Eyona ngcaciso ixhaphakileyo yendalo yendalo yendalo yonke kukuba yazalwa ngeBig Bang isuka engenanto, okt isithuba apho kwakungekho nto. Ngaphambi koko kwakungekho xesha, indawo kunye namandla. Lo mbandela uchazwa kakuhle ngamagama eencwadi ezinjengethi Tyhjästä syntynyt (Wazalelwa Engenanto) (Kari Enqvist, Jukka Maalampi) okanye A Universe from Nothing (Lawrence M. Krauss). Esi sicatshulwa silandelayo sikwabhekisa kwinto enye:

Ekuqaleni kwakungekho nto kwaphela. Oku kunzima kakhulu ukukuqonda ... Ngaphambi kweBig Bang, kwakungekho nendawo engenanto. Indawo kunye nexesha kunye namandla kunye nezinto zenziwe kolu gqabhuko-dubulo. Kwakungekho nto "ngaphandle" kwindalo yonke ukuba iqhume. Xa yazalwa yaza yaqalisa ukwanda kwayo okukhulu, indalo iphela yayiqulethe yonke into, kuquka yonke indawo engenanto. (UJim Brooks: Näin elämä alkoi / Imvelaphi yobomi, iphe. 9-11)

Ngokufanayo, iWikipedia ichaza iBig Bang. Ngokutsho kwayo, ekuqaleni kwakukho indawo eshushu neshinyeneyo de kwabakho iBig Bang kwaye indalo yaqala ukwanda:

Ngokwenkcazo-bungcali, indalo yavela kwindawo exinene ngokugqithisileyo neshushu malunga neminyaka eyi-13.8 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yiBig Bang kwaye ibisoloko isanda ukususela ngoko.

Kodwa ngaba iBig Bang kunye nokuzalwa kwezidalwa zasezulwini ngokwazo kuyinyani? Kulo mba, kufanelekile ukunikela ingqalelo kwezi ngongoma zilandelayo:

Into engekhoyo ayinakuba nayo nayiphi na ipropati kwaye akukho nto inokuvela kuyo . Ukuphikisana kokuqala kunokufumaneka kwiicatshulwa zangaphambili. Kwelinye icala, kuthiwa yonke into yaqala kwinto engekhoyo, kwaye kwelinye icala kuthiwa imeko yokuqala yayishushu kakhulu kwaye ixinene.

    Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kwakungekho nto ekuqaleni, imeko enjalo ayinakuba naziphi na iipropati. Noko ayinakuba shushu kwaye ixinene kuba ayikho. Ukungabikho akunako ukuba nezinye iipropati mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba akukho.

    Kwelinye icala, ukuba sicinga ukuba into engekhoyo yaziguqula yaba yimeko exineneyo neshushu, okanye indalo ekhoyo ngoku yazalwa kuyo, yinto engenakwenzeka leyo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ngokwezibalo kuba akunakwenzeka ukuthatha nantoni na kwinto engekho. Ukuba u-zero wahlulwe ngalo naliphi na inani, isiphumo sihlala sithi zero. UDavid Berlinski, uye wathatha isigqibo ngalo mbandela: 

"Akunamsebenzi ukuphikisa ukuba into ethile ivela ngaphandle kwento, xa nayiphi na isazi semathematika siqonda ukuba le nto ibubudenge obupheleleyo" ( URon Rosenbaum: "Ngaba I-Big Bang Yinkohliso Enkulu? UDavid Berlinski Ucela Umngeni Wonke Umntu." I-New York Observer 7.7 .1998)

Ukuba kwakungekho mandla, akukho nto inokugqabhuka . Isicatshulwa sangaphambili sachaza ukuba kwakungekho mandla ekuqaleni, kwaye akukho nto.

    Kukho enye into ephikisanayo apha, kuba umthetho wokuqala jikelele we-thermodynamics uthi, "Amandla akanakudalwa okanye atshatyalaliswe, atshintshe kuphela ukusuka kwelinye uhlobo ukuya kwelinye."

     Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba kwakungekho mandla kwasekuqaleni, ayevela phi amandla kuba wona ngokwawo akanakuvela? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungabikho kwamandla kuthintela naluphi na ugqabhuko-dubulo. Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwalungenakuze lwenzeke.

Ukuba imeko yokuqala ibixinene ngokugqithisileyo, ayinakugqabhuka . Isicatshulwa sangaphambili sibhekiselele kwimbono yokuba yonke into yavela kwimo exinene kakhulu kwaye eshushu, imeko apho yonke into yendalo iphela yayipakishwe kwindawo encinci kakhulu. Kuye kwafaniswa nokuba mnye, kanye njengemingxuma emnyama.

    Nalapha kukho ukuphikisana. Kuba xa kuchazwa imingxunya emnyama, kuthiwa ixinene kangangokuba akukho nto inokubaleka, akukho kukhanya, imitha yemitha yombane, okanye nantoni na. Oko kukuthi, indalo igqalwa njengamandla amane asisiseko: umxhuzulane, amandla ombane wombane, namandla enyukliya anamandla nabuthathaka. Umxhuzulane uthathwa njengowona ubuthathaka kubo, kodwa ukuba kukho ubunzima obaneleyo, amanye amandla akanakwenza nto ngawo. Kukholelwa ukuba oku kunjalo kwimingxuma emnyama.

     Sisiphi isigqibo esinokufikelela kuso ngoku? Ukuba imingxuma emnyama ithathwa njengeyinyani, kwaye akukho nto inokuphunyuka kuyo ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu, umntu unokuthethelela njani ngaxeshanye ugqabhuko-dubulo oluvela kwindawo ebekucingelwa ukuba iqale, ebekufanele ukuba ixinene ngakumbi kunemingxuma emnyama? Abantu abangakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo bayaziphikisa.                                                         

Uqhushumbo aludali cwangco . Kuthekani ngogqabhuko-dubulo ngokwalo, ukuba kwakunokwenzeka phezu kwayo nje yonke into? Ngaba ugqabhuko-dubulo luya kubangela enye into ngaphandle kokutshatyalaliswa? Le yinto onokuyizama. Ukuba uqhushumbo lubekwe umz. ngaphakathi kwingqukuva eyomeleleyo, akukho nto idaliweyo ukusuka kuyo. Kuphela iziqwenga zebhola ezisasazeke kwiradiyasi yeemitha ezithile, kodwa akukho nto iyenye yenzekayo. Noko ke, indalo iphela ikwimeko elungeleleneyo eneminyele emihle, iinkwenkwezi, izijikelezi-langa, iinyanga, kwanobomi. Inkqubo enjalo enzima kwaye esebenzayo ayidalwanga naluphi na ukuqhuma, kodwa ibangela ukutshabalalisa kunye nomonakalo.

Konke ukusuka kwindawo encinci ? Njengoko kuchaziwe, kucingelwa kwithiyori yeBig Bang ukuba yonke into yazalwa ukusuka kwindawo encinci kakhulu. Ifanele ibe zizigidi zeminyele, amawaka ezigidi zeenkwenkwezi, kodwa kwakhona ilanga, izijikelezi-langa, amatye nezinto eziphilayo njengeendlovu, abantu abacingayo, iintaka ezintyilozayo, iintyatyambo ezintle, imithi emikhulu, amabhabhathane, iintlanzi nolwandle oluzingqongileyo, ezinencasa entle. iibhanana kunye namaqunube, njl.njl. Zonke ezi bekufanele ukuba zivele kwindawo encinci kunentloko yephini. Oku koko kucingwa kule thiyori eqhelekileyo.

     Lo mbandela unokufaniswa nomntu ophethe ibhokisi yematshisi ngesandla aze athi, “Xa ubona le bhokisi yematshisi isesandleni sam, ngaba unokukholelwa ukuba ngaphakathi kuyo kuya kuvela amakhulu ezigidi zeenkwenkwezi, ilanga elitshisayo, izidalwa eziphilayo njengezinja, iintaka, iindlovu, imithi, iintlanzi nolwandle oluzingqongileyo, amaqunube amahle neentyatyambo ezintle? Ewe, kufuneka ukholelwe ukuba ndithetha inyani, kwaye zonke ezi zinto zinkulu zinokuvela kule bhokisi yematshisi!”

     Ubunokuvakalelwa njani ukuba umntu ebekhe waxambulisana nawe ngaphambili? Ngaba ubuya kumgqala njengomntu ongaqhelekanga? Nangona kunjalo, ingcamango yeBig Bang iyamangalisa ngokufanayo. Icinga ukuba yonke into yaqala kwisithuba esincinci kunebhokisi yeematshisi. Ndicinga ukuba senza ngobulumko ukuba asizikholelwa zonke ezi ngcamango zichazwa zizazinzulu ezingakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo, kodwa sinamathela kumsebenzi kaThixo wendalo, oyeyona ngcaciso ibalaseleyo yobukho bendalo esibhakabhakeni nobomi.

    Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezininzi nazo ziye zayigxeka ingcamango yokuqhuma okukhulu. Bayibona ichasene nesayensi yokwenyani:

Idatha entsha yahluke ngokwaneleyo kwingqikelelo yethiyori yokutshabalalisa iBig Bang-cosmology (uFred Hoyle, uBang omkhulu kwi-Astronomy, 92 New Scientist 521, 522-23 / 1981)

Njengesazi sendalo esidala, ndibona idatha yangoku yokuphonononga isusa ithiyori malunga nokuqala kwendalo, kunye neethiyori ezininzi malunga nokuqala kweSolar System. (H. Bondi, Letter, 87 New Scientist 611 / 1980)

Kubekho ingxoxo encinci ngokumangalisayo malunga nokuba i-big bang hypothesis ichanekile okanye hayi... uninzi lwezinto eziqatshelweyo eziphikisanayo zicaciswa ngeengqikelelo ezininzi ezingenasiseko okanye azihoywa. (nobelist H. Alfven, Cosmic Plasma 125 / 1981)

Isazi seFiziksi u-Eric Lerner: "I-Big Bang yintsomi nje enomdla, egcinwa ngesizathu esithile " (uEric Lerner: Ukuchaswa okukothusayo kweTheyori ePhambili yeMvelaphi yendalo iphela, iBig Bang ayizange yenzeke, NY: Times Books, 1991).

"Ithiyori yeBig Bang ixhomekeke kwinani elandayo lentelekelelo engangqinwanga - izinto esingazange siziphawule. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, izinto ezimnyama kunye namandla amnyama zezona zaziwa kakhulu kwezi. Ngaphandle kwazo, bekuya kubakho ungquzulwano olubulalayo phakathi kwezinto ezabonwa zizazi ngeenkwenkwezi noqikelelo lwengcamango yogqabhuko-dubulo lokuqala.” (U-Eric Lerner kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezingama-33 ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo ali-10, iBucking the Big Bang, iNzululwazi eNtsha 182(2448):20, 2004; www.cosmologystatement.org , ifikelele kwi-1 ka-Aprili 2014.)

Irhasi ayidibanisi kwizidalwa zasesibhakabhakeni . Kucingelwa ukuba ngaxa lithile emva kweBig Bang, i-hydrogen kunye ne-helium zadalwa, apho igalaksi neenkwenkwezi zajiyaniswa.

     Nangona kunjalo, apha kwakhona imithetho ye-physics iphulwa. Kwindawo ekhululekileyo, igesi ayinakuze idibanise, kodwa isasazeka ngakumbi kwindawo, isasaza ngokulinganayo. Le yeyona mfundiso isisiseko kwiincwadi zesikolo. Okanye ukuba uzama ukucinezela igesi, ubushushu bayo buyanda, kwaye ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kubangela ukuba igesi yande kwakhona. Ithintela ukuzalwa kwezidalwa zasezulwini.

    UFred Hoyle, owayigxekayo ingcamango yogqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu yaye engakholelwa kuyo, wakwathi: “Ukwanda kwezinto akunakungqubana nantoni na yaye emva kolwando olwaneleyo wonke umsebenzi uphelile” ( The Intelligent Universe: A New View of Creation and Evolution - 1983) .

     La magqabaza alandelayo abonisa ngokubhekele phaya ukuba izazinzulu azinazo iimpendulo ngemvelaphi yeminyele neenkwenkwezi. Nangona ezinye iincwadi ezidumileyo okanye iinkqubo zikamabonwakude zichaza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ezi zidalwa zasezulwini zazalwa ngokwazo, akukho bungqina boku. Iingxaki ezinjalo zihlangatyezwana nazo xa ubani efuna kuphela ingcaciso yendalo yobukho bezinto ezisesibhakabhakeni, kodwa egatya umsebenzi wendalo kaThixo, apho ubungqina bubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba: 

Andifuni ukubanga ukuba siyayiqonda ngokwenene inkqubo eyadala iminyele. Ithiyori malunga nokuzalwa kweminyele yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu ezingasonjululwanga kwi-astrophysics kwaye sisabonakala sikude kwisisombululo sokwenyani nanamhlanje. (Steven Weinberg, Kolme ensimmäistä minuuttia / Imizuzu emithathu yokuQala, iphe. 88)

Iincwadi zizele ngamabali aziva esengqiqweni, kodwa inyaniso elusizi kukuba asazi, ukuba iminyele yazalwa njani. (L. John, iCosmology ngoku 85, 92 / 1976)

Ingxaki enkulu, nangona kunjalo, yeyokuba yonke into yabakho njani? Igesi eyavela kuyo iminyele ekuqaleni yaqokelelana njani ukuze iqalise ukuzalwa kweenkwenkwezi nomjikelo omkhulu wendalo iphela? (…) Ke ngoko, kufuneka sifumane iindlela ezibonakalayo ezizisa ukudibanisa ngaphakathi kwezinto ezifanayo zendalo iphela. Oku kubonakala kulula kodwa njengenyani kukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzulu kakhulu. ( UMalcolm S. Longair, Räjähtävä maailmankaikkeus / Imvelaphi yendalo yethu iphela, iphe. 93)

Kubangela iintloni ukuba akukho bani uchaze indlela eyabakho ngayo (iminyele)... Inkoliso yezazi ngeenkwenkwezi neengcali ngendalo iphela ivuma ngokuphandle ukuba akukho theory yanelisayo yendlela iminyele eyakhiwe ngayo. Ngamanye amazwi, inkalo ephambili yendalo iphela ayichazwanga. (WR Corliss: Ikhathalogu ye-Astronomical Anomalies, Iinkwenkwezi, iGalaxies, iCosmos, iphe. 184, iProjekthi ye-Sourcebook, 1987)

Into eyoyikisayo apha kukuba, ukuba akukho namnye kuthi obesazi kwangaphambili ukuba iinkwenkwezi zikho, uphando oluphambili beluya kubonelela ngezizathu ezininzi eziqinisekisayo zokuba kutheni iinkwenkwezi zingenakuze zizalwe. ” (Neil deGrasse Tyson, Ukufa nguMngxuma Omnyama: Kunye nezinye iiNdawo zeCosmic, iphe. 187, WW Norton & Company, 2007)

Abraham Loeb: “Inyaniso kukuba asikuqondi ukubunjwa kweenkwenkwezi kwinqanaba elisisiseko.” (Kucatshulwe kwinqaku likaMarcus Chown Makubekho ukukhanya , iNzululwazi eNtsha 157(2120):26-30, 7 February 1998)

Kuthekani ngokuzalwa kwesijikelezi-langa, oko kukuthi ilanga, iiplanethi neenyanga? Kucingelwa ukuba bazalwa kwilifu elinye legesi, kodwa ngumbandela wokuqagela. Izazinzulu ziyavuma ukuba ilanga, iiplanethi kunye nenyanga zinesiqalo - kungenjalo amandla azo angaphakathi ebeya kuphelelwa ngokuhamba kwexesha - kodwa kufuneka babhenele kwintelekelelo xa befuna isizathu sokuzalwa kwabo. Xa bewukhanyela umsebenzi kaThixo wendalo, banyanzelwa ukuba endaweni yoko bakhangele ingcaciso yemvelo yokuzalwa kwezi zidalwa zasezulwini.

    Nangona kunjalo, badibana nesiphelo sokufa kuyo, kuba ukubunjwa kweeplanethi, iinyanga kunye nelanga zihluke ngokupheleleyo komnye nomnye. Zivela njani kwilifu elifanayo legesi, ukuba zihluke ngokupheleleyo ekubunjweni? Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iiplanethi zineezakhi ezikhanyayo, ngelixa ezinye zinezinto ezinzima.

    Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye zanyaniseka ngokwaneleyo ukuba zivume ukuba iingcamango zendalo zangoku zemvelaphi yenkqubo yelanga ziyingxaki. Ngezantsi ngamanye amagqabaza abo. La magqabaza abonisa indlela ekuthandabuzeka ngayo ukucacisa imvelaphi yalo lonke ihlabathi elingaphiliyo ngokwalo ngaphandle koThixo. Akukho zizathu zilungileyo zokuphinda ubhale imbali kule ndawo. Kusengqiqweni ngakumbi ukukholelwa kumsebenzi wendalo kaThixo.

Okokuqala, siqaphela ukuba umba osuka kwiLanga lethu, awunako konke konke ukwenza iiplanethi ezinjalo ezaziwa kuthi. Ukwakhiwa kwalo mbandela kuya kuba kuphosakele ngokupheleleyo. Enye into kulo mahluko kukuba iLanga liqhelekile [njengomzimba wasezulwini], kodwa umhlaba uyamangalisa. Irhasi ephakathi kweenkwenkwezi, kunye noninzi lweenkwenkwezi, zinento enye neLanga, kodwa hayi umhlaba. Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba ukujonga kwi-cosmological perspective - igumbi, apho uhleli khona ngoku, lenziwe ngezinto ezingalunganga. Uyinto enqabileyo, ukuhlanganiswa komqambi wecosmological. (Fred C. Hoyle, Iphephancwadi likaHarper, ka-Aprili 1951)

Nanamhlanje, xa iastrophysics iye yahambela phambili ngokuphawulekayo, iingcamango ezininzi eziphathelele imvelaphi yesijikelezi-langa azanelisi. Izazinzulu azikavumelani malunga neenkcukacha. Ayikho ithiyori eyamkelwa ngokuqhelekileyo. (Jim Brooks, Näin alkoi elämä , p. 57 / Origins of Life)

Zonke iingcamango ezibonisiweyo malunga nemvelaphi yesixokelelwano selanga zinokungahambelani okunzulu. Isiphelo, okwangoku, kubonakala ngathi inkqubo yelanga ayinakho. (H. Jeffreys, Umhlaba: Imvelaphi yawo, iMbali kunye noMgaqo-siseko wePhysical , ushicilelo ^lwe -6 , iCambridge University Press, i-1976, iphe. 387)

Uthethelela njani ukuzalwa kobomi ngokwakho?

Ngaphezulu, kuphela ihlabathi elingeyondalo kunye nemvelaphi yalo sele kuxoxiwe ngalo. Kwachazwa ukuba izazinzulu ezingakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo azinakuzithethelela iingcamango zazo ngemvelaphi yendalo iphela nendalo esibhakabhakeni. Iingcamango zabo zichasene nemithetho yendalo kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo.

    Ukusuka apha kulungile ukufudukela kwihlabathi le-organic, okt ukujongana nehlabathi eliphilayo. Sihlala sixelelwa ukuba ubomi bavela ngokwabo kwiminyaka eyi-3-4 yezigidigidi edlulileyo kwichibi elithile elifudumeleyo okanye ulwandle.

    Noko ke, kwakhona kukho ingxaki ngale ngcamango: akukho mntu wakha wabona imvelaphi yobomi. Akukho mntu uyibonileyo, ngoko ke yingxaki efanayo neyeethiyori zendalo zangaphambili. Abantu banokuba nomfanekiso wokuba ingxaki yokuzalwa kobomi iye yasonjululwa, kodwa akukho siseko sibambekayo salo mfanekiso: Le yiminqweno enqwenelekayo, hayi imbono esekelwe kwinzululwazi.

    Ingcamango yokuzalwa kobomi ngokuzenzekelayo nayo iyingxaki ngokwengqiqo yenzululwazi. Ukuqwalaselwa okusebenzayo kukuba ubomi buzalwa kuphela ebomini, kwaye akukho nanye ngaphandle kwalo mgaqo ofunyenweyo . Kuphela iseli ephilayo inokwenza izinto zokwakha ezifanelekileyo ekudalweni kweeseli ezintsha. Ngaloo ndlela, xa kuchazwa ukuba ubomi bazivelela, kuphikisana nenzululwazi yokwenene nezinto ezibonwayo.

    Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye zabuvuma ubukhulu bale ngxaki. Abanasicombululo ngemvelaphi yobomi. Bayavuma ukuba ubomi emhlabeni baba nesiqalo, kodwa baxakene nento kuba abawamkeli umsebenzi kaThixo wokudala. Nanga amanye amagqabantshintshi ngalo mbandela: 

Ndicinga ukuba kufuneka siye phambili kwaye sivume ukuba ingcaciso eyamkelekileyo kuphela yindalo. Ndiyazi ukuba le ngcamango iye yachithwa yi-physicists, kwaye ngokwenene ndim, kodwa akufanele siyigatye ngenxa yokuba asiyithandi ukuba ubungqina bokulinga buxhasa. (H. Lipson, "I-Physicist iJonga kwi-Evolution", iBulletin yeFiziksi, i-31, i-1980)

Izazinzulu azinabungqina obuchasene nengcamango yokuba ubomi babakho ngenxa yendalo. (URobert Jastrow: I-Enchant Loom, Ingqondo kwiNdawo yonke, ngo-1981)

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 yovavanyo kwinkalo yendaleko yemichiza nemolekyuli iye yabalaselisa ubukhulu bengxaki enxulumene nokuqalisa kobomi kunesicombululo sabo. Namhlanje, ngokusisiseko kuphela iithiyori ezifanelekileyo kunye neemvavanyo zixoxiwe kunye nokukhukuliseka kwabo kwisiphelo esifileyo, okanye ukungazi kuyavunywa (Klaus Dose, Uphononongo lweNzululwazi yezoNzululwazi 13, 1988)

Ekuzameni ukuhlanganisa into esiyaziyo ngembali enzulu yobomi kwiplanethi enguMhlaba, imvelaphi yobomi, kunye nezigaba zokubunjwa kwayo okukhokelele kwibhayoloji ebonakala ngathi ijikeleze thina, kufuneka sivume ukuba igutyungelwe kukungacaci. Asazi ukuba ubomi baqala njani kwesi sijikelezi-langa. Asazi ukuba yaqala nini kanye kanye, kwaye asazi ukuba phantsi kweziphi iimeko. (uAndy Knoll, uNjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseHarvard) (1)

Esi sicatshulwa silandelayo sikwanxulumene nesihloko. Ibalisa ngoStanley Miller ekwadliwano-ndlebe naye ngasekupheleni kobomi bakhe. Uye waduma ngophando lwakhe oluphathelele imvelaphi yobomi, oluye lwavezwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwincwadi yesikolo neyenzululwazi, kodwa olu vavanyo alunanto yakwenza nemvelaphi yobomi. J. Morgan uye wabalisa udliwano-ndlebe apho uMiller wawakhaba ngawo onke amacebiso emvelaphi yobomi ngokwawo njengembudane okanye imichiza yephepha. Eli qela lekhemistri yephepha likwabandakanya iimvavanyo ezenziwa nguMiller ngokwakhe kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambili, imifanekiso ehombise iincwadi zesikolo:

Wayengakhathali ngazo zonke iingcebiso malunga nemvelaphi yobomi, ecinga ukuba "zingento" okanye "ikhemistri yephepha". Wayedelela kakhulu ngeengcinga ezithile kangangokuba xa ndibuza uluvo lwakhe ngazo, wanikina intloko kuphela, wancwina kakhulu waza wancwina – ngokungathi uzama ukwala impambano yohlanga loluntu. Wavuma ukuba izazinzulu zisenokungaze zilazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba baqala nini yaye njani ubomi. "Sizama ukuxoxa ngesiganeko sembali esahluke ngokucacileyo kwisayensi eqhelekileyo", waphawula. (2)

Nangona kungekho sazinzulu singakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo sazi nto ngemvelaphi yobomi, basakholelwa ukuba baqala malunga noku. 4 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Kucingelwa ukuba iqale kwi "simple primitive cell", nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukuyingqina ichanekile, kuba neeseli zanamhlanje zintsokothile kwaye ziqulethe ulwazi oluninzi.

    Enoba kuyintoni na, ukuba sinamathela kwingcamango yendaleko nakwizigidi zeminyaka, kuvela ezinye iingxaki ezinzulu ekunzima ukuzityeshela.

     Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu yinto ebizwa ngokuba yiCambrian. Kuthetha ukuba zonke iintlobo zezakhiwo zezilwanyana, okanye amaqela aphambili, kuquka i-vertebrates, avele kwi-Cambrian strata kuphela "kwiminyaka eyi-10 yezigidi" (iminyaka eyi-540-530 yezigidi ngokomlinganiselo wendaleko) igqitywe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngaphandle kweefom zangaphambili emhlabeni. Ngokomzekelo, i-trilobite enamehlo antsonkothileyo kunye nezinye iintlobo zobomi ziye zafunyanwa zigqibelele. UStephen Jay Gould uchaza esi siganeko siphawulekayo. Uthi kwisithuba sezigidi zeminyaka embalwa kwavela amaqela aphambili ezilwanyana:

Iipaleontologists ziye zaziwa ixesha elide, kwaye zizibuza ukuba onke amaqela aphambili ezilwanyana abonakala ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane ngexesha leCambrian ... bonke ubomi, kubandakanywa nookhokho bezilwanyana, bahlala be-single-celled for five-6th of Imbali yangoku, kude kube malunga nezigidi ezingama-550 zeminyaka eyadlulayo ugqabhuko-dubulo lwendalo lwavela kuwo onke amaqela aphambili ezilwanyana kuphela kwizigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka… (3)

Yintoni eyenza ukuba ukudubula kweCambrian kube yingxaki? Kukho izizathu ezithathu ezibalulekileyo zoku:

1. Ingxaki yokuqala kukuba akukho zi-precursors ezilula ngaphantsi kwee-Cambrian layers. Nangona i-trilobites enamehlo anzima, njengezinye izinto eziphilayo, ngokukhawuleza ibonakala ilungile, iyinkimbinkimbi, iphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ingenazo ookhokho kwi-strata ephantsi. Oku kuyamangalisa kuba kukholelwa ukuba ubomi bavela kwiseli elula kwiminyaka eyi-3.5 yeebhiliyoni ngaphambi kwexesha leCambrian. Kutheni kungekho nolunye uhlobo oluphakathi kwisithuba seminyaka eyi-3.5 yeebhiliyoni ? Oku kukuphikisana okucacileyo, okuphikisa ingcamango yendaleko. Iziphumo zixhasa ngokucacileyo imodeli yokudala apho iintlobo zezilwanyana zazisele zenziwe, zintsonkothile kwaye zahluke kwasekuqaleni. Iingcali ezininzi ze-paleontologists ziye zavuma ukuba ukuqhuma kweCambrian akuhambelani kakuhle nemodeli yendaleko.

Ukuba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ukusuka kwizinto ezilula ukuya kuyinkimbinkimbi kuyinyaniso, ngoko ookhokho bale Cambrian, izinto eziphilayo eziphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo kufuneka zifumaneke; kodwa azikafunyanwa, yaye izazinzulu ziyavuma ukuba mancinane amathuba okuzifumana. Ngokusekelwe kwizibakala kuphela, ezisekelwe koko kuye kwafunyanwa ngokwenene emhlabeni, ingcamango yokuba amaqela aphambili ezinto eziphilayo avela kwisiganeko sequbuliso sendalo yeyona inokwenzeka. ( Harold G. Coffin, “Evolution or Creation?” Liberty, Septemba-Oktobha 1975, iphe. 12)

Iingcali zebhayoloji ngamanye amaxesha ziyayitshitshisa okanye ingayihoyi imbonakalo yesiquphe yezilwanyana zexesha leCambrian kunye nokwakheka kwayo okubalulekileyo. Noko ke, uphando lwakutshanje lwenzululwazi yezinto eziphila emhlabeni luye lwakhokelela ekubeni le ngxaki yokuzala ngesiquphe kwezinto eziphilayo isiya isiba nzima ngakumbi kumntu wonke ukuba ayityeshele... (Scientific American, Agasti 1964, iphe. 34-36)

Inyani ihleli, njengoko yonke ingcali yendalo isazi, ukuba uninzi lweentlobo, izizukulwana kunye nezizwe kwaye phantse onke amaqela amatsha amakhulu kunenqanaba lesizwe avela ngequbuliso kwirekhodi yeefosili, kunye nothotho olwaziwayo, oluthe chu lweefomu zenguqu ezilandelana ngokugqibeleleyo. musa ukuyibonisa indlela yabo yokunyuka. (George Gaylord Simpson: The Major Features of Evolution, 1953, p. 360)

2. Enye ingxaki efana nale yangaphambili kukuba emva kwexesha leCambrian, okt ebudeni beminyaka eyi-500 yezigidi (ngokomlinganiselo wendaleko), akukho maqela matsha aphambili ezilwanyana athe avela nokuba. Ngokutsho kwengcamango kaDarwin, yonke into yaqala kwiseli enye, kwaye amaqela amatsha aphambili ezilwanyana kufuneka avele ngamaxesha onke, kodwa ulwalathiso luchasene. Ngoku kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa kunangaphambili; ziyaphela ngalo lonke ixesha kwaye azinakubuyiselwa. Ukuba imodeli yendaleko yayichanekile, indaleko kufuneka ihambe kwelinye icala, kodwa oko akwenzeki. Umthi wendaleko ujonge phezulu kwaye uchasene noko kufanele kulindelwe ngokwengcamango kaDarwin. Iinyani zihambelana kakuhle nemodeli yokudala, apho kwakukho ubunzima kunye nobuninzi beentlobo zezilwanyana ekuqaleni.

    Ezi ngcaphulo zilandelayo zibonisa ngakumbi le ngxaki, oko kukuthi, kwiminyaka eyi-500 yezigidi (ngokomlinganiselo wendaleko) emva kogqabhuko-dubulo lweCambrian, akukho maqela matsha aphambili ezilwanyana athe avela, njengokuba engazange avele ngexesha langaphambi kweCambrian (3.5). iminyaka eyibhiliyoni).

UStephen J. Gould: Izazi ze-paleontologists ziye zaziwa ixesha elide, kwaye zizibuza ukuba onke amaqela aphambili ezilwanyana abonakala ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane ngexesha leCambrian ... bonke ubomi, kuquka ookhokho bezilwanyana, bahlala beneeseli enye. kwisihlanu-sisithandathu sembali yangoku, kude kube malunga ne-550 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ugqabhuko-dubulo lwendaleko lwakhokelela kuwo onke amaqela aphambili ezilwanyana kuphela kwizigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka…

    Ukuqhuma kweCambrian sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yobomi bezilwanyana ezininzi. Okukhona sisifundisisa esi siqendu, kokukhona sichukunyiswa bubungqina bobunye baso kunye nempembelelo eqinisekileyo kwindlela yembali yobomi bamva. Iziseko ze-anatomical ezisisiseko ezizalwe ngelo xesha ziye zalawula ubomi ukususela ngoko ngaphandle kokongezwa okubalulekileyo. (4)

Ukungafani okubonwe ngexesha leCambrian kuphakamisa imiba emibini engasonjululwanga. Okokuqala, zeziphi iinkqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezibangele ukungafani phakathi kwe-morphology (ifom) yamaqela aphambili ezinto eziphilayo? Okwesibini, kutheni le nto imida ye-morphological phakathi kweziseko ezingundoqo ihleli ingatshintshi kwisithuba seminyaka ezigidi ezingama-500 edlulileyo? (Erwin D. Valentine J (2013) Ukuqhuma kweCambriad: Ukwakhiwa kweZilwanyana zeZilwanyana, iRoberts kunye nabashicileli beNkampani, i-416 iphe.)

Naluphi na utshintsho lwendaleko lwenzeke emva koku, kuzo zonke iiyantlukwano, yayiyinto nje yokwahluka kwezakhiwo ezisisiseko ezisekwe kuqhushumbo lweCambrian. (A Seilacher, Vendobionta als Alternative zu Vielzellern. Mitt Hamb. zool. Mus. Inst. 89, Erg.bd.1, 9-20 / 1992, p. 19)

3. Ingxaki yesithathu, ukuba sinamathela kwisikali sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye neshedyuli yayo, kukuba into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Cambrian explosion ikholelwa ukuba yenzeke kuphela "kwiminyaka eyi-10 yezigidi ". Ewe, yintoni emangalisayo ngale nto? Nangona kunjalo, yiphazili yokwenyani ngokwembono yethiyori yendaleko, kuba iminyaka eli-10 lezigidi lixesha elincinane ngokumangalisayo kumlinganiselo wendaleko, okt kuphela malunga. I-1/400 yalo lonke ixesha ekukholelwa ukuba ubomi bebukho emhlabeni (malunga ne-4 yeebhiliyoni zeminyaka). Ke iphazili yeyokuba zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana kunye namaqela amakhulu avele ngexesha elifutshane, kodwa akukho bazali bezi zilwanyana ngaphambi koko, kwaye akukho ndlela zintsha ziye zavela ukusukela ngoko. Oku akuhambelani nemodeli yendaleko. Yinto eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwinto obunokuyilindela.

     Ungacaciswa njani ke lo mba ngokwembono yendalo? Ukuqonda kwam kukuba ukuqhuma kweCambrian kubhekisela kwindalo, oko kukuthi indlela yonke into eyadalwa ngayo ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, oko akuthethi ukuba ezinye izinto eziphilayo, njengezilwanyana zasemhlabeni neentaka, zadalwa kamva. Akunjalo, kodwa zonke izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zadalwa ngexesha elifanayo kwaye ziye zahlala ngexesha elifanayo emhlabeni, kodwa kuphela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-ecological (ulwandle, i-swamp, umhlaba, i-highland zones ...). Nanamhlanje, abantu nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezisemhlabeni azihlali kwindawo enye nezilwanyana zaselwandle. Kungenjalo babeza kurhaxwa ngoko nangoko. Ngokuhambelanayo, izilwanyana zaselwandle, ezibizwa ngokuba ngabameli bexesha leCambrian kuthiwa, azinakuphila emhlabeni njengezilwanyana ezincelisayo kunye nabantu. Babeza kufa kungekudala.

Ungqina njani ukuba izigidi zeminyaka ziyinyani

Owona mba ubalulekileyo wemvelaphi kwingcamango yendaleko yintelekelelo yezigidi zeminyaka. Aziyingqineli iyinyaniso ingcamango yendaleko, kodwa izazi ngendaleko zigqala izigidi zeminyaka njengobona bungqina bubalaseleyo bokuthembeka kwengcamango yendaleko. Bacinga ukuba, banikwe ixesha elaneleyo, yonke into inokwenzeka: ukuzalwa kobomi kunye nelifa lazo zonke iintlobo zangoku ukusuka kwiseli yokuqala yokuqala. Ngoko kwintsomi, xa intombazana iphuza isele, iba yinkosana. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uvumela ixesha elaneleyo, oko kukuthi i-300 yezigidi zeminyaka, into efanayo ijika ibe yisayensi, kuba ngelo xesha izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba isele liguqukele ekubeni ngumntu. Yile ndlela izazi ngendaleko zinika ngayo ixesha izinto ezingaphaya kwemvelo, ngokungathi kunjalo.

    Kodwa njani? Sijonga iindawo ezimbini ezinxulumene nesihloko: imilinganiselo eyenziwe ngamatye kunye nezinga lokubunjwa kweediphozithi. Ezi zizinto ezibalulekileyo ukuba zifunyenwe kule ndawo.

1. Imilinganiselo eyenziwe ngamatye. Izazi ngendaleko zicinga ukuba obona bungqina bubalaseleyo obuxhasa izigidi zeminyaka yimilinganiselo eyenziwa kumatye eradioactive. Ngokusekelwe kumatye, kuye kwagqitywa ukuba umhlaba uneebhiliyoni zeminyaka ubudala.

    Ngaba amatye angqina ukuba uMhlaba uneebhiliyoni zeminyaka ubudala? Abangqini. La matye akanabungqina beminyaka yawo; kuphela ugxininiso lwazo olunokulinganiswa kwaye ukusuka kulo izigqibo ziye zatsalwa ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iipuzzle ezininzi ekulinganiseni i-radioactivity yamatye, apho siya kugxininisa ezimbalwa. Ukugxininiswa kwamatye kunokulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa kuyathandabuzeka ukunxulumana nobudala bamatye.

Ugxininiso kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamatye . Olunye uqwalaselo olubalulekileyo kukuba iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamatye e-radioactive, okt ukugxilwa okuhlukeneyo, okukwathetha iminyaka eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iziphumo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zifunyenwe kwi-meteorite eyaziwayo ye-Allende, eneminyaka esukela kwi-4480 yezigidi ukuya kwi-10400 yezigidi zeminyaka. Kwindawo encinci kakhulu, isiqwenga esifanayo sinokuba nemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo ukwabonisa indlela engcangcazela ngayo imilinganiselo ye-radioactivity. Kwenzeka njani ukuba enye inxalenye yelitye elinye ibendala kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka kunenye? Wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba isigqibo esinjalo asinakuthenjwa. Akuqinisekwanga ukunxulumanisa ukuxinana kwamatye nobudala bawo.

Ubudala bamatye amatsha . Xa kuziwa kwiindlela ezisekelwe kwi-radioactivity, zinokuvavanywa ngokusebenza. Oku kunjalo ngokwenene ukuba izazinzulu ziyawazi umzuzu wangempela we-crystallization yelitye. Ukuba bayawazi umzuzu wangempela we-crystallization yelitye, imilinganiselo ye-radioactivity kufuneka ixhase olu lwazi.

    Ihambe njani imilinganiselo yeradioactivity kolu vavanyo? Hayi kakuhle. Kukho imizekelo emininzi yendlela ubudala bezigidi, kunye neebhiliyoni zeminyaka ziye zalinganiswa ukusuka kumatye amatsha. Oku kubonisa ukuba ugxininiso lwamatye alunanto yakwenza nobudala bawo bokwenene. Baye baba nezinto zentombi ukongeza kwizinto zomama ukusuka ekuqaleni, okwenza imilinganiselo ingathembeki. Nantsi eminye imizekelo:

• Omnye umzekelo yimilinganiselo eyenziwa emva kogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo yaseSt. Helens - le ntaba-mlilo kwiphondo laseWashington, eMelika, yagqabhuka ngowe-1980. Yayingakanani iminyaka yelitye? Yayiyiminyaka ezizigidi ezisisi-2.8! Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuzimisela kweminyaka kwakungalunganga kangakanani. Isampuli sele inezinto zentombi, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka okufanayo kwamanye amatye. Ugxininiso alubonisi iminyaka yangempela yamatye.

• Omnye umzekelo ngamatye e-igneous (Mount Ngauruhoe e-New Zealand) awayesaziwa ngokuba akhazimle kwi-lava kwiminyaka engama-25-50 eyadlulayo ngenxa yogqabhuko-mlilo. Ngoko emva kwayo kwakukho imbono yamangqina okuzibonela.

      Iisampulu zala matye zathunyelwa ukuthandana kwenye yezona labhoratri zihlonitshwayo zorhwebo (Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts). Yaba yintoni imiphumo? Kwindlela ye-potassium-argon, ubudala beesampulu zahluka phakathi kwe-270,000 kunye ne-3.5 yezigidi zeminyaka, nangona amatye ayesaziwa ukuba ayenziwe ngekristale kwi-lava kuphela kwiminyaka eyi-25-50 edlulileyo. I-isochron ehamba phambili yanika iminyaka eyi-3.9 yezigidigidi zeminyaka, i-rubidium-strontium isochron i-133 yezigidi zeminyaka, kunye ne-samarium-neodymium isochron iminyaka eyi-197 yezigidi. Umzekelo ubonisa ukungathembeki kweendlela ze-radioactive kunye nendlela amatye anokuthi aqulethe ngayo izinto zentombi kwasekuqaleni.

• Xa kufikwa kwizinto ezifunyenweyo ezinxulumene nabantu, uninzi lwazo lusekelwe kwindlela ye-potassium-argon. Kuthetha ukuba isigqibo se-potassium-argon senziwe kwilitye kufuphi ne-fossil, kwaye iminyaka ye-fossil yomntu nayo inqunywe kuyo.

    Nangona kunjalo, lo mzekelo ulandelayo ubonisa indlela engathembekanga ngayo le ndlela. Isampulu yokuqala yamatye yanika isiphumo esingekho ngaphantsi kwe-220 yezigidi zeminyaka. Ngoko xa iifosili ezininzi zabantu ezigqalwa njengezindala ziye zafunyaniswa kusetyenziswa le ndlela, le minyaka ifanele ithandatyuzwe. Umzekelo wangaphambili uphinde wabonisa indlela ukuzimisela kweminyaka yamatye amatsha kunokungahambi kakuhle kwizigidi zeminyaka xa usebenzisa le ndlela.

Ngokwethiyori, indlela ye-potassium-argon ingasetyenziswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku amatye amancinci, kodwa hayi nale ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukuthandana neefosili ngokwazo. I-"1470 Man" yakudala eyafunyanwa nguRichard Leakey yayizimisele ukuba neminyaka eyi-2.6 yezigidi ubudala ngale ndlela. UProfesa ET Hall, owamisela ubudala, uxelele ukuba uhlalutyo lokuqala lwesampulu yamatye lunike umphumo ongenakwenzeka we-220 yezigidi zeminyaka. Esi siphumo sakhatywa, kuba asizange sihambelane ne-evolution theory, kwaye ngoko ke enye isampuli yahlalutywa. Isiphumo sohlalutyo lwesibini "lufanelekile" iminyaka eyi-2.6 yezigidi. Iminyaka yobudala yeesampulu ezifanayo ezifunyenwe kamva ziye zahluka phakathi kwe-290,000 kunye ne-19,500,000 yeminyaka. Ke ngoko, indlela ye-potassium-argon ayibonakali ngathi inokuthenjwa, kwaye ngokunjalo nendlela abaphandi bendaleko batolika ngayo iziphumo. (5)

Xa iindlela zingqubana enye kwenye . Njengoko kuchaziwe, imilinganiselo ethathwe kumatye inokuvavanywa. Esinye isiqalo sale nto yimilinganiselo eyenziwe ngamatye amatsha, oko kukuthi imilinganiselo apho umzuzu wangempela we-crystallization wamatye waziwa. Nangona kunjalo, imizekelo yangaphambili ibonise ukuba ezi ndlela aziluphumeleli kakuhle olu vavanyo. Amatye amatsha okanye amatsha anike iminyaka yezigidi, kunye neebhiliyoni zeminyaka, ngoko ke iindlela azichanekanga kakhulu.

    Enye indawo yokuqala yokuvavanya imilinganiselo eyenziwe ngamatye kukuthelekisa kunye nezinye iindlela, ngakumbi indlela ye-radiocarbon. Kukho imizekelo enomdla yoku, apho oku kulandelayo kuhle kakhulu. Ibalisa ngomthi owenziwe ngeradiocarbon kumawaka eminyaka ubudala, kodwa ilitye eliwujikelezileyo sele lineminyaka engama-250 yezigidi ubudala. Noko ke, iinkuni zazingaphakathi kweli litye, ngoko kumele ukuba zazikho ngaphambi kokuba ilitye libengezele. Umthi kufuneka ubemdala kunelitye elikhazimlisiweyo elijikelezileyo. Inokwenzeka njani loo nto? Eyona nto inokwenzeka kukuba iindlela ze-radioactivity, ngakumbi imilinganiselo eyenziwe ngamatye, iphosakele kakhulu. Ayikho enye indlela:

Siye sapapasha iingxelo ezineenkcukacha apho umthi ofunyenwe kwi "250 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala" yelitye lentlabathi okanye kwilitye lentaba-mlilo "amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala" wafumana amawaka eminyaka kuphela ekumiselweni kwe-radiocarbon yobudala. Xa ... Geologists ukuthatha iisampulu iliwa mlilo, eyaziwa ukuba ziye zaqhambuka intaba-mlilo kumaxesha zembali, kwaye uzithumele kwiilebhu zokuzimisela radiometric yobudala, "ukuzimisela yobudala" phantse ngokungaguquguqukiyo inika isiphumo sezigidi zeminyaka. Oku kuphakamisa ngamandla ukuba uqikelelo olusekelwe kumiselo lobudala aluchanekanga. (6)

Omnye umzekelo uyaqhubeka kwisihloko esifanayo. Isixelela ngomthi owawungcwatywe kumlambo wentaba-mlilo. Umthi kunye ne-basalt ejikeleze kuyo yafumana iminyaka eyahlukileyo:

E-Australia, umthi ofunyenwe kwi-Tertiary basalt wangcwatywa ngokucacileyo kwi-lava flow eyenziwa yi-basalt, kuba yayitshiswe ngokudibana ne-lava yomlilo. Umthi "wawunomhla" ngokuhlalutya kwe-radiocarbon malunga neminyaka engama-45,000 ubudala, kodwa i-basalt "yayibhalwe" yindlela ye-potassium-argon ukuya kwi-45 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala. (7)

2. Izinga lestratification - kade okanye ngokukhawuleza? Enye imvelaphi ecingelwayo emva kwezigidi zeminyaka kukuba amaleko asemhlabeni aye aqokelelana phezu komnye ngokweenkqubo eziqhubeka kangangezigidi zeminyaka. Le ngcamango yaveliswa nguCharles Lyell ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ngokomzekelo, uDarwin wayethembele kumzekelo wengcinga owenziwe nguLyell. Ngaloo ndlela, kwincwadi yakhe ethi On the Origin of Species, wabhala indlela iingcinga zikaLyell ezamchaphazela ngayo (iphe. 422): “Nabani na ongabuvumiyo ubude obungenasiphelo bamaxesha adlulayo emva kokufunda incwadi egqwesileyo kaSir Charles Lyell ethi, 'Principles of Geology'- Ababhali-mbali bexesha elizayo baya kuqonda ngokuqinisekileyo njengabazise inguqu kwinkalo yenzululwazi yendalo – uya kuba wenza kakuhle ukubekela bucala le ncwadi yam kwangoko.”

    Kodwa ngaba i-strata yenziwe ngokucothayo? Xa uCharles Lyell ebeka phambili ingcamango yokuba i-strata sisiphumo seenkqubo ezicothayo, izinto ezininzi zithetha ngokuchasene noku. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa

Iifosili kunye nempahla yabantu . Enye into ebangela umdla kukuba iifosili kunye nempahla yabantu ziye zafunyanwa nangaphakathi ematyeni kunye necarbon strata (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt, Hänssler, 1980, pp. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men-Fact or Fallacy Sovereign Publications, 1981 / Barnes, FA, Ityala Lamathambo Elitye, Intlango/Februwari, 1975, iphe. 36-39). Ngokunjalo, izinto zabantu ezinjengamadama zifunyenwe kuluhlu lwamalahle. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Time Upside Down (1981), uErich A. von Frange wadwelisa izinto ezininzi ezifumaneka kumalahle. Ezi ziquka iityhubhu encinane yentsimbi, ihamile yentsimbi, isixhobo sentsimbi, isikhonkwane, isitya sentsimbi esimile okwentsimbi, intsimbi, umhlathi womntwana, ukhakhayi lomntu, iimola ezimbini zomntu, unyawo lomntu oluyifosili.

   Ithetha ntoni le nto? Ibonisa ukuba iziqwenga ezigqalwa njengezakudala, enyanisweni, zineminyaka nje embalwa ubudala kwaye azinakuthatha ixesha elide ukumila. Umbono kaLyell wokuqokelelwa kwestrata ngaphezulu komnye nomnye kwizigidi zeminyaka awunakuba yinyani. Kusengqiqweni ukukholelwa ukuba uninzi lwezi zintlu, ebezigqalwa zingamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala, zavela kwintlekele enjengoNogumbe ngesantya esikhawulezileyo nakumawaka ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo. Iingcali zendaleko nazo azikholelwa ukuba abantu babephila kumashumi okanye kumakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Akukho sikhukuliseko . Xa ujonge kwiGrand Canyon kunye nezinye iindawo ezinkulu zendalo, umzekelo, unokubona i-strata phezu komnye nomnye. Kodwa xa kukho ukutsibelana okuninzi kwiGrand Canyon nakwenye indawo, ngaba ukhukuliseko luyabonakala phakathi kwezi strata?

    Impendulo icacile: hayi. Ukhukuliseko alufumaneki kwi-Grand Canyon okanye kwenye indawo. Ngokuchasene noko, kubonakala ngathi i-strata idityaniswe ngokulinganayo enye kwenye kwaye yenziwe phezu komnye ngaphandle kokuphuka. Ujongano lwamaleya kufuneka lube lukhuni ngakumbi kwaye lungalingani kuyo yonke indawo ukuba ukhukuliseko lubachaphazele ixesha elide, kodwa akunjalo. Ngokomzekelo, imvula enkulu enye iyodwa inokwenza imijelo enzulu kumphezulu womhlaba, singasathethi ke ngezigidi zeminyaka yokuchanabeka kukhukuliseko.

    Inkcazo engcono kakhulu yokubunjwa kweediphozithi kukuba zenziwe ngexesha elifutshane, iintsuku ezimbalwa okanye iiveki kuphela. Izigidi zeminyaka azinakuba yinyani. Kwanakule mihla, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba, ngokomzekelo, ilitye lentlabathi elingqindilili ngeemitha linokwakheka kwimizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-60. Ngakumbi ngombandela kwesi sicatshulwa silandelayo:

   (…) Kodwa sifumana ntoni endaweni yoko?

    'Ingxaki ezi zikhewu zithe tyaba ezibangela ingakumbi kwixesha elide lejoloji kukungabikho kokhukuliseko lomgangatho ongaphantsi olindelekileyo kwezi zikhewu. Kwizigidi ezininzi zeminyaka ezibekelwe ezi zikhewu, ungalindela ukuba kubizwe ukhukuliseko olungekho mgaqweni, kwaye izikhewu akufuneki zibe mcaba kwaphela.

  (…) UGqr Roth uchaza ngakumbi ngolu hlobo:

    'Umahluko omangalisayo phakathi kwepateni ethe tyaba yomaleko, ingakumbi imiphezulu yeendawo zangaphantsi zeeparaconforities ezininzi, xa kuthelekiswa nokhukuliseko oluphezulu lwetografi yommandla okhoyo wommandla, ubonisa ingxaki ebangelwa zezi zikhewu kwixesha elide lejografi. Ukuba izigidi ezininzi zeminyaka zenzekile ngokwenene, kutheni le nto imiphezulu yemigangatho yangaphantsi ingahambi kakuhle njengoko kunjalo ngokujonga indawo ekhoyo kulo mmandla? Kubonakala ngathi izigidi zeminyaka ezicetyiswayo kwikholamu yejoloji ayizange yenzeke. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ixesha lokwakheka komhlaba alikho kwindawo enye, ngoko alikho kuwo wonke umhlaba.' (8)

I-Strata yakha ngokukhawuleza kumaxesha anamhlanje . Xa kucingelwa ukuba i-strata yenziwe ngokucothayo kwizigidi zeminyaka ngokweemfundiso zikaCharles Lyell, kukho iimbono ezimbalwa ezisebenzayo ezichasene nayo, apho i-strata yenziwe ngokukhawuleza. Ngokomzekelo, malunga nokugqabhuka kwentaba-mlilo yaseSt. Helena ngowe-1980, kwavela uthotho lwezitrato ezidlulanayo ezinobunzima obungaphezu kwekhulu leemitha, kwaye kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa. Akuzange kuthathe izigidi zeminyaka, kodwa ngeentsuku ezimbalwa i-strata yaqokelelwa phezu komnye. Enye into eyayiphawuleka kukuba kamva kwenziwa umwonyo kwakuloo mmandla, yaye amanzi aqalisa ukuqukuqela kuwo. Kwanale nkqubo ayizange ithabathe izigidi zeminyaka, njengoko abaphengululi bendaleko babeza kucinga, kodwa yonke into yenzeka kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Kucingelwa ukuba, umzekelo, iGrand Canyon kunye nolunye ulwakhiwo olukhulu lwendalo luye lwavela kwiinkqubo ezikhawulezayo ezifanayo.

    ISurtsey Island yenye imeko efanayo. Esi siqithi sazalwa ngenxa yogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lwangaphantsi kwamanzi ngowe-1963. NgoJanuwari 2006, iphephancwadi i<em>New Scientist lachaza ngendlela imiwonyo, imiwonyo nezinye izinto ezenzeka ngayo kwesi siqithi kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi. Akuzange kuthathe izigidi okanye amawaka eminyaka:

Imiwonyo, imiwonyo kunye nezinye iintlobo zomhlaba, ezidla ngokuthatha amashumi amawaka okanye izigidi zeminyaka ukuyileka, ziye zamangalisa abaphandi benzululwazi yokwakheka komhlaba kuba zadalwa kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi. (9)

Iifosili zesiqu somthi omde, iifosili zedayinaso kunye nezinye iifosili kwistrata bobunye ubungqina obuchasene nolo luvo lokuba istrata yenziwa ngokucothayo nakwizigidi zeminyaka. Iifosili zesiqu somthi zifunyenwe zisuka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ezidlulela kwizintlu ezahlukeneyo. Ifoto yakudala yomgodi wamalahle waseSaint-Etienne eFransi ibonisa indlela izikhondo zemithi emihlanu eyotshisiweyo zingena ngayo kuluhlu ngalunye olumalunga neshumi nangaphezulu. Ngokufanayo, isiqu somthi esiziimitha ezingama-24 ubude sifunyenwe kufuphi ne-Edinburgh, edlula kwiileya ezingaphezu kweshumi, kwaye yonke into ibonisa ukuba isiqu sathatyathwa ngokukhawuleza kwindawo yaso. Ngokombono wendaleko, i-strata kufuneka ibe nezigidi zeminyaka ubudala, kodwa nangona yonke into, izihlahla zemithi zanda ngale "million yeminyaka" ubudala.

    Lo mzekelo ulandelayo ubonisa ukuba kuyingxaki kangakanani na ukunamathela kwi-stratification kancinane kwizigidi zeminyaka. Le mithi imele ukuba yangcwatywa ngokukhawuleza, kungenjalo amathambo ayo ebengenakubakho namhlanje. Oku kuyasebenza nakwezinye iifosili ezifunyenwe emhlabeni:

Ufundiswe kwiuniformitarianism kaLyell engqongqo, uDerek ager, unjingalwazi ophumayo wejoloji kwiKholeji yeYunivesithi yaseSwansea, uchaza iziqu zemithi yefosili eninzi kwincwadi yakhe ngemizekelo. Ukuba ubungakanani obupheleleyo bediphozithi yamalahle yaseBritane buqikelelwa kwi-1000 yeemitha, kwaye bebunokubunjwa malunga ne-10 yezigidi zeminyaka, ukungcwatywa komthi obude beemitha ezili-10 bekunokuthatha iminyaka eyi-100,000, kucingelwa ukuba. Kungenjalo, ukuba umthi oziimitha ezili-10 ubude ubungcwatywe kwiminyaka eli-10, oku kuya kuthetha ukuba iikhilomitha ezili-1000 kwiminyaka esisigidi okanye iikhilomitha ezili-10 000 kwiminyaka eyi-10 yezigidi. ihlekisayo, kwaye asinakukuphepha ukuza kwisigqibo sokuba i-stratification yenzeke ngokukhawuleza ngamanye amaxesha ... (10)

Ngoko ke, ukuvela ngokukhawuleza kweefosili zesiqu somthi nezinye iifosili zibhekisela entwenini? Ingcaciso engcono kakhulu yintlekele yequbuliso, echaza zombini ukuvela ngokukhawuleza kweediphozithi kunye neefosili ezikuzo. Oku kwakunokwenzeka, ngokomzekelo, ngoMkhukula. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba izazinzulu ezininzi ziye zaqala ukwamkela iintlekele kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye azisayi kuthatha ukuba yonke into yenzekile ngesantya esiphezulu kwizigidi zeminyaka. Ubungqina buxhasa ngakumbi kwiintlekele kuneenkqubo ezicothayo. UStephen Jay Gould, isazi ngendalo esaziwayo esingakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo walatha kuphando lukaLyell:

UCharles Lyell wayeligqwetha ngokomsebenzi… [kwaye] wabhenela kwiindlela ezimbini zobuqhetseba ukuseka iimbono zakhe ezifanayo njengeyona geology yokwenene. Okokuqala, wamisela i-mannequin yendiza ukuze ayitshabalalise… Enyanisweni, abaxhasi bentlekele babejolise kakhulu kumfuniselo kunoLyell. Enyanisweni, izinto ze-geological zibonakala zifuna iintlekele zemvelo: amatye aqhekekile kwaye ajikiwe; zonke izinto eziphilayo zitshatyalalisiwe. Ukungayinanzi le mbonakaliso yokoqobo, uLyell wabutshintsha ubungqina ngentelekelelo yakhe. Okwesibini, ukufana kukaLyell yintlaninge yamabango…

 ... ULyell wayengengomntu osulungekileyo wenyaniso kunye nomsebenzi wasendle, kodwa usasaza ngabom wethiyori echulumancisayo nengaqhelekanga ebambelele kwisimo esizinzileyo somjikelo wexesha. Ngobuchule bakhe bokuthetha, wazama ukulinganisa ingcamango yakhe nengqiqo nokunyaniseka. (11)

Njengoko bekutshiwo, eyona ndlela inokwenzeka yokuzalwa kobuninzi boluhlu yintlekele efana noNogumbe. Oko kuchazwe kwisicangca sokwakheka komhlaba kuchazwa zizigidi zeminyaka, okanye mhlawumbi iintlekele ezininzi, zonke zinokubangelwa yintlekele enye: uMkhukula. Inokuchaza ukutshatyalaliswa kweedayinaso, ubukho bamathambo kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibonwa emhlabeni.

    Ngokomzekelo, ii<em>dinosaur zihlala zifumaneka ngaphakathi kwamatye aqinileyo, kwaye kusenokuthabatha iminyaka ukukhupha ifosili enye eliweni. Kodwa bangena njani kula matye aqinileyo? Ekuphela kwengcaciso esengqiqweni yeyokuba udaka oluthambileyo lwafika phezu kwawo lwaza lwaqina. Olu hlobo lwento alwenzeki naphi na namhlanje, kodwa kwintlekele efana nonogumbe, ngeyakwenzeka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba phantse iirekhodi ezingama-500 zamandulo ziye zafunyanwa emhlabeni jikelele, ngokutsho kwawo kwakukho uNogumbe eMhlabeni.

     Izizathu ezivakalayo zokuba le ntlekele yabangelwa ngokukhethekileyo nguMkhukula ikwasisibakala sokuba intlenge yaselwandle ixhaphakile kulo lonke ihlabathi, njengoko ezi zicatshulwa zilandelayo zibonisa. Eyokuqala yamagqabaza aphuma kwincwadi kaJames Hutton, utata wejoloji, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 eyadlulayo:

Kufuneka sigqibe kwelokuba zonke iileya zomhlaba (...) zenziwa yintlabathi kunye negrabile ehlanganiswe kulwandle, amaqokobhe e-crustacean kunye ne-coral matter, umhlaba kunye nodongwe. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Kumazwekazi, amatye aselwandle aqheleke kakhulu kwaye asasazeke kunawo onke amanye amatye entlenga edibene. Esi sesinye sezibakala zilula zifuna ukucaciswa, ukuba kusembindini wayo yonke into enxulumene nemigudu eqhubekayo yomntu yokuqonda ukutshintsha kwejografi yexesha elidluleyo lokwakheka komhlaba. (JS Shelton: Geology ibonisiwe)

Enye into ebonisa uMkhukula kubukho bamathambo aselwandle kwiintaba eziphakamileyo njengeeHimalaya, iiAlps neeAndes. Nantsi eminye imizekelo evela kwiincwadi zenzululwazi kunye nezazinzulu:

Ngelixa wayehamba ngeBeagle Darwin ngokwakhe wafumana oonokrwece bamandulo bezilwanyana zaselwandle ukusuka phezulu kwiiNtaba zeAndean. Ibonisa ukuba, into ngoku eyintaba yayikhe yaphantsi kwamanzi. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Kutheni indaleko iyinyaniso], iphe. 127)

Kukho isizathu sokujonga ngokusondeleyo kwindalo yokuqala yamatye kwiintaba. Ibonakala kakhulu kwiiAlps, kwi-lime Alps esemantla, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Helvetian zone. I-Limestone yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yamatye. Xa sijonga ilitye elilapha kumathambeka okanye encotsheni yentaba – ukuba besinamandla okunyuka sinyukele phaya – ekugqibeleni siya kufumana iintsalela zezilwanyana, iifosili zezilwanyana, kuzo. Zihlala zonakaliswe kakhulu kodwa kunokwenzeka ukufumana iziqwenga ezibonakalayo. Onke loo mathambo ngamaqokobhe ekalika okanye amathambo ezidalwa zaselwandle. Phakathi kwazo kukho iiammonies ezinemisonto espiral, kwaye ngakumbi iiclams ezinamaqokobhe amabini. (…) Umfundi usenokuzibuza kweli nqanaba ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba udederhu lweentaba lugcina intlenga engaka, enokufunyanwa ibekwe emazantsi elwandle. (iphe. 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

UHarutaka Sakai osuka kwiYunivesithi yaseJapan eKyushu iminyaka emininzi waphanda ngezi ntsalela zaselwandle kwiiNtaba zeHimalaya. Yena kunye neqela lakhe badwelise i-aquarium yonke ukusuka kwixesha le-Mesozoic. Iinyibiba zolwandle ezibuthathaka, izalamane kwiiurchins zaselwandle zangoku kunye nestarfishes, zifumaneka kwiindonga zamatye ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezintathu ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ii-Amon, ii-belemnites, iikorale kunye neeplankton zifunyanwa njengeefosili kumatye eentaba (...)

   Kumphakamo weekhilomitha ezimbini, izazi ngokuma komhlaba zafumana umkhondo owawushiywe lulwandle ngokwalo. Umphezulu welitye elifana namaza uhambelana neefom ezihlala entlabathini ukusuka kumaza aphantsi kwamanzi. Kwanakwincopho ye-Everest, kufunyanwa imicu etyheli yekalika, eyavela ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwiintsalela zezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingenakubalwa. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planetta", iphe. 55)

Ubuthethelela njani ubukho bobomi eMhlabeni kwizigidi zeminyaka?

Zimbini izinto eziphakanyisiweyo ngasentla ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa amaxesha ezigidi zeminyaka: imilinganiselo yamatye e-radioactive kunye nesantya sokuhluma. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba akukho namnye kubo owangqina ixesha elide eyinyaniso. Ingxaki ngemilinganiselo eyenziwe kumatye kukuba amatye amatsha ngokupheleleyo sele equlethe izinto zentombi kwaye ngaloo ndlela abukeka emdala. Kananjalo i-strata ayibhekiseli kwizigidi zeminyaka ngenxa yokuba iimpahla zabantu, kwanamathambo abantu, ziye zafunyanwa kuluhlu olwalugqalwa njengelidala, nangenxa yokuba kukho ubungqina namhlanje bokuqokelelana ngokukhawuleza kwestrata phezu kwelinye. Izigidi zeminyaka kulula ukuzibuza malunga nezi nyaniso.

    Kuthekani ngenkangeleko yezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni? Sixelelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinkqubo zendalo, iincwadi zesikolo nakwezinye iindawo ukuba ubomi obuntsonkothileyo bebukho emhlabeni kangangamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka. Ngaba sifanele siyithembe le mbono? Kulo mba, kufuneka ubeke ingqalelo kula manqaku alandelayo:

Akukho mntu unokwazi iminyaka yeefosili . Okokuqala, kufuneka kunikwe ingqwalasela kwiifosili. Bakuphela kwentsalela yobomi obudlulileyo, kwaye asinazo ezinye izinto ezikhoyo.

     Kodwa ngaba kunokwenzeka ukwazi ngokusuka kwiifosili ubudala bazo kanye? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukwazi ukuba enye ifosili indala kakhulu okanye incinci kunenye? Impendulo icacile: akunakwenzeka ukuqonda oku. Ukuba nayiphi na ifosili yombiwa emhlabeni, umz. ithambo ledayinaso okanye i-trilobite fossil, akukho ngxelo yobudala bayo nokuba yayiphila nini emhlabeni. Asikwazi ukubhaqa ulwazi olunjalo kuyo. Nabani na ochola ifosili angayibona le nto. (Kuyafana ke nakumzobo wemizobo emqolombeni. Abanye abaphandi basenokucinga ukuba baneminyaka engamashumi amawaka ubudala, kodwa bona ngokwabo abanazo iimpawu ezinjalo. Basenokuba banamawaka ambalwa eminyaka ubudala.)

    Phezu kwayo yonke into, ingqikelelo esisiseko kwithiyori yendaleko yeyokuba la maxesha anokwaziwa. Nangona amathambo ngokwawo engaxeleli okanye abonise naluphi na ulwazi, abantu abaninzi abakholelwa kwindaleko bathi bayayazi ixesha ababephila ngalo (le kubizwa ngokuba yi- index fossil table). Bacinga ukuba banolwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nezigaba ezichanekileyo ze-ammonites, i-trilobites, iidinosaurs, izilwanyana ezincelisayo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni, nangona kungenakwenzeka ukukhupha into enjalo kwiifosili kunye neendawo zokuhlala.

Akukho mntu kulo Mhlaba owazi ngokwaneleyo malunga namatye kunye neefosili ukuba akwazi ukungqina nangayiphi na indlela ukuba uhlobo oluthile lwefosili ngenene mdala okanye mncinane kunolunye uhlobo. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho mntu unokungqina ngokwenene ukuba i-trilobite evela kwixesha leCambrian indala kune-dinosaur ukusuka kwixesha le-Cretaceous okanye isilwanyana esincancisayo esivela kwi-Tertiary period. I-Geology yiyo nantoni na ngaphandle kwenzululwazi echanekileyo. (12)

Xa kugrunjwa amatye aphantsi komhlaba, ingxaki efanayo iyasebenza nakwifosili yee<em>mammoth needayinaso. Ukwenzeka kwazo ezahlukahlukeneyo emhlabeni kunokuthetheleleka njani ukuba iifosili zazo zombini zikwimeko entle yaye zikufuphi nomphezulu womhlaba, njengoko zifunyanwa ngokufuthi? Umntu angabanga njani ukuba ifosili yedayinaso indala ngeminyaka engama-65 ezigidi kune-mammoth okanye ifosili yomntu ukuba zombini zikwimeko entle ngokulinganayo? Impendulo kukuba akukho mntu unolwazi olunjalo. Nabani na othi ngenye indlela uya kwicala lentelekelelo.

     Ngoko kutheni izazinzulu ezingakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo zikholelwa ukuba ifosili ye<em>dinosaur idala ubuncinane ngeminyaka engama-65 ezigidi kuneefosili ezinkulu? Esona sizathu siphambili soku yitshati yexesha lokwakheka komhlaba, eyalungiswa ngenkulungwane ye-19, oko kukuthi, kwakudala phambi kokuba kuqalwe indlela ye-radiocarbon okanye ezinye iindlela ze-radioactivity, umzekelo. Ubudala beefosili buchongwa ngokwesiseko sale tshathi yexesha, kuba kucingelwa ukuba ithiyori kaDarwin ichanekile kwaye amaqela ahlukeneyo eentlobo avele eMhlabeni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ngoko kukholelwa ukuba ubomi baqala elwandle, kangangokuba ekuqaleni kwakukho iseli elula yamandulo, kwaza kwavela izilwanyana eziselwandle, kwaza kamva kwavela iintlanzi, kwaza kwalandela amasele ahlala elunxwemeni lwamanzi, kwalandela izirhubuluzi yaye ekugqibeleni kwabakho iintaka nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. I-Evolution ikholelwa ukuba iqhubekile ngolu hlobo, kunye netshathi yexesha lokwakheka komhlaba yazotywa ngenkulungwane ye-19 ngenxa yale njongo, nto leyo nanamhlanje emisela ukutolikwa kwexesha leefosili zizazinzulu ezingakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo. Abanaso esinye isizathu sobudala beefosili.

   Itshathi yexesha lejoloji ke ngoko isekwe kumbono wendaleko kancinane, esisiseko somqathango wethiyori yendaleko. Ingxaki, nangona kunjalo, yeyokuba, akukho nguquko yakudala ikhe yabonwa kwiifosili ezinokungqina ukuba itheyibhile yokwakheka komhlaba ichanekile. KwanoRichard Dawkins owaziwayo ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo uye wavuma into efanayo kwincwadi yakhe ethi Sokea Kelloseppä (s. 240 241, The Blind Watchmaker): “ Ukususela oko uDarwin, abantu abakholelwa kwindaleko baye bafumanisa ukuba iifosili ezilungelelaniswe ngokokulandelelana kwazo azilulo ungcelele lwamancinane, ngokunqabileyo. utshintsho olubonakalayo. ” Ngokufanayo, isazi ngezidalwa zamandulo esaziwayo esingakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo uStephen Jay Gould sathi: “Andifuni nangayiphi na indlela ukujongela phantsi ubuchule obunokubakho bembono yendaleko ngokuthe ngcembe. Ndifuna nje ukuphawula ukuba ayizange 'ibonwe' ematyeni." (13).

   Sisiphi isigqibo esinokufikelela kuso ngokusuka koku kungasentla? Ukuba akuzange kubekho uphuhliso oluthe ngcembe, uqikelelo lobudala betshati yexesha lejoloji kunye nokucinga ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo eentlobo avele eMhlabeni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo angabuzwa. Akukho siseko sengcamango enjalo. Kunoko, kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba onke amaqela angaphambili eentlobo zezinto eziphilayo aye asemhlabeni kwangaxeshanye, kodwa kuphela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zendalo, kuba ezinye zazo zibe zizilwanyana zaselwandle, ezinye zizilwanyana zasemhlabeni, nezinye phakathi kwazo. Ukongezelela, ezinye iintlobo ezifana needinosaurs kunye ne-trilobites, zombini eziye zaqwalaselwa njenge-fossils yesalathiso, ziye zaphela. Akukho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ezinye iintlobo zikhulile okanye zincinci kunezinye. Akukho sigqibo sinjalo sinokwenziwa ngesiseko samathambo.

    Amathambo aphilayo – izinto eziphilayo ebekufanele ukuba zafa kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa zafunyanwa zisaphila nanamhlanje – zikwabubungqina bokuba izigidi zeminyaka azinakuthenjwa. Kukho amakhulu eefosili ezinjalo. Isazinzulu saseJamani uGqirha Joachim Scheven imyuziyam inemizekelo engaphezu kwama-500 yolu hlobo lwefosili ephilayo. Omnye umzekelo yicoelacanth, ekukholelwa ukuba yafa kwiminyaka engama-65 yezigidi eyadlulayo, oko kukuthi ngexesha elinye needinosaurs. Noko ke, le ntlanzi iye yafunyanwa iphila kumaxesha anamhlanje, ngoko ibizifihle phi kangangeminyaka ezizigidi ezingama-65? Olunye, kwaye ngakumbi, ukhetho kukuba akuzange kubekho izigidi zeminyaka.

Kutheni iidinosaur zingaphilanga kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ? Imihlathi engaphambili ibonise ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwazi iminyaka echanekileyo yeefosili. Kwaye akunakungqinwa ukuba iifosili zetrilobite, iidinosaur okanye iimammoth, umzekelo, ziyahluka ngobudala. Akukho bungqina besayensi boku, kodwa ezi ntlobo zinokuthi ziphile ngaxeshanye emhlabeni, kodwa kuphela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zendalo, ezinje ngoku kukho imimandla yaselwandle, i-marsh, i-upland kunye neentaba kunye nezilwanyana kunye nezityalo zazo.

    Kuthekani ngobomi basemhlabeni kangangezigidi zeminyaka, njengoko sixelelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinkqubo zendalo okanye kweminye imithombo? Lo mbandela usondele kakhulu ngendlela yeradiocarbon kuba inokulinganisa iminyaka yeesampulu eziphilayo. Eminye imilinganiselo ngeendlela zokusasazeka kwemitha idla ngokwenziwa ngamatye, kodwa indlela yeradiocarbon ingasetyenziswa ukwenza imilinganiselo ngokuthe ngqo kwiifosili. Ubomi besiqingatha esisemthethweni sale nto yiminyaka engama-5730, ngoko akufanele kwenzeke konke konke emva kweminyaka eyi-100,000.

    Kuthekani ngeedinosaur? Ingxoxo enkulu kule ndawo imalunga needinosaurs. Abonakala ebangel’ umdla ebantwini, yaye ngawo kuye kwazanywa ukuthethelela izigidi zeminyaka emhlabeni. Bangabashumayeli beemfundiso zendaleko ababazisa xa kuyimfuneko xa kufikwa kwizigidi zeminyaka.

   Kodwa, kodwa. Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ukumiselwa kweminyaka yeedinosaurs kusekelwe kwitshathi yexesha le-geological ehlanganiswe kwi-1800s, efunyenwe ingachanekanga amaxesha amaninzi. Akukho bungqina besayensi bokuba iidinosaur zindala, umzekelo, iimammoth kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezingasekhoyo. Nazi iingqwalasela ezimbalwa ezilula ezibonisa ukuba iidayinaso azizange zitshatyalaliswe kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye iintlobo ezininzi zale mihla ziye zaphila ngaxeshanye nazo.

• Iintlobo zanamhlanje ziye zaphila ngexesha elifanayo needinosaurs. Iithiyori zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zihlala zithetha ngexesha leedinosaurs kuba, ngokutsho kwengcamango yendaleko, bakholelwa ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo ezilwanyana avela eMhlabeni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, bacinga ukuba iintaka ziphuma kwii<em>dinosaur, ngoko ke ii<em>dinosaur zimele ukuba zabakho emhlabeni ngaphambi kweentaka. Ngokufanayo, bacinga ukuba izilwanyana zokuqala ezanyisayo azizange zivele emhlabeni de kwaba sekupheleni kwexesha le-dinosaur.

    Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi ixesha le-dinosaur liyalahlekisa ngenxa yokuba kuluhlu lwe-dinosaur strata lufunyenwe kanye uhlobo olufanayo njengamaxesha anamhlanje: ufudo, ingwenya, i-king boa, i-squirrel, i-beaver, i-bager, i-hedgehog, i-shark, umlomo wamanzi, i-cockroach, inyosi, i-mussel, i-coral, ingwenya, i-caiman, iintaka zanamhlanje, izilwanyana ezincancisayo. Ngokomzekelo, iintaka kukholelwa ukuba ziphuma kwiidinosaur, kodwa kwaezo ntaka ziye zafunyanwa kuluhlu lwee<em>dinosaur njengoko zinjalo namhlanje: izikhwenene, amadada, iidrake, iiloon, ii<em>flamingo, izikhova, oonombombiya, iintaka zaselwandle, iialbatross, ii<em>cormorants nee<em>avocet. Ngo-2000, ngaphezulu kwekhulu leefosili ezahlukeneyo zeentaka zanamhlanje zazibhalisiwe ukusuka kwi-Cretaceous strata. Kwezi zinto zifunyenweyo, zixelwe umzekelo kwincwadi kaCarl Werner ethi “Living Fossils”. Kangangeminyaka eyi-14, wenza uphando kwiifosili ukususela kwixesha ledayinaso, waqhelana noncwadi lobuchwephesha be-paleontological, waza watyelela iimyuziyam ezingama-60 zenzululwazi yendalo ehlabathini lonke, ethatha malunga neefoto ezingama-60,000. UGqr Werner uthe:"Iimyuziyam azibonisi ezi ntsalela zeentaka zale mihla, kwaye azizobi ​​kwimifanekiso ebonisa imeko-bume yeedayinaso. Akulunganga. Ngokusisiseko, nanini na iT. Rex okanye iTriceratops iboniswa kumboniso wemyuziyam, amadada, iiloon, iiflamingo, okanye ezinye. kwezi ezinye iintaka zale mihla ezifunyenwe kwisitrato esinye kunye needayinaso kufuneka nazo ziboniswe.Kodwa ayenzeki loo nto.Andizange ndilibone idada kunye nedayinaso kwimyuziyam yendalo, akunjalo?Isikhova? isikhwenene?”

   Kunokufunyanwa ntoni koku kungasentla? Ngokuqinisekileyo iintaka ziye zahlala ngexesha elifanayo njengeedinosaurs, kwaye akukho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ukusuka kuyo kuya kuba ngamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka.

    Kuthekani ngezilwanyana ezanyisayo? Ngokutsho kolunye uqikelelo, ubuncinane zingama-432 iintlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo eziye zafunyanwa ziphila kunye needayinaso ( Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Kielan, Cifelli, RL, neLuo, ZX, Izilwanyana Ezincancisayo ezisusela kwiXesha LeeDinosaurs: Imvelaphi, Indaleko noLwakhiwo, Columbia University Press, NY, 2004) . Ngokufanayo, amathambo e-dinosaur afunyenwe phakathi kwamathambo afana nehashe, inkomo, kunye namathambo eegusha (uAnderson, A., Ukhenketho luwela kwi-tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus inokuba yafa ngokuzolileyo emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ngo-1984, iNew Scientist, 104, 9.) , ngoko iidinosaur nezilwanyana ezanyisayo zimele ukuba zaziphila ngaxeshanye.

   Ngokubhekele phaya, kudliwano-ndlebe naye ngevidiyo uCarl Werner, umalathisi weUtah Museum of Prehistory, uGqr. Donald Burge, uye wacacisa: “Sifumana iifosili zezilwanyana ezanyisayo phantse kuzo zonke izinto esizimbiweyo zedayinaso. Sineetoni ezilishumi zodongwe lwe<em>bentonite oluqulethe iifosili zezilwanyana ezanyisayo, yaye sikwiphulo lokuzinika abanye abaphandi. Akunjalo ngenxa yokuba besingenakuzifumana zibalulekile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubomi bufutshane, kwaye andingokhethekileyo kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo: ndiqeqeshelwe izirhubuluzi needinosaur”. Ezi ntlobo zokuqwalasela zibonisa ukuba iintlobo ezivela kuzo zonke izilwanyana ziye zahlala ngaxeshanye ngamaxesha onke, kodwa kuphela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Ezinye zeentlobo, ezifana needinosaurs, ziphelile. Nanamhlanje, izinto eziphilayo ziyafa.

• Izihlunu ezithambileyo zibhekisa kwixesha elifutshane . Ngaphambili kwakuxelwe ukuba ukuthandana kweedayinaso kusekwe ikakhulu kwitshathi yexesha le-geological yenkulungwane ye-19 apho iidayinaso kukholelwa ukuba zaphela kwi-65 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

   Iifosili zedayinaso nazo zinokunuka ukubola. UJack Horner, isazinzulu esikholelwa kwingcamango yendaleko, wathetha malunga nendawo enkulu yokufunyanwa kwefosili yedayinaso ukuba "onke amathambo aseHell Creek ayanuka." Anokunuka njani amathambo emva kwamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka? Ukuba bebendala ngolo hlobo, ngokuqinisekileyo lonke ivumba ngesele libashiyile ngoku.

    Kufuneka benze ntoni abaphandi? Kungangcono ukulahla itshati yexesha lejoloji elakhiwe ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye ugxile ngqo kwiifosili. Ukuba kusekho izicubu ezithambileyo, iiprotheni, i-DNA kunye ne-radiocarbon esele kuzo, ayinakuba ngumbuzo wezigidi zeminyaka. Ubukho bezi zinto kwiifosili bubonisa ixesha elifutshane. Ezi ziimetriki ezilungileyo zokuqikelela iminyaka yeefosili.

• Iinkcazo zeedragons. Abaninzi bathi umntu akazange aphile ngaxeshanye nee<em>dinosaur. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iireferensi ezininzi kwiidragons kwisithethe sabantu. Igama elithi dinosaur laqanjwa ngumntu owayephila ngexesha likaDarwin, uRichard Owen, ngo-1841, kodwa malunga needragons eziye zaxelelwa iinkulungwane. Nanga amanye amagqabantshintshi ngalo mba:

Iidragons kwiintsomi, ngokumangalisayo ngokwaneleyo, zifana nezilwanyana zokwenyani ezaziphila kwixesha elidlulileyo. Zifana nezirhubuluzi ezikhulu (iidinosaurs) ezazilawula umhlaba kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba umntu abekho. Iidragons ngokuqhelekileyo zazigqalwa njengezibi neziyingozi. Isizwe ngasinye sasibhekisela kubo kwiintsomi zabo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Umqu. 5, 1973, iphe. 265)

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwembali erekhodiweyo, iidragons ziye zavela kuyo yonke indawo: kwiingxelo zakudala zaseAsiriya naseBhabhiloni zokuphuhliswa kwempucuko, kwimbali yamaYuda yeTestamente eNdala, kwimibhalo yakudala yaseChina naseJapan, kwiintsomi zaseGrisi, eRoma. kunye namaKristu okuqala, kwizafobe zaseMelika yamandulo, kwiintsomi zaseAfrika naseIndiya. Kunzima ukufumana uluntu olungazange luquke iidragons kwimbali yalo yasentsomini…uAristotle, uPliny kunye nabanye ababhali bexesha lakudala bathi amabali edragoni asekelwe kwinyani hayi kwintelekelelo. (14)

IBhayibhile ikwalikhankanya igama inamba izihlandlo ezininzi (umzekelo: uYobhi 30:29: “ Ndingumzalwana weempungutye, neqabane leenciniba). Ngokuphathelele oku, amagqabaza abangel’ umdla ngalo mbandela anokufunyanwa kwisazinzulu esingakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo uStephen Jay Gould. Waphawula ukuba xa incwadi kaYobhi ithetha ngeBhehemoti, ekuphela kwesilwanyana apho le nkcazo ihambelana nayo yidayinaso ( Pandans Tumme , s. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Njengomntu okholelwa kwindaleko, wayekholelwa ukuba umbhali wencwadi kaYobhi umele ukuba walufumana ulwazi lwakhe ngeefosili ezafunyanwayo. Noko ke, le yenye yezona ncwadi zindala eBhayibhileni ngokucacileyo ibhekisa kwisilwanyana esiphilayo ( Yobhi 40:15 ) Khawubone imvubu, endayenzayo yanawe; idla utyani njengenkomo…).

   Iidragons zikwavela kubugcisa (www.dinoglyphs.fi). Imifanekiso yeedragoni irekhodwe, umzekelo, kumakhaka emfazwe (Sutton Hoo) nakwimihombiso eludongeni yeecawe (umz. SS Mary noHardulph, eNgilani). Kwisango likaIshtar kwisixeko samandulo saseBhabhiloni, ukongezelela kwiinkunzi zenkomo neengonyama, kuboniswa iidragoni. Ekuqaleni kweMesopotamian cylinder seals, iidragons ezinemisila phantse ixesha elide njengoko iintamo zibonakala (Moortgat, A., Ubugcisa baseMesopotamiya yamandulo, iPhaidon Press, London 1969, iphe. 1,9,10 kunye nePlati A.). Incwadi kaVance Nelson ethi Dire Dragonsubalisa eminye imizekelo. Eyona nto imangalisayo ngale ncwadi kukuba inemizobo emidala emalunga needragons/dinosaur, kunye nemizobo ezotywe ziingcali zendaleko ngokwazo ezisekelwe kumathambo edayinaso. Abafundi ngokwabo banokuthelekisa ukufana kwemisebenzi yakudala yobugcisa, kunye nemizobo ezotywe ngesiseko samathambo. Ukufana kwazo kucace gca.

   Kuthekani ngeenkwenkwezi zaseTshayina? Umzekelo omhle wendlela iidayinaso ezinokuthi zibe ziidragons ngokwenene le horoscope, eyaziwa njengeenkulungwane zakudala. Ngoko xa iinkwenkwezi zaseTshayina zisekelwe kwimiqondiso yezilwanyana ezili-12 eziphinda-phinda kwimijikelo yeminyaka eli-12, kukho izilwanyana ezili-12 ezibandakanyekileyo. 11 kuzo ziqhelekile nanamhlanje: impuku, inkomo, ingwe, umvundla, inyoka, ihashe, iigusha, iinkawu, umqhagi, inja nehagu.. Kunoko, isilwanyana se-12 yinamba, engekho namhlanje. Umbuzo omhle kukuba, ukuba izilwanyana ezili-11 bezizizilwanyana zokwenyani, kutheni inamba ibe yinto eyahlukileyo kwaye isidalwa sasentsomini? Ngaba akukho ngqiqweni ngakumbi ukucinga ukuba yayikhe yaphila ngexesha elinye nabantu, kodwa iye yabhanga njengezinye izilwanyana ezininzi? Kulungile ukukhumbula kwakhona ukuba igama elithi dinosaur laqanjwa kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-19 nguRichard Owen. Ngaphambi koko, igama elithi inamba lalisetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane. 

Uyithethelela njani ingcamango yendaleko?

Ingcamango yendaleko ichasene ngokupheleleyo nomsebenzi wendalo kaThixo. Le ithiyori, ibekwe phambili nguDarwin, ithatha ukuba yonke yaqala nge-stem cell encinci, eyathi yavela kwizigidi zeminyaka yaya kwiindlela ezintsonkothileyo.

   Kodwa ngaba ingcamango kaDarwin iyinyaniso? Inokuvavanywa ngobungqina obusebenzayo. Nazi ezinye iingongoma eziphambili.

1. Ukuzalwa kobomi ngokwayo akuzange kungqinwe . Ngaphambi kokuba ubomi buguquke, bumele bubekho. Kodwa nantsi ingxaki yokuqala yengcamango kaDarwin. Yonke ingcamango ayinasiseko sayo, ekubeni ubomi bungenakuzivelela, njengoko sele kuphawuliwe ngaphambili. Ubomi kuphela obunokuzisa ubomi, kwaye akukho nto ifunyenweyo kulo mgaqo. Le ngxaki kuhlangatyezwana nayo ukuba ubani ubambelela kumzekelo wokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo wengcaciso ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni. 

2. Iradiocarbon iphikisa iingcinga zexesha elide . Enye ingxaki kukuba i-radiocarbon ikhona kwiifosili kunye namalahle awo onke ama-eras, athathelwe ingqalelo kwizigidi zeminyaka ubudala (i-Lowe, i-DC, Iingxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwamalahle njengomthombo we-14C yamahhala, i-Radiocarbon 31 (2): 117 -120, 1989). Ubukho be-radiocarbon bubhekisa kuphela kumawaka eminyaka, oku kuthetha ukuba akukho xesha liseleyo kuphuhliso olucingelwayo. Le yingxaki enkulu kwingcamango kaDarwin kuba izazi ngendaleko zikholelwa kwimfuneko yezigidi zeminyaka.

3. Ukudubula kweCambrian kuyayiphikisa indaleko . Ngaphambili kwachazwa indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-Cambrian explosion ephikisayo umthi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo (ingcamango yokuba i-stem cell elula iye yaba ziindlela ezintsha zobomi). Okanye lo mthi ujonge phantsi. Idatha yefosili ibonisa ukuba kwasekuqaleni, ukuntsokotha kunye nobutyebi beentlobo bezibandakanyeka. Oku kuhambelana nemodeli yokudala.

4. Akukho zivamvo namalungu aphuhlileyo . Ukuba ingcamango yendaleko ibiyinyaniso, bekufanele ukuba kubekho izigidi zezivamvo, izandla, iinyawo, okanye ezinye iziqalelo zamalungu omzimba kwindalo ezisandul’ ukuvela. Kunoko, la malungu omzimba alungile kwaye ayasebenza. KwanoRichard Dawkins, owaziwayo ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo, uyavuma ukuba zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo nawo onke amalungu kuzo zonke iindidi zezinto eziphilayo esele zihlolisisiwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku alungile koko akwenzayo. Uqwalaselo olunjalo lungena kakuhle kwithiyori yendaleko, kodwa kumzekelo wendalo:

Inyaniso esekelwe koko kuqwalaselweyo yeyokuba zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nelungu ngalinye elingaphakathi kolu didi sele lihlolisisiwe lilungile kwinto eliyenzayo. Amaphiko kwiintaka, iinyosi kunye namalulwane alungele ukubhabha. Amehlo abona kakuhle. Amagqabi alungile kwi-photosynthesis. Siphila kwisijikelezi-langa, apho singqongwe zizinto eziphilayo ezinokuba zizigidi ezilishumi, nto leyo ebonisa inkohliso ecacileyo yoyilo. Zonke iindidi zingena kakuhle kwindlela yokuphila ekhethekileyo. (15)

Kwingxelo yakhe yangaphambili, uDawkins uyavuma ngokungangqalanga ubukho boyilo olukrelekrele, nangona ekhanyela ngabom. Noko ke, ubungqina bubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kukho umyili okrelekrele. Umbuzo ofanelekileyo ngulo; Ngaba iyasebenza? Okokuthi, ukuba yonke into iyasebenza, ngumcimbi wesakhiwo esisebenzayo kunye noyilo oluhlakaniphile, kwaye isakhiwo sasingenakuvela ngokwaso.

    Kuyamangalisa ukuba xa kukho umfanekiso oqingqiweyo webhola ekhatywayo uJari Litmanen eLahti, umzekelo, bonke abangakholelwa kuThixo bavuma ukuyila okukrelekrele emva kwayo. Abakholelwa ukuba lo mfanekiso wazalwa ngokwabo, kodwa bakholelwa kuyilo olukrelekrele kwinkqubo yokuzalwa. Noko ke, ziyakwalela ukuyila okukrelekrele kwezidalwa eziphilayo ezintsonkothe ​​izihlandlo ezininzi nezinokushukuma, ziphindaphindeke, zitye, zithandane, zize zibe nezinye iimvakalelo. Le asiyongqiqo isengqiqweni.

5. Iifosili ziyayiphikisa indaleko . Sele kubonisiwe ukuba akukho kukhula ngokuthe ngcembe kwiifosili. UStephen Jay Gould, phakathi kwabanye, uye wathi: “Andifuni nangayiphi na indlela ukujongela phantsi amandla anokubakho embono yendaleko ngokuthe ngcembe. Ndifuna nje ukuphawula ukuba ayizange 'ibonwe' ematyeni." (16). Ngokufanayo, ezinye izazi ngezidalwa zamandulo eziliqela ziye zavuma ukuba indaleko ethe ngokuthe ngcembe ayibonakali kwiifosili, nangona isisiseko sengcamango kaDarwin. Ingxoxo yokuba irekhodi yefosili ayiphelelanga ayinakuphinda ivunywe. Ayiseyiyo loo nto, kuba ubuncinane ikhulu lezigidi zeefosili ziye zembiwa emhlabeni. Ukuba akukho phuhliso oluthe ngcembe okanye iifom eziphakathi kwesi sixhobo, akunjalo nakwizinto ezishiywe phantsi. La magqabantshintshi alandelayo abonisa ukuba zilahleka njani iifom eziphakathi:

Kuyamangalisa ukuba izikhewu kwizinto zefosili zihambelana ngendlela ethile: iifosili zilahlekile kuzo zonke iindawo ezibalulekileyo. ( UFrancis Hitching, Intamo Yendlulamthi , 1982, iphe. 19)

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kwixesha elidlulileyo sihamba kangakanani kuluhlu lweefosili zezo zilwanyana eziye zaphila ngaphambili emhlabeni, asinakukwazi ukufumana neentlobo zezilwanyana ezinokuthi zibe ziifom eziphakathi phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu kunye ne-phyla ... Amaqela amakhulu yezilwanyana musa ukudityaniswa enye kwenye. Ziye kwaye ziye zafana ukususela ekuqaleni ... Akukho silwanyana esingenakumiselwa kwi-phylum yayo okanye iqela elikhulu lifunyenwe kwiindidi zamatye ezinqabileyo zakudala ... Oku kungabikho okupheleleyo kweefom eziphakathi phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu yezilwanyana inokutolikwa ngendlela enye kuphela... Ukuba sizimisele ukuthabatha iinyani njengoko zinjalo, kufuneka sikholwe ukuba akuzange kubekho iifom ezinjalo eziphakathi; ngamanye amazwi, la maqela amakhulu abe nobudlelwane obufanayo ukusuka ekuqaleni.(UAustin H. Clark, iThe New Evolution, iphe. 189)

Kunokufunyanwa ntoni koku kungasentla? Sifanele siyikhabe ingcamango kaDarwin ngenxa yeefosili, kanye njengokuba uDarwin ngokwakhe watshoyo ngesiseko sedatha yefosili eyafunyanwa ngelo xesha: “Abo bakholelwa ukuba ibali lenzululwazi yokwakheka komhlaba ligqibelele ngakumbi okanye lingaphantsi ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuyigatya ingcamango yam” (17) ).

6. Ukhetho lwendalo kunye nokuzala akudali nto intsha . Kwincwadi yakhe ethi On the Origin of Species, uDarwin wavelisa ingcamango yokuba indalo yazivelela. Wasebenzisa njengomzekelo ukhetho olwenziwa ngumntu, oko kukuthi, ukuzala, nendlela ekunokwenzeka ngayo ukuba nefuthe kwinkangeleko yezilwanyana ngayo.

    Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki ngokukhethwa kwendalo kunye nokukhethwa kwabantu kukuba abadali into entsha. Bakhetha kuphela kwinto esele ikhona, oko kukuthi, endala . Iimpawu ezithile zinokugxininiswa kwaye ziphile, kodwa asikokusinda nje okuvelisa ulwazi olutsha. I-organism ekhoyo ayinakuphinda itshintshe ibe yenye.

   Ngokufanayo, ukuhluka kwenzeka, kodwa kuphela kwimida ethile. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zicwangciswe kwangaphambili kunye nokwenzeka kokuguqulwa kunye nokuzala. Ngokomzekelo, ukuzala kunokuchaphazela ubude bemilenze yenja okanye ubungakanani kunye nokubunjwa kwezityalo, kodwa ngexesha elithile uya kuwela umda kwaye ungadluli ngaphaya koko. Akukho zilwanyana zintsha zivelayo kwaye akukho zimpawu zolwazi olutsha.

Abafuyi ngokuqhelekileyo bafumanisa ukuba emva kwezizukulwana ezimbalwa zokusulungekiswa, umda ogqithiseleyo ufikeleleke: ukuqhubela phambili ngaphaya kweli nqanaba akunakwenzeka, kwaye akukho ntlobo ezintsha zidalwe. (…) Ngoko ke, iimvavanyo zokufuya ziyayirhoxisa ithiyori yendaleko kunokuba ziyixhase. (KuMnxeba, 3.7.1972, iphe. 8,9)

Enye ingxaki kukuhlwempuzeka kwemfuza. Njengoko uhlengahlengiso kunye nokulungelelaniswa kusenzeka, ezinye zelifa lemfuza elityebileyo ababenalo ookhokho bokuqala liyalahleka. Ngokuya zininzi izinto eziphilayo ezisebenza ngokukhethekileyo, umzekelo ngenxa yokuzala okanye ukwahluka ngokwejografi, kokukhona kukho indawo yokwahluka kwixesha elizayo. Uloliwe wendalo uya kwicala elingalunganga kokukhona kuthatha ixesha. Ilifa lemfuza lihlwempuzekile, kodwa akukho ntlobo zintsha zisisiseko ezivelayo.

7. Ukuguqulwa kweenguqu akuvelisi ulwazi olutsha kunye neentlobo ezintsha zamalungu . Ngokuphathelele indaleko, abakholelwa kwindaleko banyanisile ukuba yenzeka. Kungumbandela nje wento ethethwa yindaleko. Ukuba ngumbuzo wokuguquguquka okuqhelekileyo kunye nokulungelelaniswa, izazi zendaleko zichanekile ukuba zijongwe. Kukho imizekelo emihle yaloo nto kuncwadi lweengcali zendaleko. Endaweni yoko, ithiyori ye-primordial cell -to-human yingcamango engangqinwanga engazange ibonwe kwindalo yanamhlanje okanye iifosili.

    Phezu kwayo nje yonke into, izazi ngendaleko zizama ukukhangela indlela enokuchaza ukuvela kweseli eqhelekileyo ukuya kwiintlobo ezintsonkothileyo. Baye basebenzisa iinguqulelo zemfuza ukunceda kule nto.

    Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lukhokelela kwelinye icala malunga nophuhliso. Ziyawohloka, oko kukuthi, ziluthathela phantsi uphuhliso. Ukuba babeza kuqhubela phambili uphuhliso, abaphandi kuya kufuneka babonise amawaka emizekelo yolwazi-olwandiso lwenguqu kunye nophuhliso oluphezulu, kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke. Utshintsho lwenzeka - amaphiko aphikisiweyo kunye nemilenze, ukulahleka kwe-pigment ... - kodwa akukho mizekelo ecacileyo yokunyuka kolwazi luye lwabonwa. Kwelinye icala, kuye kwafunyaniswa ngovavanyo lokuguqula imizila yemfuza ukuba iinguqulelo zemfuza ngokuyintloko zidalwe esele zikho ngaphambili. Iinguqu ezifanayo ziphindaphindwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimifuniselo.

   Ewe kunjalo, kuyinyani ukuba ezinye iinguqulelo zenguquko zinokuba luncedo, umzekelo, kwindawo enetyhefu okanye kwindawo enamayeza amaninzi okubulala iintsholongwane, kodwa xa iimeko zibuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo, abantu abanotshintsho badla ngokuphila phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Omnye umzekelo yi-sickle cell anemia. Abantu abanolu tshintsho bangenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezinemalariya, kodwa sisifo esiyingozi kwindawo engeyiyo isifo seengcongconi. Ukuba olu tshintsho lufunyanwa kubazali bobabini, isifo siyabulala. Ngokukwanjalo, iintlanzi eziphulukene namehlo ngenxa yokuguquka kwezinto zinokuphila kwimiqolomba emnyama kodwa hayi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Okanye ooqongqothwane abaphulukene namaphiko ngenxa yokuguquka kwemfuza banokulawula kwiziqithi ezinomoya ngenxa yokuba ababhabheli lula elwandle, kodwa kwezinye iindawo basengxakini.

    Abaphandi abaliqela abaqheleneyo nalo mmandla bayakhanyela ukuba utshintsho luya kuzisa utshintsho olukhulu okanye lwenze ezintsha. Oku kubonakaliswe umz. amashumi eminyaka ovavanyo lokuguqula iimpukane kunye nebhaktiriya. Nanga amanye amagqabaza avela kubaphandi ngalo mba:

Nangona amawaka eenguqulelo zemfuza ziye zahlolwa kwixesha lethu, asifumananga imeko ecacileyo apho ukuguqulwa kwezilwanyana bekuya kutshintsha isilwanyana sibe yinto enzima ngakumbi, ivelise isakhiwo esitsha, okanye ibangele ukuguqulwa okunzulu, okutsha. (RD Clark, Darwin: Ngaphambi nasemva , iphe. 131)

Iinguqu esizaziyo - ezicingelwa ukuba zinoxanduva ekudalweni kwehlabathi eliphilayo - ngokuqhelekileyo mhlawumbi ilahleko yelungu, ukunyamalala (ukulahleka kwebala, ukulahleka kwe-appendage), okanye ukuncipha kwelungu elikhoyo. Akukho mzekelo benza into entsha ngokwenene okanye umntu ngamnye kwinkqubo yezinto eziphilayo, nantoni na enokuthi ithathwe njengesiseko sombutho omtsha okanye njengesiqalo somsebenzi omtsha. (UJean Rostand, iOrion Book of Evolution , yowe-1961, iphe. 79)

Kufuneka iqondwe into yokuba izazinzulu zinothungelwano oluphendulayo nolubanzi lokubona iinguqulelo zenguqu ezandisa ulwazi. Uninzi lweengcali zemfuza zigcina amehlo azo ziwavulile. - - Nangona kunjalo, andiqinisekanga ukuba kukho umzekelo omnye ocacileyo wenguqu enokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo idale ulwazi. (I-Sanford, J., i-Genetic Entropy kunye neMfihlakalo yeGenome, i-Ivan Press, eNew York, iphe. 17).

Isiphelo sesokuba iinguqulelo zenguquko azinakuba yi-injini ye-evolution, okanye i-natural selection, kuba ayisayi kudala ulwazi olutsha kunye nezakhiwo ezintsha ezintsonkothileyo ezifunwa yi-"ukusuka kwi-primordial cell to human" -ithiyori. Zonke iinkcazo kwiincwadi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziyimizekelo emihle, kodwa imizekelo kuphela yokuguquguquka kunye nokulungelelaniswa okufana nokuchasana kwebhaktheriya, ukuhluka kobukhulu bentaka, ukuchasana kwezinambuzane kwi-insecticide, utshintsho kwizinga lokukhula kweentlanzi ezibangelwa ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo, imibala emnyama kunye nokukhanya kwe-peppered moth kunye noshintsho. ngenxa yemiqobo yejografi. Zonke ezi ziyimizekelo yendlela abantu abasabela ngayo kwiinguqu zendalo, kodwa iintlobo ezisisiseko zihlala zifana rhoqo kwaye azitshintshi kwezinye. Iintsholongwane zihlala ziyintsholongwane, izinja njengezinja, iikati njengeekati, njl njl.

   Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kwincwadi yakhe ethi On the Origin of Species , uDarwin naye akazange abonise nayiphi na imizekelo yokutshintsha kweentlobo, kodwa imizekelo yokutshintsha kunye nokulungelelanisa ngaphakathi kwamaqela asisiseko. Bayimizekelo emihle, kodwa hayi ngaphezulu. Ababonisi "ukusuka kwiseli yokuqala ukuya kumntu" -ithiyori eyinyani. UDarwin ngokwakhe wathi kwileta awayibhalayo: “Eneneni ndidiniwe kukuxelela abantu ukuba andinabo nabuphi na ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba uhlobo oluthile luye lwaguquka lwaba olunye uhlobo lwento ephilayo yaye ndikholelwa ukuba le mbono ichanile ngokuyintloko kuba izinto ezininzi zinokudityaniswa zize zicaciswe. esekelwe kuyo” (18). Ngokufanayo, esi sicatshulwa silandelayo sithi kwincwadi kaDarwin ethi On the Origin of Species akukho mizekelo yokwenyani yokutshintsha kweentlobo zezilwanyana:

Kuyamangalisa ukuba incwadi eye yaduma ngokuchaza imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ayicacisi nangayiphi na indlela. (UChristopher Booker, umbhali wemihlathi yeTimes ebhekisa kuDarwin's magnum opus, Kwimvelaphi yeZilwanyana) (19)

Uthethelela njani ukuhla komntu kwizidalwa ezifana nenkawu?

Isiseko esisisiseko se-evolution kukuba zonke iintlobo zangoku zine-stem form efanayo: i-stem cell elula. Kukwanjalo nakumntu wale mihla. Abantu abakholelwa kwindaleko bafundisa ukuba siphuma kwiseli yokuqala, eyathi yavela kuqala yaba ziintlobo zezinto eziphila elwandle yaza, njengenyathelo lokugqibela, ngaphambi komntu ukuya kutsho kwizinyanya zale mihla ezifana neenkawu. Le yindlela izazi ngendaleko zikholelwa ngayo, nangona indaleko ingabonakali ngokuthe ngcembe kwiifosili.

     Kodwa ngaba ingcamango yendaleko ngemvelaphi yomntu iyinyaniso? Siza kugxininisa izizathu ezibini ezibalulekileyo ezicebisa ngokuchaseneyo:

Intsalela yomntu wanamhlanje kumanqanaba amadala ayayiphikisa indaleko . Isizathu sokuqala silula kwaye kukuba iintsalela ezicacileyo zabantu bale mihla ziye zafunyanwa ubuncinane kuluhlu oludala okanye oludala njengeentsalela zookhokho babo abacingelwayo, ukuze iintsalela zabantu bale mihla zibekho kuluhlu oludala ngaphezu kookhokho babo. Iintsalela ezicacileyo nezinto zomntu wale mihla ziye zafunyanwa nakwizitrato zamalahle ezigqalwa njengengamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala.

    Ithetha ntoni le nto? Kuthetha ukuba umntu wale mihla uvele kwangaxeshanye emhlabeni okanye kwanangaphambi kookhokho bakhe. Ayinakwenzeka nangayiphi na indlela kuba inzala ayinakuze iphile phambi kookhokho bayo. Nantsi impikiswano ecacileyo ephikisa ingcaciso yendaleko yemvelaphi yomntu.

   Ezi zicatshulwa zilandelayo zikuxelela ngakumbi malunga noku. Izazinzulu ezaziwayo ziyayivuma indlela ngokucacileyo ngayo intsalela yabantu bale mihla eye yafunyanwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuluhlu lwamandulo, kodwa iye yagatywa ngenxa yokuba ikumgangatho wanamhlanje kakhulu. Uninzi lwezinto ezifanayo ziye zenziwa:

LBS Leakey: “Andiyithandabuzi into yokuba amathambo abantu ahlala kwezi nkcubeko [zakwa-Acheul noChelles], afunyenwe izihlandlo ezininzi (...) IiHomo sapiens zichwetheza, ngoko ke azinakugqalwa njengezindala.” (20)

RS Lull: … Ezo ntsalela zamathambo ziye zavela kwakhona kwaye kwakhona. (…) Nabani na kubo, nangona bezalisekisa ezinye iimfuno zobudala - ukungcwatywa kumaleko amadala, ukubonakala kweentsalela zezilwanyana phakathi kwabo kunye nebakala elifanayo le-fossilization, njl. - akwanelanga ukwanelisa iimfuno ze-anthropology yomzimba, kuba akukho nanye kuzo eneempawu zomzimba ebengayi kuba nazo amaIndiya aseMerika namhlanje.” (21)

UMarvin L. Lubenow ubhale kwangalo mbandela mnye kwincwadi yakhe ethi Myytti apinaihmisistä (Amathambo Engxabano) . Kule ncwadi, uye washwankathela iminyaka eyahlulwa ngabantu abakholelwa kwindaleko kwiifosili abaye bazifumana . Zonke izinto ezifunyenweyo ezichazwe kuncwadi olukholelwa kwindaleko zibandakanyiwe.

    Kwale ngxaki inye ivela kolu luhlu lobudala lweengcali zendaleko: iifosili zifumaneka kwisiqwenga somhlaba esixutywe kwaye ngaphandle komyalelo wendaleko omiselweyo. Azifumaneki ngolandelelwano olufunwa yindaleko. Izinto ezifunyenweyo azibonisi ukuba umntu uvela kwizinyanya ezilula ezifana nenkawu.

    Kwincwadi yakhe, uLubenow uthi:

   (…) Ekugqibeleni, “uSuku lweFossil” lwekhosi yethu lwafika. Abafundi babelana ngeengxelo zabo kubafundi abafunda nabo baza bamisela iifosili zabo kwisicwangciso esilandela iminyaka kunye nokuhlelwa okunikelwa ngabakholelwa kwindaleko. Njengoko ezi ziqwenga zaya zikhula ngokuthe ngcembe, abafundi baqonda ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba iifosili azizange zingqinelane nendaleko yomntu.

   Ukuba indaleko yomntu ibiyinyani, iifosili beziya kubekwa kumgca wexesha ukusuka kwinkawu yaseMzantsi, ngendlela ethile yeHomo habilis , iHomo erectus kunye neHomo sapiens yokuqala , kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuya kwiHomo sapiens yanamhlanje.(kuthi ke thina, abakhulu nabahle). Endaweni yoko, iifosili ziya kubekwa apha naphaya ngaphandle komyalelo wendaleko ocacileyo. Nangona abafundi basebenzise ixesha kunye nokuhlelwa kweengcali zendaleko ngokwazo, kwacaca kubo ukuba izinto zefosili zitshitshisa indaleko yomntu. Nayiphi na intetho okanye uthotho lwezifundo zam bezingayi kuba nomtsalane njengoko uphononongo olwenziwe ngabafundi ngokwabo. Akukho nto ndandinokuyithetha eyayiza kuba nempembelelo enkulu kubafundi njengenyaniso eze ngefosili yomntu ngokwayo. (22)

Kwiifosili ngamaqela amabini kuphela: iinkawu eziqhelekileyo nabantu banamhlanje . Njengoko kuchaziwe, ingcamango esisiseko yengcamango yendaleko yeyokuba umntu wavela kwizidalwa ezifana nenkawu, kangangokuba ekuhambeni kwexesha abantu abaninzi ngakumbi nangakumbi beza emhlabeni. Le ngcamango yayiyingcamango kaDarwin nabantu ababephila ngexesha lakhe, nangona kuncinane okwafunyanwayo kwabo babecingelwa ukuba ngookhokho abangabantu ngenkulungwane ye-19. UDarwin nezinxulumani zakhe babenenkolelo nolindelo lokuba kamva baya kufunyanwa emhlabeni.

   Inkolelo efanayo ixhaphakile kwiphulo lanamhlanje lokufuna amathambo abantu. Ekubeni abantu bekholelwa kwingcamango yendaleko, bafuna abo bacingelwa ukuba ngookhokho bomntu. Ukholo luphembelela yonke into abayenzayo. Okanye ukuba bebengakholelwa kwindaleko yabantu besuka kwizinyanya ezifana nenkawu, intshukumisa yabo ibingayi kwanela ukukhangela.

    Yintoni etyhilwe koku? Akabacengi abaxhasa ingcamango yendaleko. Abavumelani nje malunga naluphi na ukufunyanwa, kwaye ngaphezu koko, into ecacileyo inokubonwa kwizinto ezifunyenweyo: ekugqibeleni, kukho amaqela amabini kuphela: ngokucacileyo abantu abafana nenkawu kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Olu lwahlulo luqhubeka ngendlela yokuba i-apes yasezantsi (i-Australopithecus) , njengoko igama libonisa, i-apes eziqhelekileyo, njenge-Ardi, ubukhulu bayo bobuchopho buncinci kunobu-apes basezantsi. (IHomo Habilis ludidi olungaqondakaliyo olunokuba ngumxube wamaqela ahlukeneyo. Ezinye zeempawu zayo zibonisa ukuba yayifana nenkawu ngakumbi kuneemfene zasemazantsi). Endaweni yoko, uHomo Erectus kunye nendoda yaseNeanderthal, abafana kakhulu omnye komnye, ngabantu abaqhelekileyo.

    Kutheni le nto kwahlulwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini kuphela? Izazinzulu ezininzi ngokwazo ziye zavuma ukuba iinkawu zasemazantsi azinakuba zizinyanya ezingabantu, kodwa ziyinkawu eqhelekileyo, uhlobo oluthile lwenkawu olungasekhoyo. Esi sigqibo kuye kwafikelelwa kuso ngenxa yokuba imizimba yabo ifana nenkawu kakhulu kwaye ubukhulu bobuchopho sisinye kwisithathu sobukhulu bobuchopho bomntu wale mihla. Nanga amagqabantshintshi ambalwa:

Xa uthelekisa ukhakhayi lwendoda kunye ne-anthropoid, ukhakhayi lwe- Australopithecus ngokucacileyo lufana nokhakhayi lwe-anthropoid. Ukubanga ngenye indlela kuya kufana nokuthi umnyama umhlophe. (23)

Izinto esizifumeneyo zishiya ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo okuba (…) iAustralopithecus ayifani neeHomo sapiens ; endaweni yoko, ifana ne-guenon kunye ne-anthropoids yanamhlanje. (24)

Kuthekani ngoHomo erectus kunye nendoda yaseNeanderthal, abafana kakhulu omnye nomnye nobukhulu bobuchopho kunye nomzimba wabo osikhumbuza ngokupheleleyo abantu banamhlanje? Ubungqina obaneleyo bobuntu bobabini bufunyenwe namhlanje. I-Homo erectus iye yakwazi ukubandakanyeka kuhambo kwaye yenza izixhobo ukuze i-evolutionist uGqr Alan Thorne yathi kwasekuqaleni ngo-1993: "AbayiHomo erectus (ngamanye amazwi, akufanele babizwe ngeli gama). (The Australian, 19 Agasti 1993). Ngokufanayo, izazinzulu zanamhlanje ziye zatyekela ngakumbi kwimbono yokuba indoda yaseNeanderthal inokugqalwa njengomntu wokwenene. Ukongeza kulwakhiwo lomzimba, izizathu zizinto ezininzi ezifunyenweyo zenkcubeko kunye nezifundo ezitsha zeDNA.( UDonald Johnson / James Shreeve: Umntwana kaLucy, iphe. 49).

   Phakathi kwabaphandi abacebise ukubandakanywa kweHomo erectus kunye neNeandertal kwiklasi yeHomo sapiens umz. uMilford Wolpoff. Eyona nto ibangela ukuba la mazwi esazi ngendaleko esikholelwa kwindaleko abaluleke kukuba kuthiwa uye wabona ngaphezu kwakhe nabani na ifosili yantlandlolo yezinto eziphilayo. Ngokufanayo, uBernard Wood, oye wagqalwa njengegunya eliphambili kwi-evolutionary pedigrees, kunye noM. Collard baye bachaza ukuba i-puative hominides ezininzi ziphantse zifana nomntu okanye ziphantse zasezantsi njenge-ape-like (Science 284 (5411): 65-71, 1999).

    Kunokufunyanwa ntoni koku kungasentla? Akunamsebenzi ukuthetha nge-apeman, kuba ngokwenene kukho abantu kunye neenkawu kuphela. Kukho la maqela mabini kuphela, njengoko abaphandi abaninzi abakhokelayo kule ndawo betshilo.

   Kwelinye icala, xa kufikelelwa kwimbonakalo yomntu emhlabeni, akukho sizathu siqinisekileyo sokuba umntu wakha wavela emhlabeni ngaphambili kuneso iBhayibhile isibonisayo, oko kukuthi, malunga neminyaka engama-6 000 eyadlulayo. Kutheni njalo? Isizathu kukuba akukho bungqina bucacileyo bexesha elide. Imbali eyaziwayo eneneni iqala emva kweminyaka engama-4000-5000 kuphela, xa ngequbuliso kwaye ngaxeshanye izinto ezinjengokubhala, ukwakhiwa, izixeko, ezolimo, inkcubeko, imathematika entsonkothileyo, ubumba, ukwenza izixhobo kunye nezinye izinto ezithathwa njengeempawu zomntu. Abantu abaninzi abakholelwa kwindaleko bathanda ukuthetha ngexesha lembali kunye nexesha lembali, kodwa akukho bungqina bubambekayo bokuba ixesha langaphambili lalikhona, ngokomzekelo, kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 ukuya kuma-20,000 eyadlulayo, kuba izakhiwo kunye nezinto ezikhankanywe ngasentla azaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukususela ngelo xesha.

   Ngaphezu koko, iyamangalisa kakhulu into yokuba umntu wavela kwisithuba sezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa inkcubeko yakhe iye yagqabhuka ngequbuliso kwihlabathi kumawaka ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ingcaciso elunge ngakumbi yeyokuba umntu ebekho kangangamawaka ambalwa eminyaka, yaye ngenxa yoko izakhiwo, izixeko, ubuchule bolwimi nenkcubeko ziye zavela ebudeni belo xesha, kanye njengokuba incwadi yeGenesis ibonisa. 

Musani ukuhlala ngaphandle kobukumkani bukaThixo!

Ekugqibeleni, mfundi olungileyo! UThixo ukuthandile kwaye ufuna ukuba ungene kubukumkani bakhe banaphakade. Nokuba ubungumgxeki nomchasi kaThixo, uThixo unecebo elihle ngawe. Qonda ezi ndinyana zilandelayo ezithetha ngothando lukaThixo ngabantu. Baxela indlela uYesu weza ngayo emhlabeni ukuze wonke umntu afumane ubomi obungunaphakade noxolelo lwezono. Wonke umntu emhlabeni unokufumana oku:

- ( Yohane 3:16 ) Kuba wenjenje uThixo ukulithanda kwakhe ihlabathi, ude wancama uNyana wakhe okuphela kwamzeleyo, ukuze bonke abakholwayo kuye bangatshabalali, koko babe nobomi obungunaphakade.

- ( 1 Yohane 4:10 ) Uthando lulapha, ingekukuba samthandayo uThixo thina, ikukuba wasithandayo yena, wamthuma uNyana wakhe ukuba abe sisicamagushelo sezono zethu.

Kodwa ngaba umntu ufumana unxibelelwano noThixo nokuxolelwa kwezono ngokuzenzekelayo? Akunjalo, umntu umele aguqukele kuThixo evuma izono zakhe. Abaninzi basenokuba nokholo kuphela ababambelela kulo konke okubhalwe eBhayibhileni, kodwa abazange balithabathe eli nyathelo lokuphethukela kuThixo baze banikele ubomi babo bonke kuThixo.

    Umzekelo omhle wenguquko yimfundiso kaYesu engonyana wolahleko. Le nkwenkwana yayiphila esonweni esinzulu, kodwa yaguqukela kuyise yaza yavuma izono zayo. Uyise wamxolela.

- ( Luka 15:11-20 ) Wathi ke, Umntu othile ube enoonyana ababini.

12 Wathi omnci wabo kuyise, Bawo, ndinike isahlulo sempahla esilunge nam. Wababela ke ukudla kwakhe.

13 Kuthe kungekabi ntsuku zininzi, wahlanganisa into yonke unyana omnci, wesuka kwelakowabo, waya ezweni elikude ;

14 Akubon' ukuba udle konke, kwabakho indlala enzima kwelo zwe; waqala ukuswela.

15 Waya wanamathela komnye kubemi belo zwe; wathi yena wamthumela emihlabeni yakhe, ukuba aye kwalusa iihagu.

16 Ubenqwenela ke ukusizalisa isisu sakhe ngeengxam ezabe zidliwa ziihagu; bekungekho mntu umphayo.

17 Ke kaloku, akuba nokuziqonda, wathi, Kanene bangakanani na abaqeshwa bakabawo, ábadikwa zizonka;

18 Ndiya kusuka ndiye kubawo, ndithi kuye, Bawo, ndonile kuwo amazulu, naphambi kwakho .

19 Andisafanele kubizwa ngokuba ndingunyana wakho; ndénze ndibe njengomnye kubaqeshwa bakho.

20 Wesuka weza kuyise. Ke kaloku, akubon' ukuba usekude lee, uyise wambona, wasikwa yimfesane , wagidima, wawa entanyeni yakhe, wamanga.

Xa umntu ephethukela kuThixo, ukwafanele amamkele uYesu njengeNkosi yobomi bakhe. Kuba ngoYesu kuphela umntu onokusondela kuThixo aze afumane uxolelo lwezono njengoko ezi vesi zilandelayo zibonisa. Ke ngoko, biza uYesu ukuba abe yiNkosi yobomi bakho, kwaye uya kufumana uxolelo lwezono nobomi obungunaphakade:

Wathi uYesu kuye, Ndim indlela, ndim inyaniso, ndim ubomi; akukho namnye uzayo kuBawo, engezi ngam.

- ( Yohane 5:40 ) Kwaye anifuni ukuza kum, ukuze nibe nobomi .

- ( IZenzo 10:43 ) Bonke abaprofeti banikela ubungqina ngaye , ukuba ngegama lakhe nabani na okholwayo kuye uya kufumana uxolelo lwezono .

- ( IZenzo 13:38,39 ) 38 Makwazeke ngoko kuni, madoda, bazalwana, ukuba ngaye lo kuxelwa kuni uxolelo lwezono ;

39 nakuzo zonke izinto ebeningenako ukugwetyelwa nikhululeke kuzo ngomthetho kaMoses, bonke abakholwayo bayagwetyelwa ngaye yena lowo.

Ukuba umamkele uYesu ebomini bakho waza wabeka ukholo lwakho, oko kukuthi, ukuthembela kwakho kumbandela wosindiso, kuye (IZenzo 16:31) Bathi ke bona, Kholwa kuyo iNkosi uYesu Kristu, wosindiswa; endlwini yakho.”), unokuthandaza, umzekelo, ngale ndlela ilandelayo: 

Umthandazo wosindiso : Nkosi, Yesu, ndibuyela kuwe. Ndiyavuma ukuba ndonile kuwe kwaye andiphilanga ngokwentando yakho. Nangona kunjalo, ndifuna ukubuya ezonweni zam ndikulandele ngentliziyo yam yonke. Ndiyakholwa kananjalo ukuba izono zam zixolelwe ngentlawulelo yakho kwaye ndifumene ubomi obungunaphakade ngawe. Ndiyakubulela ngosindiso ondinike lona. Amen.

IZIQINISEKISO:

1. Andy Knoll (2004) PBS Nova interview, 3. May 2004,  sit. Antony Flew & Roy Varghese (2007) There is A God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne

2. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley

3. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

4. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

5. Sylvia Baker: Kehitysoppi ja Raamatun arvovalta, p. 104,105

6. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 34

7. Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia luomisesta (The Creation Answers Book, Don Batten, David Catchpoole, Jonathan Sarfati, Carl Wieland), p. 84

8. Jonathan Sarfati: Puuttuvat vuosimiljoonat, Luominen-magazine, number 7, p. 29,30,

http://creation.com/ariel-roth-interview-flat-gaps

9. Pearce, F., The Fire-eater’s island, New Scientist 189 (2536):

10. Luominen-lehti, numero 5, p. 31, http://creation.com/polystrate-fossils-evidence-for-a-young-earth-finnish / Lainaus kirjasta: Ager, D.V., The New Catastrophism, Cambridge University Press, p. 49, 1993

11.  Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115.

12. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278

13. (The Panda’s Thumb, 1988, p. 182,183)

14. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159

15. Richard Dawkins: Jumalharha (The God Delusion), p. 153

16. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

17. Charles Darwin: Lajien synty (The origin of species), p. 457

18. Darwin, F & Seward A. C. toim. (1903, 1: 184): More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray.

19. Christopher Booker: “The Evolution of a Theory”, The Star, Johannesburg, 20.4.1982, p. 19

20. L.B.S. Leakey: "Adam's Ancestors", p. 230

21. R.S. Lull: The Antiquity of Man”, The Evolution of Earth and Man, p. 156

22. Marvin L. Lubenow: Myytti apinaihmisestä (Bones of Contention), p. 20-22

23. Journal of the royal college of surgeons of Edinburgh, tammikuu 1966, p. 93 – citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?", p. 93,94.

24. Solly Zuckerman: Beyond the ivory tower, 1970, p. 90 - citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?". p. 94.