezihlala ezimele nezihamba nje ebusuku zisoyika iidinosaurs.” Kuncwadi lobuchwephesha, nangona kunjalo, uWerner wafumanisa iingxelo zoonomatse, iiopossum, iibeaver, iiprimates kunye neeplatypus ezazigrunjwe kuluhlu lwedayinaso. Ukwabhekiselele kumsebenzi opapashwe ngo-2004, ngokutsho apho izidalwa ezanyisayo ezingama-432 zifunyenwe kwi-Triassic-, Jurassic-, kunye neCretaceous strata, kwaye phantse ikhulu lazo zingamathambo apheleleyo… Kudliwano-ndlebe lukaWerner ngevidiyo umlawuli wemyuziyam yamandulo yase-Utah, uGqr Donald Burge, uyacacisa: “Sifumana iifosili zezilwanyana ezanyisayo phantse kuzo zonke izinto esizimbiweyo zedayinaso. Sineetoni ezilishumi zodongwe lwe<em>bentonite oluqulethe iifosili zezilwanyana ezanyisayo, yaye sikwiphulo lokuzinika abanye abaphandi. Akunjalo ngenxa yokuba besingenakuzifumana zibalulekile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubomi bufutshane, kwaye andingokhethekileyo kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo: ndiqeqeshelwe izirhubuluzi needinosaur”. Isazi ngezidalwa zamandulo uZhe-Xi Luo (iMyuziyam yaseCarnegie yeMbali yeNdalo, ePittsburgh) kudliwano-ndlebe lukaWerner ngevidiyo ngoMeyi, 2004: “Igama elithi ‘ixesha ledayinaso’ alibizi kakuhle igama. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zenza iqela elibalulekileyo elahlala kunye needinosaurs kwaye zasinda ”. (La magqabaza aphuma kwincwadi ethi: Werner C. Living Fossils, iphe. 172 –173). (14)
Ngokusekelwe kwifosili efunyenweyo, igama elithi ixesha ledayinaso liyalahlekisa. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo eziqhelekileyo zale mihla ziye zaphila ngexesha elinye needinosaur, okt ubuncinane iindidi ezingama-432 zezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Kuthekani ngeentaka ekucingelwa ukuba zavela kwiidinosaur? Zikwafunyenwe kwisitrato esifanayo kunye needinosaurs. Ezi zizilwanyana kanye nanamhlanje: i<em>parrot, i<em>penguin, i-eagle owl, i<em>sandpiper, i<em>albatross, i<em>flamingo, i<em>loon, idada, i<em>cormorant, i<em>avocet... , ungazobi kwimifanekiso ebonisa imeko-bume yedayinaso. Ayilunganga. Ngokusisiseko, nanini na iT. Rex okanye iTriceratops iboniswa kumboniso wemyuziyam, amadada, iiloon, iiflamingo, okanye ezinye zezi ntaka zale mihla eziye zafunyanwa kwisiqwenga seedinosaur nazo zifanele ziboniswe. Kodwa oko akwenzeki. Andizange ndilibone idada elinedayinaso kwimyuziyam yembali yendalo, akunjalo? Isikhova? Isikhwenene?”
Iidayinaso kunye nabantu . Kwingcamango yendaleko, kujongwa njengento engenakwenzeka into yokuba umntu aphile emhlabeni kwakudala njengee<em>dinosaur. Ayamkelwa, nangona kusaziwa ukuba ezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo zavela ngaxeshanye needayinaso, kwaye nangona ezinye izinto ezifunyenweyo zide zibonise ukuba abantu bekufanele bavele ngaphambi kweedinosaur (izinto kunye neefosili zabantu kwiidiphozithi zamalahle njl.njl.). Noko ke, kukho ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba ii<em>dinosaur nabantu babephila ngaxeshanye. Umz. iinkcazo zegongqongqo zinjalo. Ngaphambili, abantu bathetha ngeedragons, kodwa kungekhona ngeedinosaur, egama layo laqanjwa nguRichard Owen kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-19.
Ibali s. Obunye ubungqina bokuba iidayinaso zaziphila mva nje ngamabali amaninzi kunye neenkcazo zeedragons ezinkulu kunye namacilikishe abhabhayo. Okukhona ezi nkcazo zindala, kokukhona ziyinyani. Ezi nkcazo, ezinokuthi zisekelwe kulwazi lwenkumbulo yakudala, zinokufunyanwa phakathi kwabantu abaninzi abahlukeneyo, ukuze zikhankanywe umz. kuncwadi lwesiNgesi, isi-Irish, isiDanish, isiNorway, isiJamani, isiGrike, isiRoma, isiYiputa nesiBhabhiloni. Ezi zicatshulwa zilandelayo zibalisa ngokuxhaphaka kwemifanekiso yedragoni.
Iidragons kwiintsomi, ngokumangalisayo ngokwaneleyo, zifana nezilwanyana zokwenyani ezaziphila kwixesha elidlulileyo. Zifana nezirhubuluzi ezikhulu (iidinosaurs) ezazilawula umhlaba kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba umntu abekho. Iidragons ngokuqhelekileyo zazigqalwa njengezibi neziyingozi. Isizwe ngasinye sasibhekisela kubo kwiintsomi zabo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Umqu. 5, 1973, iphe. 265)
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwembali erekhodiweyo, iidragons ziye zavela kuyo yonke indawo: kwiingxelo zakudala zaseAsiriya naseBhabhiloni zokuphuhliswa kwempucuko, kwimbali yamaYuda yeTestamente eNdala, kwimibhalo yakudala yaseChina naseJapan, kwiintsomi zaseGrisi, eRoma. kunye namaKristu okuqala, kwizafobe zaseMelika yamandulo, kwiintsomi zaseAfrika naseIndiya. Kunzima ukufumana uluntu olungazange luquke iidragons kwimbali yalo yasentsomini…uAristotle, uPliny kunye nabanye ababhali bexesha lakudala bathi amabali edragoni asekelwe kwinyani hayi kwintelekelelo. (15)
Isazi ngendalo saseFinland uPetti Eskola sele etshilo kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo kwincwadi yakhe ethi Muuttuva maa ukuba imizobo yeedragons ifana njani needinosaurs:
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana ezifana necilikishe zibonakala zihlekisa kuthi kuba uninzi lwazo luyafana – ngendlela ekude nesoloko ifana necaricature – izilwanyana ezanyisayo zanamhlanje eziphila phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweedinosaur zazahluke kakhulu kwiindlela zobomi zangoku kangangokuba ezona faniso zikufutshane zinokufumaneka kwimifanekiso yeedragons kumabali. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ababhali beentsomi ngokwemvelo abazange bafunde iipetrifactions okanye bazi ngazo. (16)
Umzekelo omhle wendlela iidinosaur ezinokuthi zibe ziidragons ngokwenene yikhalenda yenyanga yaseTshayina kunye ne-horoscope, eyaziwa njengeenkulungwane zakudala. Ngoko xa iinkwenkwezi zaseTshayina zisekelwe kwimiqondiso yezilwanyana ezili-12 eziphinda-phinda kwimijikelo yeminyaka eli-12, kukho izilwanyana ezili-12 ezibandakanyekileyo. 11 kuzo ziqhelekile nakumaxesha anamhlanje: impuku, inkomo, ingwe, umvundla, inyoka, ihashe, iigusha, iinkawu, umqhagi, inja nehagu.Kunoko, isilwanyana se-12 yinamba, engekho namhlanje. Umbuzo omhle kukuba, ukuba izilwanyana ezili-11 bezizizilwanyana zokwenyani, kutheni inamba ibe yinto eyahlukileyo kwaye isidalwa sasentsomini? Ngaba akukho ngqiqweni ngakumbi ukucinga ukuba yayikhe yaphila ngexesha elinye nabantu, kodwa iye yabhanga njengezinye izilwanyana ezininzi? Kulungile ukukhumbula kwakhona ukuba igama elithi dinosaur laqanjwa kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-19 nguRichard Owen. Ngaphambi koko, igama inamba lalisetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane:
Ukongeza, oku kulandelayo kungakhankanywa:
Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, kwitempile eneminyaka engama-800 ubudala kwihlathi laseKhambodiya, kuye kwafunyanwa umfanekiso okroliweyo ofana ne<em>stegosaurus. Ludidi lwedayinaso. (Ukusuka kwiTempile yaseTa Prohm. Maier, C., Izidalwa ezimangalisayo zaseAngkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 February 2006.)
• E-China, iinkcazo kunye namabali malunga needragons zixhaphake kakhulu; amawaka awo ayaziwa. Zibalisa indlela iidragons eziwabeka ngayo amaqanda, indlela ezinye zazo ezazinamaphiko ngayo kunye nendlela amaxolo awagquma ngayo. Ibali laseTshayina lisixelela ngendoda egama linguYu eyadibana needragons ngoxa yayikhupha umgxobhozo. Oku kwenzeka emva komkhukula omkhulu wehlabathi lonke. E-China, amathambo e-dinosaur aye asetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane njengamayeza emveli kunye neepoultices zokutshisa. Igama lesiTshayina leedinosaurs (i-kong elide) lithetha nje "amathambo edragoni" (uDon Lessem, iiDinosaurs ezifunyenwe kwakhona p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). Kwakhona kuthiwa amaTshayina ayesebenzisa iidragoni njengezilwanyana zasekhaya nakwimingcelele yasebukhosini ( uMolen G, Forntidens vidunder, Genesis 4, 1990, iphe. 23-26.)
• AmaJiphutha abonise inamba yaseApophis njengotshaba lukaKumkani uRe. Ngokufanayo, iinkcazo zeedragons zijikeleza kuncwadi lwaseBhabhiloni. UGilgamesh owaziwayo kuthiwa wabulala inamba, isidalwa esikhulu esinjengesirhubuluzi, kwihlathi lomsedare. ( Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Umqu. 10, iphe. 359)
• Kuthiwa uApollo wamaGrike wabulala inamba yePython kumthombo waseDelfin. Eyona nto iphawulekayo kubabulali bamandulo bamaGrike namaRoma yayingumntu ogama linguPerseus.
• Ingxelo erekhodiweyo ngokombongo ukusuka kuma-500-600 AD. ubalisa ibali lendoda ekhaliphileyo egama linguBeowulf, eyayinikwe umsebenzi wokucoca imisinga yaseDenmark kuzo zombini izilo ezindizayo nasemanzini. Isenzo sakhe sobugorha yayikukubulala i-monster yaseGrendel. Kuthiwa esi silwanyana sasinamalungu amakhulu angasemva namancinane amancinane ngaphambili, sasikwazi ukumelana nezibetho zamakrele, yaye sasisikhulu ngandlel’ ithile kunomntu. Yahamba ngokuthe nkqo ngokukhawuleza.
• Umbhali ongumRoma uLucanus naye uthethe ngeedragons. Wawabhekisa kwinamba yaseTiyopiya esithi: “Namba emenyezelayo yegolide, uwenza uphaphazele phezulu umoya yaye ubulala iinkunzi zeenkomo ezinkulu.
• Iinkcazelo zeenyoka ezibhabhayo eArabia nguHerodotos wamaGrike (malunga nowama-484–425 BC) ziye zagcinwa. Uzichaza ngokufanelekileyo ezinye iipterosaurs. (Rein, E., I-III-VI Incwadi kaHerodotos , iphe. 58 kunye neNcwadi VII-IX , iphe. 239, WSOY, 1910)
• U-Pliny ukhankanye (iMbali yeNdalo) ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC indlela inamba "ehlala emfazweni kunye nendlovu, kwaye yona ngokwayo inkulu kakhulu kangangokuba isongela indlovu kwimiphetho yayo kwaye iyisongele ngaphakathi kwe-cocoon yayo."
• Intyilalwazi endala ethi History Animalium ikhankanya ukuba kwakusekho “iidragons” ngeminyaka yoo-1500, kodwa zazinciphe kakhulu ngobukhulu kwaye zazinqabile.
• Imbali yesiNgesi evela ngo-1405 ibhekisa kwinamba: “Kufuphi nedolophu yase-Bures, kufutshane ne-Sudbury, kutsha nje kubonwe inamba eyenze umonakalo omkhulu emaphandleni. umphezulu wentloko yayo, amazinyo ayo enjengeesarha, nomsila wayo umde kakhulu kunene. Emva kokuxhela umalusi womhlambi, yadla iigusha ezininzi emlonyeni wayo. (Cooper, B., Emva koNogumbe-Imbali yokuqala yasemva koNogumbe yaseYurophu yalandelelwa emva kuNowa, iNew Wine Press, eWest Sussex, UK, iphe. 130-161)
• Ngenkulungwane ye-16, isazinzulu saseItali u-Ulysses Aldrovanus siye sayichaza ngokuchanileyo inamba encinane kwenye yeempapasho zaso. U-Edward Topsell wabhala kwangowe-1608: “Zininzi iindidi zeedragoni. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zahlulwe ngokusekwe ngokuyinxenye kwilizwe labo, ngokuyinxenye ngokwesiseko sobukhulu bazo, ngokuyinxenye ngokwesiseko samanqaku awohlulayo. "
• I-dragon insignia yayixhaphakile phakathi kwemikhosi emininzi yomkhosi. Yayisetyenziswa umz. abalawuli bamaRoma aseMpuma kunye nookumkani bamaNgesi (u-Uther Pendragon, uyise kaKumkani Arthur, uRichard I ngexesha lemfazwe ka-1191 kunye noHenry III ngexesha lemfazwe yakhe ngokumelene namaWelsh ngo-1245) kunye naseChina, inamba yayiluphawu lwesizwe e idyasi yesizwe sasebukhosini.
• Iidayinaso kunye needragons ziyinxalenye yembali yezizwe ezininzi. Ukongeza kweTshayina, oku kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwezizwe zaseMzantsi Melika.
• UJohannes Damascene, owokugqibela kuBaseki beCawa yamaGrike, owazalwa ngo-676 AD, uchaza iidragons (Imisebenzi yeSt. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) ngale ndlela ilandelayo:
URoman Dio Cassius (155-236 AD), owabhala imbali yoBukhosi baseRoma kunye neRiphabhlikhi, ubonisa iimfazwe zeConsul Regulus eCarthage. Kwabulawa inamba emfazweni. Kwakhutshwa ulusu kwaye ulusu lwathunyelwa kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu. Ngokomyalelo weNdlu yeeNgwevu, ulusu lwalulinganiswa kwaye lwaluziimitha ezingama-120 ubude (malunga neemitha ezingama-37). Ulusu lwalugcinwe kwitempile kwiinduli zaseRoma ukuya kuthi ga kunyaka we-133 BC, xa lathi shwaka njengoko amaCelt ayehlala eRoma. ( Plinius, Natural History . Incwadi yesi-8, iSahluko 14. U-Plinius ngokwakhe uthi wayibona indebe ekuthethwa ngayo eRoma). (17) • Imizobo. Imizobo, imizobo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeedragons nazo zigciniwe, eziphantse zifane ngokweenkcukacha ze-anatomical kwihlabathi liphela. Afumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iintlanga neenkonzo, kanye njengokuba exhaphakile amabali angawo. Imifanekiso yeedragoni irekhodwe umz. amakhaka omkhosi (Sutton Hoo) kunye nezihombiso zodonga lwecawe (umz. SS Mary noHardulph, eNgilani). Ukongeza kwiinkunzi zeenkomo neengonyama, iidragons ziboniswa kwiSango likaIshtar lesixeko samandulo saseBhabhiloni. Early Mesopotamian cylinder seals abonisa iidragons ziqhoboshelana ngemisila phantse ide kangangeentamo zabo (Moortgat, A., The art of the yamandulo Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 and Plate A.) . Eminye imifanekiso enemixholo yedragoni-dinosaur inokubonwa, umz. www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Okubangela umdla kukuba, kukho imizobo yezi zilwanyana nakwiindonga zemiqolomba kunye nemiwonyo. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziye zenziwa ubuncinane e-Arizona kunye nommandla owawusakuba yiRhodesia (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). Ngokomzekelo, e-Arizona ngowe-1924, xa kwakuhlolisisa udonga oluphakamileyo lweentaba, kwafunyaniswa ukuba imifanekiso yezilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo yayikrolwe elityeni, umz . rengas, 1957, p. 91). AmaIndiya aseMayan nawo aye agcina umfanekiso oqingqiweyo onentaka efana neArcheopteryx, oko kukuthi intaka yecilikishe (18) . Ngokwembono yendaleko, bekufanele ukuba iphile ngexesha elinye needinosaurs. Ubungqina bugciniwe bamacikilishe abhabhayo, amaphiko awo anokuba ziimitha ezingamashumi amabini, kwaye ekukholelwa ukuba afa amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Le nkcazo ilandelayo ibhekisa kubo kunye nendlela isilwanyana esibhabhayo esifana ne-Pterosaur esiboniswe kwingqayi yodongwe:
Elona cilikishe likhulu libhabhayo yi<em>pterosaur ekusenokwenzeka ukuba amaphiko ayo ayengaphezu kweemitha ezili-17 ubude. (…) Kwi- BBC Wildlife Magazine (3/1995, Umqu. 13), uRichard Greenwell waqikelela ngobukho be-pterosaur namhlanje. Ucaphula umhloli wamazwe uA. Hyatt Verrill, owafumana izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe zasePeru. Iinqanawa zodongwe zibonisa i-pterosaur efana ne-pterodactyl. UVerrill uqikelela ukuba amagcisa asebenzise iifosili njengemodeli yawo kwaye ubhala athi:
Kangangeenkulungwane, iinkcazelo ezichanileyo kwanemizobo yeefosili ze<em>pterodactyl ziye zadluliselwa ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, njengoko ookhokho babantu baseCocle babehlala kwilizwe apho kwakukho iintsalela ezilondolozwe kakuhle ze<em>pterosaurs.
Kwakhona, amaIndiya akuMntla Merika ayeqhelene nentaka ebizwa ngokuba yindudumo, negama layo lalibolekwe ngemoto. (19)
EBhayibhileni , iBhehemote neLeviyatan ekuthethwa ngayo kwincwadi kaYobhi kubonakala ngathi zibhekisela kwiidinosaur. Ithi ngemvubu umsila wayo unjengomsedare, imisipha yamathanga ayo ibotshelelwe, amathambo anjengemivalo yentsimbi. Ezi nkcazo zihambelana kakuhle needinosaurs ezithile, ezinjengeesauropods, ezinokukhula zibe ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-20 ubude. Ngokufanayo, indawo yeBhehemote kwindawo efihlakeleyo yengcongolo, kwaye iifens zihambelana needinosaurs, kuba uninzi lwazo lwaluhlala kufuphi namanxweme. Ngokuphathelele umsila ofana nomsedare oshukunyiswa yiBhehemote, kubangel’ umdla ukuba asikho isilwanyana esikhulu namhlanje esaziwa ngokuba nomsila onjalo. Umsila we-herbivorous dinosaur wawunokuba yi-10-15 yeemitha ubude kwaye unobunzima beetoni ezi-1-2, kwaye izilwanyana ezifanayo azaziwa namhlanje. Ezinye iinguqulelo zeBhayibhile ziguqulela iBhehemoti ngokuthi imvubu (neLeviyatan njengengwenya), kodwa ingcaciso yomsila onjengomsedare ayifanele imvubu nangayiphi na indlela. Amanye amagqabaza abangel’ umdla ngalo mbandela anokufunyanwa kwisazinzulu sefosili esihlonelwayo nongasekhoyo uStephen Jay Gould, owayengakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo kaMarx. Wathi xa incwadi kaYobhi ithetha ngeBhehemote, ekuphela kwesilwanyana esihambelana nale nkcazelo yidayinaso ( Pandans Tumme, p. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Njengesazi sendaleko, wayekholelwa ukuba umbhali wencwadi kaYobhi umele ukuba walufumana ulwazi lwakhe kwiifosili ezafunyanwayo. Nangona kunjalo, le yenye yezona ncwadi zindala eBhayibhileni ngokucacileyo ibhekisa kwisilwanyana esiphilayo ( Yobhi 40:15: Khawubone imvubu, endayenzayo yanawe…).
- ( Yobhi 40:15-23 ) Khawubone imvubu , endayenzayo yanawe; Udla utyani njengenkomo. 16 Khawubone, amandla ayo asemanqeni ayo, Nokuqina kwayo kusezinyameni zesisu sayo. 17 Iwunyakazisa umsila wayo njengomsedare ; 18 Amathambo ayo anjengeentsimbi zobhedu ; amathambo ayo anjengemivalo yesinyithi. 19 Intlahlela yeendlela zikaThixo; Lowo umenzi wayo unokulisondeza kuyo ikrele lakhe. 20 Ngokuba iintaba ziyithwalela ukudla, Onke amarhamncwa asendle adlala khona. 21 Ibutha phantsi kwemithi enomthunzi, Engcotyeni yeengcongolo, nasezintangweni . 22 Imithi enethunzi imgubungela ngomthunzi wayo; Imingculuba yesihlambo iyayijikeleza. 23 Yabona, uhamba phandle umlambo , ayiphakuzeli; Ikholosile, xa kutyhobozela neYordan emlonyeni wayo.
ILeviyatan sesinye isidalwa esinomdla esikhankanywe kwiNcwadi kaYobhi. Esi sidalwa kuthiwa yinkosi yezilwanyana kwaye ichazwa indlela ilangatye eliphuma ngayo emlonyeni waso. (Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-bomber beetle ekwazi ukukhupha ishushu - i-100 degrees Celsius - igesi ngqo kumhlaseli, iyaziwa nakwizilwanyana). Kungenzeka ukuba amabali amaninzi malunga needragons ezinokuvuthela umlilo emilonyeni yazo avela koku. Ezinye iinguqulelo zeBhayibhile ziye zaguqulela iLeviyatan ngokuthi yingwenya, kodwa ngubani okhe wabona ingwenya ekwenza ube buhlungu xa uyibona, yaye ngubani na onokuyigqala intsimbi njengomququ, nobhedu lunjengomthi obolileyo, yaye ngubani na ukumkani wazo zonke izilwanyana ezinkulu? Kunokwenzeka ukuba, isisilwanyana esingasekhoyo esingasekhoyo, kodwa sasisaziwa ngexesha likaYobhi. Incwadi kaYobhi ithi:
- ( Yobhi 41:1, 2, 9, 13-34 ) Ngaba unokuyitsala ingwenya ngegwegwe? Ulutshonise elutyeni ulwimi lwakhe? 2 Unokuyifaka igwegwe empumlweni yayo? Wagqobhoza umhlathi ngentonga? 9 Yabona, ithemba lakhe lingamampunge ; 13 Ngubani na onokuwutyhila umphambili wesambatho sayo? Ngubani na onokuya ephethe imikhala emibini? 14 Iingcango zobuso bayo, ngubani na onokuzivula? Amazinyo ayo ayoyikeka ngeenxa zonke . 15 Iliqhayiya imiqulu yayo, Zivalwe ngetywina eliqinileyo . 16 Enye isondelelene, Akungeni moya phakathi kwayo. 17 Zinamathelene enye kwenye, Zinamathelene, ukuba zingacatshuki; 18 Ngokuthimla kwayo kuphuma ukukhanya, Namehlo ayo anjengeenkophe zesifingo. 19 Emlonyeni wayo kuphuma izikhuni ezitshangazayo, Kuthaphuke iintlantsi zomlilo . 20 Ezithatheni zayo kuphuma umsi, Njengosembiza, nokuba kusengxaleni. 21 Umoya wayo uvuthisa amalahle, nelangatye liphuma emlonyeni wayo . 22 Entanyeni yayo kuphuma amandla, Nesingqala sijika sibe luvuyo phambi kwayo. 23 Imihlubulo yenyama yayo ihlangene, Iqinile kuyo, ayishukumi. azinakushukunyiswa. 24 Intliziyo yayo iqine njengelitye; ewe, iqine njengelokusila langaphantsi. 25 Ekuphakameni kwayo, ziyankwantya iinjengele, Zithi makatha ngokuqhiphuka umbilini. 26 Lifike kuyo ikrele, umkhonto, nomkhonto, nankonjane. 27 Intsimbi uyifanisa neendiza, Nobhedu lufana nomthi obolileyo. 28 Utolo lwesaphetha aluyibalekisi; Ajika abe ngumququ amatye okusawula kuyo. 29 Ithi imivinqi ziindiza, Ikuhleke ukutyityimba kwenkcula. 30 Ngaphantsi kwayo ziinkamba ezitsolo; Yaneka impahla yokusizila eludakeni. 31 Iyibiliza inzulu njengembiza, Ulwandle ilwenza njengehlala loqholo. 32 Emva kwayo kukhanya indlela; Anga amanzi anzongonzongo zizimvi. 33 Ehlabathini akukho nto ifana nayo, Le yenziwayo ayaba nakuqhiphuka umbilini. 34 Ibona konke okuphakamileyo; Ingukumkani yona kwizilo zonke ezinyalasayo .
Kuthekani ngeengcaciso zeBhayibhile zamadragoni? IBhayibhile izele ngezafobe ezibonisa amahobe, iingcuka ezibawayo, iinyoka ezinobuqhophololo, iigusha neebhokhwe, zonke ezi zizilwanyana ezifumaneka kwindalo namhlanje. Kutheni inamba, ekhankanywe izihlandlo ezininzi kwiTestamente eNdala neNtsha, nakuncwadi lwakudala, ibe yinto engaqhelekanga? IGenesis 1:21 isixelela ngendlela uThixo awazidala ngayo izilwanyana ezikhulu zaselwandle, izilo ezikhulu zaselwandle (inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo) (Gen 1:21 ) Wadala uThixo oominenga emikhulu, nayo yonke imiphefumlo ephilileyo enambuzelayo, awanyakazela ngayo amanzi emva kwayo. nazo zonke iintaka ezinamaphiko ngohlobo lwazo: wabona uThixo ukuba kulungile.) , ulwimi lwantlandlolo lusebenzisa igama elifanayo elithi “tannin”, elithetha inamba kwenye indawo eBhayibhileni. Ezi ndinyana zilandelayo, umzekelo, zibhekisa kwiidragons:
- ( Yobhi 30:29 ) Ndingumzalwana weempungutye , Nomlingane weenciniba.
- ( INdumiso 44:19 ) Ukuba usityumze endaweni yeempungutye , Usigubungele ngethunzi lokufa.
- ( Isa 35:7 ) isanga sibe lidike, neendawo ezinxaniweyo zimpompoze amanzi. Esikhundleni sempungutye , apho ibuthuma khona, kuya kuba butyani neengcongolo nemikhanzi.
- ( Isa 43:20 ) Izilo zasendle ziya kundizukisa, iimpungutye neenciniba; ngokuba ndenza amanzi entlango, nemilambo enkqantosini, ukuze ndiseze abantu bam, abanyulwa bam.
- ( Yer 14:6 ) Kwaye amaesile asendle ema elugangeni, esezela umoya njengeempungutye ; aphelile amehlo, ngokuba kungekho luhlaza.
- ( Yer 49:33 ) IHatsore iya kuba sisikhundla seempungutye , kube senkangala kude kuse ephakadeni, akuyi kuhlala bani khona, akuyi kuphambukela nyana womntu khona.
- ( Mika 1:8 ) Ngoko ke ndiya kubhomboloza, ndibhomboloze, ndiya kuhamba ndihlunyulwe, ndishiywe ndize: ndiya kukhala njengempungutye , ndilile njengenciniba.
- ( Mal 1:3 ) ndamthiya uEsawu; iintaba zakhe ndazenza kwaba senkangala, nelifa lakhe laba leleempungutye entlango.
- ( INdu. 104:26 ) Kulapho kuhamba iinqanawa, Nango umnenga owawubumbela ukudlala kulo.
- ( Yobhi 7:12 ) Ndilulwandle na, okanye ndingumnenga , ukuba undimisele umlindi? (inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo: irhamncwa laselwandle, ngesiHebhere elithi tannin, elithetha inamba)
- ( Yobhi 26:12, 13 ) Wahlula ulwandle ngamandla akhe, Ngokuqonda kwakhe ubetha abanekratshi. 13 Wenza izulu ngomoya wakhe; Isandla sakhe sayibumba inyoka ephinyaphinyelayo.
Nguwe owahlula ulwandle ngamandla akho, Owaphula iintloko zeempungutye emanzini . 14 Nguwe owaxhaxha iintloko zeleviyatan , Wazinika zakukudla kubantu, kubemi entlango.
- ( INdumiso 91:13 ) Uya kunyathela phezu kwengonyama nerhamba ;
( Isaya 30:6 ) Isihlabo esisingisele kwizilwanyana zasemzantsi: kwilizwe lembandezelo nembandezelo, apho kuphuma khona ingonyama entsha neselekhulile, irhamba nenyoka ephaphazelayo, ubutyebi babo baya kuthwala phezu kwamagxa amathole . namaesile, nobuncwane babo phezu kweenkamela zeenkamela, kubantu abangabanyusiyo.
- ( Dut 32:32, 33 ) Kuba umdiliya wabo ngowomdiliya waseSodom, Ngowamasimi aseGomora; 33 Bubuhlungu beempungutye iwayini yabo , Bubuhlungu obukrakra bophithi.
- (Neh 2:13) Ndaphuma ke ngobusuku ngesango lentlambo, ndasinga emthonjeni wenamba , nasesangweni lezala, ndilolonga iindonga zeYerusalem, ezibe zidiliziwe, namasango ayo abediliziwe. ngomlilo.
- ( Isaya 51:9 ) Vuka, vuka, nxiba amandla, ngalo kaYehova; vuka njengakwimihla yamandulo, kwizizukulwana zasephakadeni. Asinguwe na na lo mhlabe uRahabhi, wayibetha ingwenya?
- ( Isaya 27:1 ) Ngaloo mini uYehova uya kuyivelela ngekrele lakhe elibuhlungu, elo likhulu, nelomeleleyo, ileviyatan inyoka ebalekayo, neleviyatan inyoka ephinyaphinyelayo; ayibulale inamba eselwandle.
- ( Yer 51:34 ) UNebhukadenetsare ukumkani waseBhabhiloni undidlile, wandityumza, undenze isitya esize, undiginye njengengwenya , wazalisa isisu sakhe ngezinto ezinqwenelekayo zam, uzigatyile. ndiphume.
IApocrypha yeTestamente Endala kunye needragons . Kuthekani ngeApocrypha yeTestamente Endala? Nazo, ziqulethe ukukhankanywa okuninzi kwenamba, eyabonwa njengezilwanyana zokwenyani, kunezidalwa eziyintsomi. Umbhali weNcwadi kaSirach ubhala indlela angathanda ngayo ukuhlala nengonyama kunye nenamba, kunokuba nomfazi wakhe okhohlakeleyo. Izongezelelo zeNcwadi kaEstere zibalisa ngephupha likaMordekayi (uMordekayi waseBhayibhileni), xa wabona iidragoni ezinkulu ezimbini. UDaniyeli wayekwajongene nenamba enkulu, eyayinqulwa ngamaBhabhiloni. Oku kubonisa indlela ezinokuthi zikhule ngayo ezi zilwanyana ngokomlinganiselo omkhulu kakhulu.
- ( Sirach 25:16 ) Ndikhetha ukuhlala nengonyama nenamba, kunokuba ndihlale nomfazi ongendawo .
- ( Ubulumko bukaSolomon 16: 10 ) Kodwa oonyana bakho ababangabanga namazinyo eempungutye , ngokuba inceba yakho ihleli kubo, wabaphilisa.
- ( Sirach 43:25 ) Kuba kuyo kubakho imisebenzi emangalisayo nemangalisayo, iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo ngeentlobo zamarhamncwa neminenga.
- ( Ukongeza kuEstere 1:1, 4, 5, 6 ) UMordekayi, umYuda wesizwe sakwaBhenjamin, wathinjwa kunye noKumkani uYehoyakin wakwaYuda, xa uKumkani uNebhukadenetsare waseBhabhiloni wathimba iYerusalem. UMordekayi wayengunyana kaYayire wenzala kaKishe noShimehi. 4 Waphupha kukho isandi esikhulu nesiphithiphithi, neendudumo ezinkulu, nenyikima yomhlaba, nenyikima eyoyikekayo. 5 Emva koko kwavela iidragoni ezinkulu ezimbini, zilungele ukulwa enye kwenye . 6 Benza ingxolo eyoyikekayo , yaye zonke iintlanga zazilungiselela ukulwa nohlanga lukaThixo lwabantu abangamalungisa.
- (Ukongezelela kuDaniyeli, uBhele kunye nenamba 1: 23-30) Kwaye kwakukho kuloo ndawo inamba enkulu , ababeyinqula eBhabhiloni. 24 Wathi ukumkani kuDaniyeli, Uyatsho na ukuthi, Lo nto yobhedu na? yabona, uhleli nje, uyadla, uyasela ; Akunakutsho ukuthi, asinguthixo ophilileyo; 25 Wathi uDaniyeli kukumkani, Ndiya kumnqula uYehova uThixo wam, ngokuba nguThixo ophilileyo. 26 Kodwa ndivumele, Owu kumkani, kwaye ndiya kuyibulala le inamba ngaphandle kwekrele okanye umsimelelo. Wathi ukumkani, Ndiyakukuvumela. 27 Waza uDaniyeli wathabatha itela, etyebileyo, neenwele, wazihlaba ndawonye, wenza amaqhuma azo, wawabeka emlonyeni wenamba, yaza yagqabhuka inamba. Wathi uDaniyeli, Yabona, aba baothixo nina. unqulo. 28 Bathi ke bona baseBhabheli, bakukuva oko, bacaphuka kakhulu, bamenzela iyelenqe ukumkani, besithi, Ukumkani uvele waba ngumYuda, wamtshabalalisa uBhele, wayibulala inamba, wababulala ababingeleli. 29 Beza kukumkani, bathi, Sinike uDaniyeli, hleze sikutshabalalise wena nendlu yakho. 30 Wabona ukumkani ukuba bamxinile, wamnikela uDaniyeli.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Izigidi zeminyaka / iidinosaur /
ngendaleko yabantu? |
