Universe bul tanna atana naturalistic hrilhfiahna tlanglawn ber chu Big Bang kaltlangin hmun ruak atanga lo piang a ni a, chu chu engmah awm lohna hmun a ni. Chumi hma chuan hun, hmun leh chakna a awm lo. He thubuai hi Tyhjästä syntynyt (Born of the Empty) (Kari Enqvist, Jukka Maalampi) emaw A Universe from Nothing (Lawrence M. Krauss) tih ang chi lehkhabu hmingte hian a sawifiah tha hle. A hnuaia quote hian chutiang bawk chu a sawina a ni:

A tir lamah chuan engmah a awm lo. Hei hi hriatthiam a har hle mai... Big Bang hma khan hmun ruak pawh a awm lo. He puakah hian hmun leh hun leh chakna leh thil siam a ni. Universe "pawn lamah" engmah puak thei tur a awm lo. A lo pian a, a zauhna nasa tak a lo chhuah tan tirh khan, universe hian engkim a keng tel a, chutah chuan hmun ruak zawng zawng pawh a tel a ni. (Jim Brooks: Näin elämä alkoi / Nunna lo chhuahna, pp. 9-11)

Chutiang bawkin Wikipedia-ah pawh Big Bang chungchang a sawi bawk. Chumi ang chuan a tir lamah chuan Big Bang a thlen a, universe a lo zau tan thlengin hmun lum leh zau tak a awm a:

Theory ang chuan universe hi kum tluklehdingawn 13.8 vel kalta khan Big Bang an tih lai khan a dense leh hot state atanga lo chhuak a ni a, chuta tang chuan a zau zel a ni.

Mahse, Big Bang leh van lam thil pianna hi a takin a dik em? Hemi chungchangah hian a hnuaia thute hi ngaihven a hlawh hle.

Thil awm lo chuan thil neih a nei thei lo va, chuta tang chuan engmah a lo chhuak thei lo . A inhnialna hmasa ber chu a hmaa quote-ah te hian kan hmu thei a ni. Khawthlang lamah chuan engkim hi engmah lo atanga intan niin an sawi a, khawthlang lamah chuan a tir lama a dinhmun chu a lum hle a, a dense hle niin an sawi bawk.

    Amaherawhchu, a tir lamah engmah a awm lo a nih chuan chutiang state chuan thil neih engmah a nei thei lo. A tlem berah chuan a awm loh avangin a lum leh dense thei lo. A awm lohna pawh hian a awm loh vang mai maiin property dang a nei thei lo.

    Kawng lehlamah chuan, awm lo chu a insiam danglam a, a dense leh hot state-ah a inthlak a, a nih loh leh tuna universe hi chuta tang chuan a lo piang niin kan ngai a nih chuan chu pawh chu thil theih loh a ni. Thil awm lo atanga engmah lak theih a nih loh avangin Mathematically chuan thil theih loh a ni. Zero chu eng number pawha then a nih chuan a result chu zero a ni fo thin. David Berlinski, chuan he thupuiah hian a dinhmun a siam a: 

”Thil pakhat chu engmah lo atanga lo piang chhuak a ni tih sawi hi awmzia a nei lo, chutih lai chuan Mathematician tu pawhin hei hi thil awm lo tak a ni tih a hriatthiam laiin” (Ron Rosenbaum: ”Is the Big Bang Just a Big Hoax? David Berlinski Challenges Everyone.” New York Observer 7.7.1998 )

Energy awm lo se chuan engmah a puak thei lo . A hmaa quote pakhatah chuan a tir lamah chuan energy a awm lo tih a sawi a, chutiang bawkin material pawh a awm lo tih a sawi bawk.

    Hetah hian inhnialna dang a awm a, a chhan chu thermodynamics dan tlangpui hmasa ber chuan, "Energy hi siam emaw tihchhiat emaw theih a ni lo va, form pakhat atanga form dang a inthlak mai mai a ni," a ti a ni.

     Phên dangin sawi ila, a tir lamah ngei pawh chakna a awm lo a nih chuan, a mah chauhin a lo chhuah theih loh avangin khawi atanga lo chhuak nge chakna chu? Kawng lehlamah chuan chakna tlakchhamna hian eng puak thei pawh a veng thei a ni. Bomb puak chu a thleng thei ngai lo.

A tir lama a dinhmun chu a dense hle a nih chuan a puak thei lo . A hmaa kan sawi tawh khan engkim hi a dense leh hot state atanga lo chhuak a ni tih ngaihdan a sawi a, chu chu universe matter zawng zawng chu hmun tenau tak takah a dah khawm vek a ni. Black holes ang bawkin singularity nen tehkhin a ni tawh bawk.

    Hetah pawh hian inhnialna a awm a. Black holes hi sawifiah a nih chuan an zinga engmah lo chhuak thei lo, êng, electromagnetic radiation leh engmah lo chhuak thei lo khawpa dense an ti a ni. Chu chu nature hian chakna bulpui pali nei anga ngaih a ni a, chungte chu gravity, electromagnetic force, leh nuclear force chak leh chak lo te an ni. Gravity hi an zinga chak lo ber nia ngaih a ni a, mahse mass a awm tawk a nih chuan force dangin engmah an ti thei lo. Hei hi black holes-ah pawh a awm ngei rin a ni.

     Chuta tang chuan eng nge thutlukna siam theih? Black holes hi a tak tak anga ngaih a nih a, chuta tang chuan a mass lian tak avangin engmah a chhuak thei lo a nih chuan, engtin nge a rualin a bul tanna dinhmun anga ngaih, black hole aiin a den zawk tur a nihna atanga puak chu a dik theih ang? Pathian awm ring lote hian anmahni an inhnial nasa hle.                                                         

Bomb puak hian order a siam lo . Engkim karah pawh a thleng thei a nih chuan puakruk ngei pawh hi engtin nge ni ang? Bomb puak hian chhiatna tih loh chu thil dang a thlen dawn em ni? Hei hi i enchhin theih tur thil a ni. Explosive charge dah a nih chuan eg. solid sphere chhungah chuan chuta tang chuan engmah siam a ni lo. Ball chi hrang hrang chauh chu meter engemaw zat radius chhungah a darh a, mahse thil dang a thleng lo. Amaherawhchu, universe pumpui hi galaxy mawi tak tak te, arsi te, planet te, thla te bakah nunna te nen a inrual hle a ni. Chutiang system complex leh functional chu eng puak pawhin a siam lo va, chhiatna leh chhiatna a thlen chauh a ni.

Hmun tlemte atanga lo chhuak vek ? Sawi tawh angin Big Bang theory-ah chuan engkim hi infinitesimally small space atanga lo piang a ni tih ngaihdan a awm. Galaxy maktaduai tam tak, arsi maktaduai tam tak ni tur a ni a, mahse ni, planet, lung leh thil nung sakeibaknei ang chi, ngaihtuahna nei mi, sava chir ri, pangpar mawi tak tak, thing lian tak tak, hnim hring, sangha leh an chhehvel tuipui, banana leh strawberry thlum tha tak tak, etc. te pawh ni se, heng zawng zawng hi pinhead aia hmun tenau zawk atanga lo chhuak vek tur a ni. Hei hi he standard theory-ah hian ngaihtuah a ni.

     He thil hi mi pakhatin matchbox a kuta a keng a, chutah, “He matchbox hi ka kuta i hmuh hian a chhung atang hian arsi maktaduai za tam tak, ni lum tak, thil nung, ui, sava, sakeibaknei, thing, sangha leh an chhehvela tuipui, strawberry tha tak tak leh pangpar mawi tak tak te hi a lo thleng dawn tih i ring thei ang em? Ni e, thudik ka sawi tih hi i ring mai tur a ni a, heng thil ropui zawng zawng hi he matchbox atang hian a lo chhuak thei vek a ni!”

     Mi pakhatin a hmaa inhnialna kha a rawn sawi che a nih chuan engtin nge i awm ang? Tlem chuan mak deuhah i ngai ang em? Mahse, Big Bang theory pawh chutiang bawk chuan mak a ti hle. A zawng zawng hi match box khat aia te zawk pawha intan niin a ngai. Pathian awm ring lo scientist-te’n heng theory zawng zawng hi ring lo mah ila, Pathian thilsiam hnathawh hi kan vawng tlat a, chu chu van lam thil leh nunna awm dan sawifiahna tha ber a ni tih a chiang hle a nih chuan fing takin kan che niin ka hria.

    Astronomer tam tak pawhin big bang theory hi an sawisel nasa hle. Science tak tak nen a inkalhin an hmu a:

Data thar hi theory-in Big Bang-cosmology tichhe thei khawpa a sawi lawk nen a danglam tawk a ni (Fred Hoyle, The Big Bang in Astronomy, 92 New Scientist 521, 522-23 / 1981)

Cosmologist hlui ka nih angin tuna observational data hian universe bul tanna chungchanga theory hrang hrangte chu a titawp tih ka hmu a, chubakah Solar System bul tanna chungchanga theory tam tak pawh a titawp bawk. (H. Bondi, Lehkha, 87 Scientist thar 611 / 1980)

Big bang hypothesis hi a dik leh dik loh chungchangah sawihona a tlem hle tih chu mak tak mai a ni... a dodaltu thil hmuhchhuah tam tak chu ngaihdan dik lo tam tak hmanga sawifiah a ni emaw, ngaihthah mai a ni emaw. (mi hmingthang H. Alfven, Cosmic Plasma 125 / 1981) a ziak a ni.

Physicist Eric Lerner: ”Big Bang hi thawnthu ngaihnawm tak mai a ni a, chu chu chhan engemaw tak avangin vawn reng a ni ” (Eric Lerner: A Startling Refutation of the Dominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe, The Big Bang Never Happened, NY: Times Books, 1991).

“Big Bang theory hi rinhlelhna dik lo pung zel - kan hmuh ngai loh thilte a innghat a ni. Heng zingah hian inflation, dark matter leh dark energy te hi hriat lar ber an ni. An tel lo chuan astronomer-te thil hmuhchhuah leh a tir lama puak thei theory-a sawi lawkte inkarah hian inhnialna nasa tak a awm ang,” tiin a sawi. (Eric Lerner leh ram hrang hrang 10 atanga scientist dang 33 te, Bucking the Big Bang, New Scientist 182(2448):20, 2004; www.cosmologystatement.org , 1 April 2014-a hmuh chhuah.)

Gas hi van lam thilah a inzawm khawm lo . Ngaihtuahna chu Big Bang hnu hun engemaw chen chu hydrogen leh helium siam a ni a, chuta tang chuan galaxy leh arsi te chu an inzawm khawm ta a ni.

     Mahse, hetah pawh hian physics dante chu bawhchhiat a ni. Free space-ah chuan gas hi a condense ngai lo va, space thuk zawkah chauh a darh a, a insem darh vek a ni. Hei hi sikul zirlai bu-a zirtirna bulpui ber a ni. A nih loh leh gas kha compress i tum chuan a temperature a sang a, temperature a san chuan gas chu a tizau leh ta a ni. Vanram pianchhuahna a veng a ni.

    Big bang theory sawiseltu leh ring lo Fred Hoyle pawhin heti hian a sawi bawk: "Expanding matter hian engmah a tawk thei lo va, expansion tawk hnuah activity zawng zawng a tawp vek a ni" (The Intelligent Universe: A New View of Creation and Evolution - 1983).

     A hnuaia comment-te hian scientist-te hian galaxy leh arsi lo chhuahna chungchangah chhanna an nei lo tih a tilang lehzual a ni. Lehkhabu lar tak tak emaw, TV show-ah emaw chuan heng van taksate hi anmahni chauha piang an nih thu sawi nawn fo mah se, chu chu finfiahna a awm lo. Chutiang harsatna chu van lam thil awmzia sawifiahna naturalistic chauh zawnga Pathian thil siam hnathawh chu hnawl a, chu chu finfiahnain chiang takin a kawhhmuh hian a tawk a ni: 

Galaxy siamtu kalphung hi kan hrethiam tak zet tih hi sawi ka duh lo. Galaxy pian dan chungchanga theory hi astrophysics lama harsatna lian ber, chinfel loh zinga mi a ni a, tun thlengin a chinfelna tak tak atanga hla takah kan la awm niin a lang. (Steven Weinberg, Kolme ensimmäistä minuuttia / Minute thum hmasa ber, p. 88)

Lehkhabuah hian thawnthu rilru dik tak anga inhriatna a khat a, mahse thudik vanduaithlak tak chu kan hre lo, galaxy te hi engtin nge an lo pian tih hi a ni. (L. John, Cosmology Now 85, 92 / 1976-ah a ziak a ni)

Mahse, buaina lian tak chu engtin nge engkim hi a lo awm? Engtin nge a tir lama galaxy lo pian chhuahna gas chu a lo awm khawm a, arsi pian dan leh cosmic cycle lian tak chu a tan tir? (...) Chuvangin, universe homogenous material chhunga condensation thlentu physical mechanism kan zawng a ngai a ni. Hei hi thil awlsam tak angin lang mahse a nihna takah chuan harsatna thuk tak tak a thlen thin. (Malcolm S. Longair, Räjähtävä maailmankaikkeus / Kan khawvel lo pian chhuahna, p. 93)

An (galaxy) lo awm dan hi tumahin an sawifiah lo hi a zahthlak zawk... Astronomer leh cosmologist tam zawk chuan galaxy siam dan chungchangah hian theory lungawithlak tak a awm lo tih tlang takin an pawm a ni. Phên dangin sawi ila, universe-a thil pawimawh tak pakhat chu sawifiah theih loh a ni. (W. R. Corliss: Astronomical Anomalies, Arsi, Galaxies, Cosmos, p. 184, Sourcebook Project, 1987-a thil thlengte chanchin ziakna (Catalog)

Heta thil hlauhawm tak chu arsi awm tih hi kan zingah tumahin kan hre hmasa lo a nih chuan, frontline research hian arsi pian theih ngai loh chhan rintlak tak tak tam tak a pe ang,” tiin a sawi. (Neil deGrasse Tyson, Black Hole-a thihna: Leh Cosmic Quandaries dangte, p. 187, W. W. Norton & Company, 2007)

Abraham Loeb: “Thudik tak chu arsi siam dan hi a bulpui level-ah kan hrethiam lo.” (Marcus Chown-a thuziak Let there be light , New Scientist 157(2120):26-30, 7 February 1998 atanga lak chhuah)

Solar system, ni, planet leh thla lo pian dan hi engtin nge ni ang? Gas cloud pakhat atanga lo piang an ni tih ngaihdan a awm a, mahse rinhlelhna mai a ni. Scientist-te chuan ni, planet leh thla te hian bul tanna an nei tih an pawm a - chutiang a nih loh chuan an chhungril chakna te chu hun kal zelah a tawp tawh ang - mahse an pian chhan an zawn hian suangtuahna lam an pan a ngai a ni. Pathian thilsiam hnathawh an hnial hian, chu ai chuan heng van taksa pianna chungchangah hian naturalistic explanation engemaw zat zawng turin an nawr luih a ni.

    Mahse, chutah chuan kawng thim tak an tawk a, a chhan chu planet, thla leh ni awm dan hi a danglam vek a ni. Engtin nge gas cloud pakhat atanga lo chhuak, an composition a inang lo vek a nih chuan? Entirnan, planet thenkhat chu element light atanga siam niin, thenkhat erawh chuan element rit zawk an nei thung.

    Scientist tam tak chuan an rinawm tawk a, tuna naturalistic theory awm mek, solar system lo chhuahna chungchangah hian harsatna a awm tih an pawm a ni. A hnuaiah hian an comment thenkhat tarlan a ni. Heng comment-te hian Pathian tel lova khawvel nung lo zawng zawng hi a mah chauhva lo chhuahna sawifiah chu zawhna awm thei a nihzia a tilang chiang hle. Hemi kawngah hian history ziak thar lehna tur chhan tha tak a awm lo. Pathian thilsiam hnathawh rin hi a awmzia a awm zawk.

Pakhatnaah chuan kan Ni atanga matter inlakhran, chutiang planet kan hriatte chu a siam thei lo tak zet tih kan hmu a. Thubuai siam dan chu a dik lo tak zet ang. He inthlauhna dang pakhat chu Ni hi a pangngai [van taksa angin] a ni a, mahse leilung hi a mak a ni. Arsi inkara gas, leh arsi tam zawk hi Ni ang chiah chiah a ni a, lei erawh a ni lo. Cosmological perspective atanga thlir chuan – tuna i thutna pindan hi thil dik lo hmanga siam a ni tih hriatthiam a ngai. Nang hi rarity i ni a, cosmological composer pakhat complilation i ni. (Fred C. Hoyle, Harper-a chanchinbu, April 1951)

Tunlai hian astrophysics hian nasa takin hma a sawn tawh a, solar system lo chhuahna chungchanga theory tam tak chu a lungawithlak lo hle. Scientist-te chuan a chipchiar zawngah an la inrem lo. Theory pawm tlanglawn tak tak hmuh tur a awm lo. (Jim Brooks, Näin alkoi elämä , p. 57 / Nunna lo chhuahna)

Solar system lo chhuahna chungchanga hypothesis tarlan zawng zawng hian inmil lohna lian tak a nei vek a ni. Thutlukna chu, tun dinhmunah chuan, solar system hi a awm thei lo tih hi a ni berin a lang. (H. Jeffreys, Leilung: A lo chhuahna, a chanchin leh a taksa dan , 6 ^th edition, Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 387)

Engtin nge nunna pianna hi a mah chauhin i dik tih i sawi?

A chungah hian non-organic khawvel leh a lo chhuahna chauh kan sawi tawh a ni. Pathian awm ring lo scientist-te chuan universe leh van lam thilte lo chhuahna chungchanga anmahni theory chu an dik thei lo tih sawi a ni. An theory te hi physical law leh practical observation nen a inkalh a ni.

    Heta tang hian organic khawvel lam pan chu a tha a, chu chu khawvel nung nena inhmachhawn hi a ni. Kum tluklehdingawn 3-4 kalta khan tuikhuah emaw tuipui lum emaw takah nunna hi a lo piang chhuak tih min hrilh fo thin.

    Mahse, hetah pawh hian he ngaihdanah hian buaina a awm a, chu chu tu mahin nunna lo pian chhuahna hi an hmu ngai lo. Tuman an la hmu lo a, chuvangin naturalistic theory hmasa te ang bawka buaina a ni. Mite chuan nunna pianna buaina chu chinfel a ni tawh tih ngaihdan an nei thei a, mahse he lem hi a bulpui mumal tak a awm lo: Hei hi duhthusam a ni a, science-a innghat thil hmuhchhuah a ni lo.

    Nunna hi a takin a lo piang tih ngaihdan pawh hi science lam hawi chuan buaina a ni. Practical observation chu nunna hi nunna atanga lo piang chauh a ni a, he dan atanga exception pakhat mah hmuh tur a awm lo . Cell nung chauhvin cell thar siamna atana in sakna hmanrua a siam thei a ni. Chutiang chuan nunna hi amah chauha lo piang chhuak a nih thu an rawn tarlan hian science tak tak leh thil hmuh chhuah tak tak (practical observations) dodalna a ni.

    Scientist tam tak chuan he harsatna lian tham tak hi an pawm a ni. Nunna lo pian chhuahnaah hian chinfelna an nei lo. Leia nunna hian bul tanna a nei tih an pawm a, mahse Pathian thilsiam hnathawh an pawm loh avangin he thu-ah hian deadlocked an ni. Hemi chungchanga comment thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni: 

Thui zawka kal a, hrilhfiahna pawm theih awmchhun chu thil siam a ni tih kan pawm a ngai niin ka hria. He ngaihdan hi physicist-te’n an hnawl tawh tih ka hria a, a nihna takah chuan keimah pawhin an hnawl tawh tih ka hria a, mahse experimental evidence-in a thlawp chuan kan duh loh vang mai maiin kan hnawl tur a ni lo. (H. Lipson, "Physicist pakhatin evolution a thlir", Physics Bulletin, 31, 1980)

Scientist-te chuan nunna hi thil siam atanga lo piang a ni tih ngaihdan hi an dodal lo. (Robert Jastrow: The Enchanted Loom, Khawvel pum huap rilru, 1981)

Kum 30 chuang zet chemical leh molecular evolution lama experiment an neihnaah chuan nunna bul tanna nena inzawm buaina chu a chinfelna aiin a lian zawk tih a lang chiang hle. Tunah chuan a bul berah chuan theory leh experiment inzawmte chauh sawiho a ni a, an drift into dead end, a nih loh leh hriat lohna chu pawm a ni (Klaus Dose, Interdisciplinary Science Review 13, 1988)

Planet Earth-a nunna chanchin thuk tak, nunna lo pian chhuahna leh kan chhehvela biology lo lang chhuaktu a lo pian dan stage hrang hrangte kan hriatte chu inzawmkhawm tumnaah hian, thil chiang lo takin a khuh tih kan pawm a ngai a ni. He planet-a nunna hi engtin nge a lo intan tih kan hre lo. Engtikah nge a intan tih chiang takin kan hre lo va, eng dinhmunah nge a awm tih pawh kan hre lo. (Harvard University-a Professor Andy Knoll-a) (1) .

A hnuaia quote pawh hi thupui nen a inzawm tlat a ni. Stanley Miller-a chanchin a sawi a, a dam chhung zawng khan interview an nei a ni. Nunna lo pian chhuahna nena inzawm thil enchhinna a neih avangin a hmingthang hle a, chu chu sikul leh science lehkhabu phek phek-ah a lo lang nawn fo tawh a, mahse heng experiment-te hian nunna lo pian chhuahna nen hian inzawmna a nei lo. J. Morgan chuan Miller-a’n nunna lo pian chhuahna chungchanga rawtna zawng zawng chu a mah chauhva thu bengchheng emaw, paper chemistry emaw anga a hnawlsakna interview pakhat a sawi nawn leh a. He paper chemistry pawl hian kum sawm tam tak kalta a Miller-a ngeiin a experiment te pawh a huam tel a, a thlalak te hian school zirlaibu te chu a chei mawi hle a ni:

Nunna lo pian chhuahna chungchanga rawtna zawng zawng chu a ngaihsak lo va, “nonsense” emaw “paper chemistry” emaw anga ngaih a ni. Hypothesis thenkhat chu a hmusit em em a, chutiang chungchanga a ngaihdan ka zawh chuan a lu a thing mai a, a thaw chhuak nasa hle a, a nuihzatthlak hle bawk – mihring chi hrang hrangte rilru natna chu hnawl tum ang mai a ni. Scientist-te chuan engtikah nge nun a lo intan tih leh engtin nge a lo intan tih chiang takin an hre ngai lo mai thei tih a pawm a ni. “Science pangngai nena danglamna chiang tak, historical event chungchang sawiho kan tum a ni”, tiin a sawi. (2) .

Pathian awm ring lo scientist tumahin nunna lo chhuahna chungchang engmah hre lo mah se, approx. Kum tluklehdingawn 4 kalta khan. "Simple primitive cell" atanga intan niin an ngai a, chu chu a dik tih finfiah a harsa hle a, a chhan chu tunlai cell te pawh hi a buaithlak hle a, information tam tak a awm a ni.

    Engpawh ni se, evolution theory leh kum maktaduai tam tak kan vawng tlat chuan, ngaihthah harsa tak tak buaina lian dang dang a lo chhuak a ni.

     Harsatna lian ber pakhat chu Cambrian explosion an tih hi a ni. Chumi awmzia chu rannung structural type zawng zawng, a nih loh leh main group zawng zawng, vertebrates te pawh tiamin, Cambrian strata-ah hian "kum maktaduai 10 chhungin" (evolutionary scale-ah chuan kum maktaduai 540-530 chhung chauh) a lo lang vek a, leia pre-form awm lovin an lo lang tihna a ni. Entirnan, trilobite mit buaithlak tak tak leh nunna chi dangte nen chuan a famkim tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Stephen Jay Gould-a chuan he thil thleng mak tak hi a sawifiah a ni. Kum maktaduai tlemte chhungin rannung lalram pawl lian ber ber zawng zawng an lo lang vek tih a sawi a:

Paleontologist-te chuan hun rei tak chhung chu an lo hre tawh a, Cambrian hunlai khan rannung lalram pawl lian zawng zawng chu hun rei lote chhungin rang takin an lo lang vek tih an ngaihtuah a... nunna zawng zawng, rannung pi leh pute pawh tiamin, tunlai chanchin hmun rukna hmun nga chhung chu cell pakhat chauhvin an awm a, kum maktaduai 550 vel kalta khan evolutionary explosion chuan kum maktaduai tlemte chhung chauhvin rannung lalram pawl lian zawng zawng a lo piang chhuak ta a ni... (3)

Eng thilin nge Cambrian puak hi harsatna thlentu? Hei hi chhan pawimawh tak pathum a awm a, chungte chu:

1. Buaina hmasa ber chu Cambrian layer hnuaiah hian precursor awlsam zawk a awm lo. Trilobites te pawh hi an mit buaithlak tak tak nei te pawh hi thil nung dang ang bawkin an inpeih tawh a, an buaithlak hle a, an lo thanglian vek tawh a, lower strata-ah pawh pi leh pute nei lovin an lang nghal vek a ni. Hei hi thil mak tak a ni a, a chhan chu nunna hi Cambrian hun hma kum tluklehdingawn 3.5 vel khan cell awlsam tak angin a lo piang niin an ngai a ni. Engvangin nge kum tluklehdingawn 3.5 chhungin intermediate form pakhat mah a awm loh ? Hei hi inhnialna chiang tak a ni a, chu chuan evolution theory chu a hnial a ni. Heng thil hmuhchhuah te hian a tir atang rengin species te chu ready-made, complex leh distinct an nihna creation model chu chiang takin a thlawp a ni. Paleontologist eng emaw zatin Cambrian puak hi evolutionary model nen a inmil lo hle tih an pawm a ni.

Simple atanga complex lama evolution hi a dik a nih chuan heng Cambrian, fully developed organisms te thlahtute hi zawn chhuah a ngai a; mahse, hmuh chhuah an la ni lo va, scientist-te chuan hmuh theihna chance a tlem hle tih an pawm a ni. Thudik ringawt atanga chhut chuan, leia thil hmuhchhuah tak tak atanga chhut chuan thil nung pawl lian ber berte hi thilsiam thil thleng nghal mai atanga lo piang an ni tih ngaihdan hi a awm thei ber a ni. (Harold G. Coffin-a, “Evolution nge thilsiam?” Liberty, September-October 1975, p. 12)

Biologist-te chuan Cambrian hunlaia rannung nunna ziarang leh a awm dan pawimawh tak lo lang nghal mai chu a titawp emaw, an ngaihthah emaw ṭhîn. Mahse, tun hnaia paleontological zirchianna chuan he thil nung lo piang chhuak nghal mai buaina hi mi zawng zawng tan ngaihthah a harsa zual hle a ni... (Scientific American, August 1964, pp. 34-36)

Thudik tak chu, paleontologist zawng zawngin an hriat angin, chi tam zawk, chi leh chi hrang hrang leh hnam level aia lian pawl thar zawng zawng deuhthaw chu fossil record-ah an lo lang nghal vek a, hriat hlawh tak, zawi zawiin inthlak danglamna (transitional form) series, a inzawm tlat, a inzawm tlat chuan an chhoh dan tur a tarlang lo. (George Gaylord Simpson: Evolution-a thil langsar ber berte, 1953, p. 360)

2. A hmaa kan sawi tawh ang chiah harsatna dang chu Cambrian hun lai, chu chu kum maktaduai 500 chhunga (evolutionary scale-a a lan dan chuan), ran pawl lian thar pakhat mah an rawn lang lo tih hi a ni.. Darwin-a ngaihdan ang chuan engkim hi cell pakhat atanga intan a ni a, rannung pawl lian ber thar lo lang reng tur a ni a, mahse a kalna lam erawh chu a kalh zawng a ni. Tunah chuan a hma aiin chi an tlem tawh zawk a; an bo vek dawn a, siamṭhat theih an ni lo. Evolutionary model kha a dik a nih chuan evolution hi a kalh zawngin a kal tur a ni a, mahse chutiang chu a thleng lo. Evolution thing hi a sir lehlam a ni a, Darwin-a ngaihdan anga beisei tur nen a inkalh a ni. Thudik chu thil siam model nen a inmil zawk a, a tir lamah chuan chi hrang hrang buaithlak leh tam tak a awm a ni.

    A hnuaia thuziak hian he harsatna hi a tilang lehzual a, chu chu Cambrian puak hnu kum maktaduai 500 chhung (evolutionary scale a zirin) chhung khan rannung pawl lian thar thar a lo lang lo a, chu chu Cambrian hma hun lai (kum tluklehdingawn 3.5) lai khan an lo lang lo ang bawkin.

Stephen J. Gould: Paleontologist-te chuan hun rei tak an lo hre tawh a, ran lalram pawl lian ber berte chu Cambrian hunlai khan hun rei lote chhungin rang takin an lo lang vek tih an ngaihtuah a... Nunna zawng zawng, ran thlahtute pawh tel vein, kum maktaduai 550 vel kalta thleng khan, kum maktaduai 550 vel kal ta thleng khan, kum maktaduai 550 vel kalta khan, kum maktaduai 550 vel kalta khan an ran vulhna hmun tlemteah chauh evolutionary explosion an lo piang a...

    Cambrian puak hi multicellular animals nun chanchina thil thleng pawimawh tak a ni. Episode kan zir tam poh leh a danglamna leh a hnu lama nun chanchin kal zel dan tur thutlukna siamtu a nihna finfiahnate hian kan ngaihven zual sauh sauh a ni. Chutih laia piang anatomical structure bulpui te chuan chuta tang chuan nun hi a thunun ta a, thil pawimawh tak tak a belhchhah lo. (4) .

Cambrian hunlaia inthlauhna hmuhchhuah te hian thil chinfel loh pahnih a siam a ni. Pakhatnaah chuan, eng evolutionary process nge thil nung pawl lian ber berte pianphung (form) inthlauhna thlentu? Pahnihnaah chuan, engvangin nge kum maktaduai 500 kalta chhung khan infrastructure hrang hrangte inkara morphological boundary chu a awm reng? (Erwin D. Valentine J (2013) Cambriad puak: Rannung nungchate siam dan, Roberts and Company Publishers, 416 p.)

Hemi hnu hian evolutionary change eng pawh lo thleng se, diversity zawng zawngah chuan, a bul berah chuan Cambrian explosion-a dinte basic structures-te inthlak danglamna chauh a ni. (A Seilacher, Vendobionta als Alternative zu Vielzellern. Mitt Hamb. zool. Mus. Inst. 89, Erg.bd.1, 9-20 / 1992, p. 19) A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a, a rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em bawk a.

3. Buaina pathumna chu, evolutionary scale leh a schedule kan zawm tlat chuan, Cambrian explosion an tih hi "kum maktaduai 10 chhung " chauh a thleng nia rin a ni. Awle, he thil hi eng nge mak tak mai? Mahse, evolution theory atanga thlir chuan puzzle tak tak a ni a, a chhan chu kum maktaduai 10 hi evolutionary scale-ah chuan hun rei lo tak a ni tih rin theih loh khawpin, chu chu approx. Leia nunna awm nia rin zawng zawng zinga 1/400 (kum tluklehdingawn 4 vel). Chuvangin puzzle chu rannung structure chi hrang hrang leh pawl lian zawng zawng hi hetiang hun rei lote chhung hian an lo lang vek a, mahse chumi hma chuan heng rannungte hi an pi leh pute an awm lo va, chuta tang chuan chi thar a lo lang lo. Hei hi evolutionary model nen a inmil lo. I beisei ang lo tak a ni.

     Chuti a nih chuan engtin nge he thu hi thilsiam lam a\angin sawifiah theih ang? Ka hriatthiam dan chuan Cambrian puak hian thilsiam a kawk a, chu chu engkim siam nghal dan a ni. Mahse, chu chuan thil nung dang, leia nungcha leh sava te chu a hnu lawkah siam an ni tihna erawh a ni lo. Chutiang chu a ni lo, mahse rannung leh thing leh mau zawng zawng hi a hun laia siam vek an ni a, leiah pawh hun khatah an khawsa tawh a, mahse ecological compartment hrang hrang (tuipui, swamp, lei, highland zone...)-ah chauh an awm tawh a ni. Tunlai thleng pawh hian mihring leh leia rannung (terrestrial mammals) te hi tuifinriat rannung te nen hmun khatah an cheng lo. Chutiang a nih loh chuan tuiah an pil nghal mai ang. Chumi rual chuan tuifinriat rannung, Cambrian hunlai aiawhtu tia sawite chu leia rannung leh mihringte angin leiah hian an nung thei lo. An thi thuai dawn a ni.

Engtin nge kum maktaduai tam tak chhung chu a dik tih i finfiah theih

Evolution theory-a background factor pawimawh ber chu kum maktaduai tam tak anga ngaih hi a ni. Evolution theory hi a dik tih an finfiah lo va, evolutionist-te chuan kum maktaduai tam tak chu evolution theory rintlakzia finfiahna tha ber niin an ngai a ni. Hun tling tak pek a nih chuan engkim a awm thei niin an ngai a: nunna lo piang leh tuna thil awm zawng zawngte chu primitive cell hmasa ber atanga rochun a ni. Chuvangin thawnthuah chuan hmeichhe naupangin rulhut a fawh hian lal fapa a lo ni ta a ni. Mahse, hun tling, chu chu kum maktaduai 300 vel i phal chuan chutiang bawk chu science-ah a chang ta a ni, a chhan chu chutih hunlai chuan scientist-te chuan rulhut chu mihringah a chang ta niin an ngai a ni. Hei hi evolutionist-te chuan hun hi thil mak tak tak an pek dan a ni, tih theih a ni.

    Mahse, engtin nge a nih? Thupui nena inzawm hmun pahnih kan en a, chungte chu lungte tehna leh deposit lo awm zat (rate of formation of deposits) te an ni. Hengte hi he kawngah hian hriat tur pawimawh tak tak a ni.

1. Lung hmanga tehna siam. Evolutionist-te chuan kum maktaduai tam tak duhtu finfiahna ṭha ber pakhat chu radioactive lung chunga tehna siam hi a ni an ti. Lungpui a\anga chhut chuan leilung hi kum tluklehdingawn tam tak a upa a ni tih thutlukna siam a ni.

    Lung hian Leilung hi kum tluklehdingawn tam tak a upa tih a finfiah em? Thuhretu an ni lo. Heng lungte hian an kum chhinchhiahna an nei lo va; an concentration chauh teh theih a ni a, chuta tang chuan hun rei tak chhunga thutlukna siam a ni. Mahse, lungte radioactivity tehnaah hian puzzle tam tak a awm a, chung zinga tlemte chu kan tarlang ang. Lung concentration hi chiang takin teh theih a ni a, mahse lungte kum nena inzawm tir chu zawhna awm thei a ni.

Lung hmun hrang hranga concentration awm zat . Ngaihtuah tur pawimawh tak pakhat chu radioactive lung hmun hrang hrang atanga result hrang hrang hmuh theih a ni a, chu chu concentration hrang hrang a ni a, hei hian kum hrang hrang a kawk bawk. Entirnan, Allende meteorite hriat hlawh tak atang hian result hrang hrang engemaw zat hmuh a ni tawh a, kum maktaduai 4480 atanga kum maktaduai 10400 inkar a ni. Chuvangin hmun tlemte takah chuan piece khat hian concentration hrang hrang a nei thei a ni. Entirna hian radioactivity tehnate a nghing zia a tilang bawk. Engtin nge lungpui hmun khata hmun khat chu a ṭhen dang aiin kum maktaduai tam tak a upa theih ang? Chutiang thutlukna siam chu rintlak a ni lo tih chu mi zawng zawngin kan hrethiam a ni. Lungte concentration hi an kum nen inzawm tir a chiang lo.

Lung thar tar hunlai . Radioactivity hmanga siam dan tur sawi dawn chuan a taka test theih a ni. Hei hi scientist-te’n lung chu a crystallization hun tak tak an hriat chuan a ni tak zet a ni. Lung chu a crystallization hun tak tak an hriat chuan radioactivity tehna chuan he thu hi a thlawp tur a ni.

    He test-ah hian radioactivity tehna hi engtin nge a kal? A tha vak lo. Lung thar atanga kum maktaduai tam tak, kum tluklehdingawn tam tak pawh teh a nih dan entir nan eng emaw zat a awm. Hei hian lungte concentration hi an kum tak tak nen hian inzawmna a nei lo tih a tilang. A tir atang khan nu element bakah fanu element an nei tawh a, hei hian tehna chu rintlak a ni lo. Entirna thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

• Entirna pakhat chu St. Helens tlang kang a puak hnua tehna an siam hi a ni - USA Washington state-a he tlang kang hi kum 1980 khan a puak a, he meialh atanga lung pakhat chu official laboratory-ah a kum hriat nan an hruai a ni. Lung chu eng kum nge a nih? Kum maktaduai 2.8 vel a ni! Hei hian kum tihfelna chu a dik lo hle tih a tilang chiang hle. Sample hian daughter element a nei tawh a, chuvangin lung dang tan pawh chutiang bawk chu a ni thei. Concentration hian lungte kum dik tak a tarlang hauh lo.

• Entirna dang chu igneous rocks (New Zealand-a Mount Ngauruhoe) a ni a, kum 25-50 kalta chauh khan tlang kang avanga lung (lava) atanga crystallized nia hriat a ni. Chuvangin a hnungah chuan mit ngeia hmutute thil hmuhchhuah chu a awm a ni.

      Heng lungte sample hi sumdawnna atana hman tur dating laboratory zah ber pakhat (Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts)-ah dating turin an thawn a ni. Eng nge a rah chhuah? Potassium-argon method-ah chuan sample-te kum hi kum maktaduai 270,000 leh maktaduai 3.5 inkar a ni a, mahse kum 25-50 kalta chauh khan lungte hi lava atanga crystallized niin hriat a ni. Lead-lead isochron hian kum tluklehdingawn 3.9 a pe a, rubidium-strontium isochron hian kum maktaduai 133 a pe a, samarium-neodymium isochron kum maktaduai 197 a pe bawk. Entirna hian radioactive method rintlak lohzia leh lungpuiah a tir atang khan daughter element a awm theih dan a tarlang a ni.

• Mihring nena inzawm thil hmuhchhuah chungchang sawi dawn chuan, heng zinga engemaw zat chu potassium-argon method hmanga hmuhchhuah a ni. Fossil bula lung chungah hian potassium-argon age determination siam a ni tawh tihna a ni a, chuta tang chuan mihring fossil kum pawh hriat a ni tawh tihna a ni.

    Mahse, a hnuaia entîrna hian he hmanrua hi a rintlak lohzia a târ lang a ni. Lung sample hmasa ber chuan kum maktaduai 220 aia tlem lo result a pe a ni. Chuvangin mihring fossil hlui nia ngaih engemaw zat chu he hmanrua hmanga tihfel a nih tawh chuan heng kumte hi zawhna siam a ngai a ni. Entîrna hmasa ber pawh khan he hmanraw hman hian lung thar kum tehna chu kum maktaduai tam tak chhûng a dik lo thei tih a târ lang bawk.

Theory-ah chuan potassium-argon method hmang hian lung naupang zawkte date theih a ni a, mahse he method pawh hi fossil tak tak date atan pawh hman theih a ni lo. Richard Leakey-a’n hmân lai “1470 Man” a hmuhchhuah chu he hmanrua hmang hian kum maktaduai 2.6 zeta upa a ni tih an rel a ni. Kum tidanglamtu Professor E. T. Hall chuan lung sample an zirchian hmasak ber khan kum maktaduai 220 zet result theih loh a awm tih a sawi. He result hi hnawl a ni a, a chhan chu evolution theory nen a inmil lo a, chuvangin sample dang an zirchiang leh a ni. Analysis pahnihna result chu kum maktaduai 2.6 "suitable" a ni. A hnu lama he thil hmuhchhuah ang chiah sample lakna atana kum bithliah chu kum 290,000 leh 19,500,000 inkar a ni. Chuvangin, potassium-argon method hi a bik takin rintlak a ni lo niin a lang a, evolution zirchiangtute pawhin a result an hrilhfiah dan pawh a ni lo. (5) .

Thiltih dan hrang hrang a inhnial chuan . Sawi tawh angin lung atanga tehna lak te chu test theih a ni. Hei hi a bul tanna pakhat chu lung thar atanga tehna siam a ni a, chu chu lungte crystallization hun tak tak hriat theihna tehna a ni. Mahse, entirnan a hmaa kan hmuh tawhte chuan heng methods te hian he test hi an pass tha vak lo tih a lang. Lung thar emaw, a thar tawk emaw hian kum maktaduai tam tak, kum tluklehdingawn tam tak pawh a pe a, chuvangin a hman dante chu a dik lo hle.

    Lung atanga tehna siam test nana bul tanna dang chu hmanraw dang, a bik takin radiocarbon hmanga tehna hmanga tehkhin hi a ni. Hei hi entirnan ngaihnawm tak tak a awm a, chung zingah chuan a hnuaia mi hi a tha hle. Radiocarbon hmanga siam thing pakhat chu kum sang tam tak chauh a upa nia sawi a ni a, mahse a chhehvel lung chu kum maktaduai 250 thlenga upa nia chhut a ni. Mahse, thing chu lung chhungah a awm a, chuvangin lung chu a crystallize hmain a awm tawh ngei ang. Thing chu a chhehvela lung crystallized aiin a upa zawk tur a ni. Engtin nge hei hi a awm theih ang? A awm thei awmchhun chu radioactivity hmanrua, a bik takin lung atanga tehna siamte hi nasa takin a tisual a ni. Thil dang tih theih a awm lo:

Report chipchiar tak kan tichhuak a, chutah chuan "kum maktaduai 250 zeta upa" sandstone-a thing pakhat emaw, tlang kang lungpui "kum maktaduai sawm chuang zeta upa" emawa hmuh chuan radiocarbon kum tehnaah kum sang tam tak chauh a dawng a ni. Engtikah nge... Geologist-te chuan tlang kang lung, historical time-a meialh atanga puak nia hriat, sample an lak a, radiometric age determination laboratory hmingthang tak takah an thawn a, chu "kum determination" chuan kum maktaduai tam tak result a pe fo mai. Hei hian kum tehna hnuaia ngaihdan awmte chu a dik lo tih a tilang chiang hle. (6) .

Entirna dang pakhat chu he thupuiah hian a chhunzawm leh a ni. Thing pakhat, lava lui kamah phum a nih thu a sawi a ni. Thingkung leh a chhehvela basalt te hian kum hrang hrang an dawng a:

Australia ramah chuan Tertiary basalt-a thing hmuh chu basalt-in a siam lava flow-ah chiang takin a phum a, a chhan chu meialh lavat nena inzawmna avanga a kang tawh vang a ni. Radiocarbon analysis hmangin thing hi kum 45,000 vel a upa nia "date" a ni a, mahse basalt hi potassium-argon method hmangin kum maktaduai 45 vel a upa tih "date" a ni. (7) .

2. Stratification rate - a slow nge rang? Kum maktaduai tam tak hnuaia background assumption pakhat chu leia layer-te chu kum maktaduai tam tak chhunga thil kalphung hrang hrangah an inzawm khawm a ni. He ngaihdan hi kum zabi 19-naah Charles Lyell-a’n a rawn chhuahpui a ni. Entirnan, Darwin-a chuan Lyell-a’n ngaihtuahna model a rawn chhuah chu a ring tlat a ni. Chutiang chuan, a lehkhabu On the Origin of Species-ah chuan Lyell-a ngaihtuahnain a nghawng dan a ziak a (p. 422): "Tupawh Sir Charles Lyell-a lehkhabu ropui tak 'Principles of Geology' – nakin lawka historian-te'n natural science lama revolution thlentu nia an hriat chian hnua hun liam tawhte hun tawp nei lo chu pawm lo chuan – he ka lehkhabu hi vawi khatah dah bo mai se a tha ang".

    Mahse, strata te hi zawi zawiin an lo piang tawh em? Charles Lyell-a’n strata hi slow process atanga lo chhuak a ni tih ngaihdan a rawn chhuah khan thil engemaw zatin hei hi an dodal a ni. Entirna tlemte kan rawn tarlang e

Mihring ruhro leh bungrua . Thil hmuh chhuah ngaihnawm tak pakhat chu lung leh carbon strata chhungah pawh mihring ruhro leh bungrua hmuh a ni tawh tih hi a ni (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt, Hänssler, 1980, pp. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men-Fact or Fallacy? Sovereign Publications, 1981 / Barnes, FA, The Case of the Bones in Stone, Desert/February 1975, p. 36-39-ah a ziak a ni. Chutiang bawkin mihring bungrua, dam ang chi pawh coal anga classified strata-ah hmuh a ni bawk. Erich A. von Frange- a chuan a lehkhabu Time Upside Down (1981)-ah chuan lungalhthei a thil hmuh tam zawk a tarlang a. Chung zingah chuan thir cube te tak te, thir hammer, thir hmanrua, nail, bell ang maia siam thir bungrua, bell, naupang hmui ruh, mihring luruh, mihring hmul pahnih, mihring ke ruh (fossilised human foot) te a tel.

   Hei hian eng nge a awmzia? Hmanlai anga ngaih strata te hi, a nihna takah chuan, kum sang tlemte chauh an upa a, an lo awm theih nan hun rei tak a la ngai lo tih a tilang a ni. Lyell-a ngaihdan chuan kum maktaduai tam tak chhunga strata pakhat leh pakhat chungah a pungkhawm thin tih hi a dik thei lo. Kum maktaduai za tam tak upa anga ngaih heng strata tam zawk hi Tuilêt ang chhiatna rapthlak takah chak takin an lo piang a, kum sang tlemte kalta chauh khan an lo piang ta a ni tih hi rin a dik a ni. Evolutionist-te ngei pawhin mihringte hi kum maktaduai sâwm emaw, kum maktaduai za tam tak kal ta a ni tih an ring lo.

Erosion a awm lo . Entirnan, Grand Canyon leh natural site lian dangte i en chuan strata te chu a chungah a awm tih i hmu thei. Mahse Grand Canyon leh hmun dangah pawh inthlauhna tam tak a awm lai hian heng strata inkarah hian erosion hmuh tur a awm em?

    A chhanna chu a chiang hle: ni lo. Grand Canyon-ah emaw hmun dangah emaw erosion hi hmuh tur a awm lo. Chu ai chuan, strata te hi an inzawm tlat a, a chungah break awm lovin an lo insiam niin a lang. Layer-te interface chu hmun tinah jagged zawk leh inthlau zawk tur a ni a, erosion hian hun rei tak chhung a nghawng a nih chuan, mahse chutiang chu a ni lo. Entirnan, ruahsur nasa tak pakhat chauh hian deposit chung lamah groove thuk tak a siam thei a, kum maktaduai tam tak chhunga leimin laka a awm tawh pawh sawi loh.

    Deposit siam dan sawifiahna tha ber chu hun rei lote chhunga lo piang chhuak a ni a, a tam berah ni engemaw zat emaw kar tlemte emaw chauh a lo awm a ni. Kum maktaduai tam tak hi a dik thei lo. Tunlai hunah pawh hian, entirnan, meter khata thuk sandstone layer chu minute 30 atanga 60 chhungin a lo awm thei tih hmuhchhuah a ni. He thupui chungchang hi a hnuaia quote-ah hian a kimchang zawkin:

   (...) Mahse, chu ai chuan eng nge kan hmuh?

    'Heng flat gap-te hian a bik takin geologic ages rei tak chhunga harsatna a thlen chu heng gap-a underlayer beisei tur erosion awm lohna hi a ni. Kum maktaduai tam tak chhunga heng gap-te postulate chhung hian, pronounced irregular erosion i beisei ang a, gap-te chu a flat vek tur a ni lo.

  (...) Dr Roth-a chuan hetiang hian a sawifiah belh leh a:

    'Layer-te flat pattern, a bik takin paraconforities tam tak hnuaia layer chunglam, tuna he bial leilung eroded highly irregular topography nena khaikhin chuan, heng gaps-te hian geologic ages rei tak chhunga harsatna an siam chu a tilang chiang hle. Kum maktaduai tam tak chu a thleng tak tak a nih chuan, engvangin nge tuna he bial topography ang hian underlayer chung lam chu a mumal lo hle lo? Geologic column atana kum maktaduai tam tak ruahman chu a thleng ngai lo niin a lang. Chu bâkah, hmun khatah geologic time a bo a nih chuan lei pum huap vêlah a bo a ni.’ (8) .

Tunlai hunah chuan Strata a lo piang nghal vat a . Charles Lyell-a zirtirna angin kum maktaduai tam tak chhung chu strata te hi zawi zawiin an lo piang tih ngaihtuah a nih chuan, a dodalna atana thil tangkai tak tak hmuh tur tlemte a awm a, chutah chuan strata te chu a lo piang nghal vat a ni. Entirnan, kum 1980-a St. Helena tlang kang puak chungchangah hian meter za chuang zeta thuk, a inzawm khawmna hmun hrang hrang a lo piang a, chu chu kar tlemte chhung chauh a ni. Kum maktaduai tam tak a la ngai lo a, mahse ni engemaw zat chhungin strata chu a chungah a pung khawm ta a ni. Thil mak tak mai chu a hnuah he hmunah hian canyon a lo piang a, chutah chuan tui a luang tan ta a ni. Hetiang kalphung pawh hian evolution scholar-te ngaihdan angin kum maktaduai tam tak a daih lo va, mahse engkim hi kar tlemte chhungin a thleng vek a ni. Entirnan, Grand Canyon leh thilsiam lian tak tak dang engemaw zat chu chutiang bawka thil rang tak atanga lo chhuak a ni tih ngaihtuah tur a ni.

    Surtsey Island pawh hi chutiang bawk chu a ni. He thliarkar hi kum 1963-a tui hnuaia meialh puak avanga lo piang a ni a, kum 2006 January thla khan New Scientist magazine chuan he thliarkarah hian kum sawm pawh tling lo chhunga canyon, gorge leh leilung pianphung dangte a lo lan dan a sawi a. Kum maktaduai tam tak emaw, kum sang tam tak emaw pawh a la ngai lo:

Canyon, ravines leh leilung chi hrang hrang, a siam chhuah nan kum sang sawm emaw maktaduai tam tak emaw a ngai tlangpui a, kum sawm pawh tling lo chhunga siam a nih avangin leilung lam zirchiangtute chuan mak an ti hle a ni. (9) .

Thingkung sei tak tak, dinosaur fossil leh strata-a awm fossil dangte chu chu strata-te chu zawi zawiin kum maktaduai tam tak chhunga lo piang a ni tih ngaihdan dodalna pakhat a ni. Khawvel hmun hrang hrang atangin thinghnah (tree trunk fossil) hmuhchhuah a ni a, chu chu strata hrang hrangah a inzar pharh a ni. France rama Saint-Etienne coal mine thlalak hluiah chuan thinghnah lungpui pangain layer sawm vel emaw a aia tam emaw chhunga pakhat theuh a luh dan a tarlang. Chutiang bawkin Edinburgh bulah pawh meter 24-a sei thing zung hmuh a ni a, chu chuan layer sawm chuang a paltlang a, engkim hian a zung chu rang takin a awmna hmunah a phurh tih a tilang a ni. Evolutionary ngaihdanah chuan strata te hi kum maktaduai tam tak upa tur a ni a, mahse engkim awm mahse thing hnah te hi heng "kum maktaduai tam tak" upa strata kaltlang hian a inzar pharh a ni.

    A hnuaia entîrna hian kum maktaduai tam tak chhûnga slow stratification-a awm reng chu harsatna a thlenzia a târ lang a ni. Thingkungte chu phum thuai a ni ngei ang, chuti lo chuan an fossil te chu tunlai hian a awm thei lo. Leilung chhunga fossil dang hmuhte pawh chutiang bawk chu a ni:

Lyell-a uniformitarianism khauh tak zir chhuak, Swansea University College-a geology professor emeritus Derek ager chuan a lehkhabuah multilayer fossil thing hnah thenkhat chu entirnan a sawi a. "British Coal Measures-a coal deposit zawng zawng thickness zawng zawng hi meter 1000 vel nia chhut ni ta se, kum maktaduai 10 vel chhungin a lo piang tawh ang tih ni ta se, chutiang chuan stratification chu constant rate-a thleng niin ngai ila, metre 10-a sei thing phum hian kum 100,000 vel a la ngai dawn a ni. Chu chu thil nuihzatthlak tak a ni ang. A danglamna chu metre 10 vela sei thing phum ni ta se." kum 10 chhungin, hei hian kum maktaduai khat chhunga kilometre 1000 emaw, kum maktaduai 10 chhunga kilometre 10 000 emaw a kawk ang.Hei hi chutiang bawk chuan a nuihzatthlak a, stratification hi a chang chuan a thleng rang hle tak zet a ni tih thutlukna siam hi kan pumpelh thei lo... (10)

Chuti a nih chuan, thing hnah leh thil dang lo chhuak rang tak hian eng nge a sawi? A sawifiahna tha ber chu chhiatna rapthlak tak thleng hi a ni a, chu chuan deposit lo chhuahna chak tak leh a chhunga fossil awmte chu a hrilhfiah vek a ni. Hei hi entîr nân, Tuilêt hunah a thleng thei a ni. Tun hma pawhin scientist engemaw zatin chhiatna an lo pawm tan tawh a, kum maktaduai tam tak chhung chu engkim hi a inthlak danglam zel tih hi thil awlsam takah an ngai tawh lo tih hi ngaihnawm tak a ni. Evidence hian chhiatna thlengte chu a thlawp zawk a, slow process aiin a thlawp zawk a ni. Stephen Jay Gould, Pathian awm ring lo paleontologist lar tak chuan Lyell-a zirchianna hi a tarlang a:

Charles Lyell hi a hnathawhna lamah chuan ukil a ni... [chuan] a uniformitarian ngaihdan chu geology dik tak awmchhun anga din tumin finthlak tak pahnih a hmang a ni. Pakhatnaah chuan a tihchhiat theih nan straw mannequin a siam a... Dik tak chuan catastrophism duhtute hi Lyell aiin experimental oriented an ni zawk hle. Dik tak chuan, geological material hian natural disaster a mamawh niin a lang: lungte chu a inthen darh a, a inher chhuak a; thil nung pum pui chu tihboral vek a ni tawh. He a tak taka lan chhuahna hi ngaihthah turin Lyell-a chuan evidence chu a suangtuahna hmangin a thlak ta a ni. Pahnihnaah chuan Lyell-a uniformity hi a jumble of claims a ni...

 ... Lyell hi thutak leh fieldwork lama knight thianghlim tak a ni lo va, hun kal tawha thil thleng nghet takah innghat theory enchanting leh peculiar tak tumruh taka thehdarhtu a ni. A thusawi thiamna hmang hian a theory chu rationality leh sincerity nen tehkhin a tum a. (11) .

Sawi tawh angin, strata tam zawk pianna tur kawng dang awm thei ber chu Tuilêt ang chhiatna hi a ni. Geological chart-a kum maktaduai tam tak, a nih loh leh chhiatna tam tak thlenga sawifiah chu chhiatna pakhat leh pakhat: Tuilêt avanga lo awm vek a ni thei. Dinosaur te tihchhiat dan te, leilung chhunga thil awm dan te leh thil dang tam tak hmuhchhuah te a sawifiah thei a ni.

    Entîr nân, dinosaur hi lungpui khauh chhûngah hmuh a ni fo va, chu lung aṭanga lungphun pakhat chauh lak chhuah nân kum tam tak a ngai thei a ni. Mahse, engtin nge lungpui khauh tak chhungah chuan an luh theih? A chhanna awmchhun chu leilung nêm tak chu an chungah a rawn lut a, chutah chuan a lo khauh ta a ni. Hetiang thil hi tunlai hian khawiah mah a thleng lo nain tuilian ang chhiatnaah chuan a theih ngei ang. Hriat tur pawimawh tak chu khawvel hmun hrang hrangah hmân lai record 500 vel hmuh a ni tawh a, chu mi ang chuan Leiah Tuilêt a awm a ni.

     He chhiatna hi Tuilêt vang bik nia sawi theihna chhan ṭha tak chu khawvel hmun hrang hrangah tuifinriat tui (marine sediments) a awm fo vang pawh a ni a, hei hi a hnuaia thuziak aṭanga a lan dan chuan a ni. Comment hmasa ber chu kum 200 chuang kalta aṭanga geology pa James Hutton-a lehkhabu aṭanga lak a ni:

Leilung (...) zawng zawng hi tuifinriat hnuaia leilung leh lunghlu inzawmkhawm, crustacean shell leh coral matter, lei leh leilung atanga siam a ni tih kan thutlukna siam a ngai a ni. (J. Hutton, Leilung chungchanga ngaihdan l, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Continent-ah chuan tuipui sedimentary rock hi sedimentary rock dang zawng zawng inzawmkhawm aiin a tam zawk a, a darh zau zawk bawk. Hei hi sawifiah ngai thil awlsam tak zinga mi a ni a, mihringin geological past-a geography danglam zel hriatthiam a tum chhunzawm zelna nena inzawm thil zawng zawng bulpui ber a ni. (J. S. Shelton: Geology lemchan hmanga tarlan)

Tuilêt a nihzia tilangtu dang chu tlang sang tak tak, Himalaya, Alps leh Andes-a tuifinriat (marine fossil) awm hi a ni. Scientist leh geologist-te lehkhabu ngei atanga entirnan thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

Beagle lawnga a zin lai hian Darwin ngei pawhin Andean tlang sang tak atangin fossilized seashells a hmu a. Chu chuan, tuna tlang an nihna hi hmân laiin tui hnuaiah a awm tih a tilang a ni. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Evolution hi a dik chhan], p. 127)

Tlâng tlâng hmuna lungte awm dân bulpui ngun taka en chhan a awm a. Alps tlangah hmuh tur a awm ber a, hmar lam lime Alps-ah te, Helvetian zone an tih maiah te hmuh a ni ber. Limestone hi lungpui ber a ni. Heta lungpui hi tlang chhip emaw, tlang chhip emaw kan en hian - chutah chuan chhoh theihna chakna kan neih chuan - a tawpah chuan a chhungah hian rannung hnuhma, rannung ruhro (fossilized animal remains) kan hmu ang. An chhe nasa hle fo a mahse hriat theih tur piece hmuh theih a ni. Chu fossil zawng zawng chu lime shell emaw tuifinriata thil nung ruhro emaw an ni. Chumi zingah chuan spiral-threaded ammonites a awm a, a bik takin double-shelled clams tam tak a awm bawk. (...) Chhiartute chuan hetah hian tlangram hian tuikhuah tam tak a keng tel tih hi eng nge a awmzia tih an ngaihtuah mai thei a, chu chu tuifinriat hnuaiah pawh stratified-a hmuh theih a ni. (p. 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola) tih a ni.

Kyushu-a Japanese University atanga Harutaka Sakai hian kum tam tak chhung chu Himalayan tlangah heng tuipui fossil te hi a zirchiang tawh a ni. Amah leh a pawlte chuan Mesozoic hunlai aquarium pum pui an list a. Tuna sea urchin leh starfish te nena inzawm, fragile sea lilies te hi tuipui atanga kilometer thum aia sang lung bang ah te hmuh tur a awm a ni. Tlang lungpuiah hian Ammonites, belemnites, corals leh plankton te hi fossil angin hmuh tur a awm (...)

   Kilometer hnih vela sangah chuan geologist-te chuan tuifinriat ngeiin a hnutchhiah hnuhma an hmu a. A lungpui (wave-like rock surface) hi tui hniam thlipui atanga sand-a awm reng form te nen a inmil a ni. Everest tlang chhip atang pawhin limestone sen hring (yellow strips of limestone) hmuh tur a awm a, chu chu tuipuiah chuan tui hnuaia rannung chhiar sen loh hnuhma atanga lo chhuak a ni. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta", p. 55-ah hian a langsar hle.

Engtin nge khawvela kum maktaduai tam tak chhunga nunna awm hi i dik tih i sawi?

A chungah hian thil pahnih, kum maktaduai tam tak chhunga hun hman dan finfiahna atana hman, sawi chhuah a ni a, chungte chu radioactive lung tehna leh stratification rate tehna a ni. An pahnih hian hun rei tak chhung chu a dik tih an finfiah lo tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Lung chunga tehna siam chungchanga buaina chu lung thar tak takah hian fanu element a awm tawh a, chuvang chuan a upa tawh angin a lang. Strata hian kum maktaduai tam tak a kawk lo bawk a, a chhan chu mihring thil, mihring ruhro (fossil human remains) pawh hi hmân lai anga ngaih strata-ah hmuh a nih vang a ni a, tûn laiah pawh strata chu a chungah a pung chak hle tih finfiahna a awm a ni. Kum maktaduai tam tak chu heng thudikte a\ang hian zawhna siam a awlsam hle.

    Leia nunna lo lan dan hi engtin nge ni ang? Nature program-ah te, sikul lehkhabuah te leh hmun dangah te hian khawvelah hian kum maktaduai za tam tak chhung nunna buaithlak tak tak a awm tawh tih min hrilh nawn fo thin. He ngaihdan hi rin tlak a ni em? Hemi chungchangah hian a hnuaia thute hi i ngaihven tur a ni:

Fossil kum hi tumahin an hre thei lo . Pakhatnaah chuan fossil-te hi ngaihven a ngai a ni. Nun kal tawha la awm chhun an ni a, thil dang kan nei lo.

     Mahse, an kum dik tak chu fossil atang hian hriat theih a ni em? Fossil dang chu a dang aiin a upa zawk emaw, a naupang zawk emaw tih hriat theih a ni em? A chhanna chu a chiang hle: hei hi chhui chhuah theih a ni lo. Lei atanga fossil eng emaw laih chhuah a nih chuan, eg, dinosaur ruh emaw, trilobite fossil emaw, a kum leh leia a dam lai record a awm lo. Chuta tang chuan chutiang thu chu kan hmu thei lo. Fossil la chhuak apiangin hei hi an hre thei. (Eg cave painting-ah pawh chutiang bawk chu a ni. Researcher thenkhat chuan kum sang tam tak upa niin an ngai mai thei a, mahse anmahni ngei pawhin chutiang chhinchhiahna chu an lantir lo. A takah chuan kum sang tlemte chauh an ni thei.)

    Engkim awm mah se, evolution theory-a ngaihdan bulpui pakhat chu heng kumte hi hriat theih a ni tih hi a ni. Fossil-te ngei pawhin thu engmah sawi lo mah se, evolutionist tam tak chuan engtikah nge an dam tih an hre niin an sawi (index fossil table an tih). Khawvela ammonites, trilobites, dinosaur, rannung leh thil nung dangte dinhmun dik tak chungchangah hian thu chiang tak an nei niin an ngai a, chu chu fossil leh an chenna hmun a\angin chutiang thil chu chhui chhuah theih a ni lo.

He Leiah hian lung leh lungphun chungchang hre tawk, engti kawng mahin fossil chi khat chu chi dang aiin a bul berah chuan a upa zawk emaw, a naupang zawk emaw tih finfiah thei tur mi an awm lo. Phên dangin sawi ila, Cambrian hun laia trilobite chu Cretaceous hun laia dinosaur emaw, Tertiary hun laia rannung emaw aiin a upa zawk tih finfiah thei tak tak an awm lo. Geology hi science dik tak tih loh chu eng pawh a ni. (12) .

Lei atanga fossil laih chhuah a nih chuan mammoth leh dinosaur fossil-ah pawh buaina ang chiah hi a awm a ni. Engtin nge leia an awm dan inang lo chu a dik theih ang? Engtin nge mi pakhatin dinosaur fossil chu mammoth emaw mihring fossil emaw aiin kum maktaduai 65 zetin a upa zawk tih a sawi theih ang, an pahnih hi an dinhmun a ṭhat dan inang vek a nih chuan? A chhanna chu chutiang information chu tumahin an nei lo tih hi a ni. Chutiang lo titu chu suangtuahna lam hawiin an kal thin.

     Chuti a nih chuan engvangin nge Pathian awm ring lo scientist-te chuan dinosaur fossil chu mammoth fossil aiin kum maktaduai 65 tal a upa zawk tih an rin? Hei hi a chhan ber chu geological time chart a ni a, chu chu kum zabi 19-naah khan siam a ni a, chu chu radiocarbon method emaw radioactivity method dang emaw an lo chhuah hma daih tawh a ni a, entirnan. He hun chart hmang hian fossil te kum hi an chhut a, a chhan chu Darwin-a theory hi a dik a, khawvelah hian chi hrang hrang pawl hrang hrang hi hun hrang hrangah an lo lang tawh nia ngaih a nih vang a ni. Chuvangin nunna hi tuipuiah a intan niin an ngai a, chuvang chuan a tir lamah chuan primitive cell awlsam tak a awm a, chutah chuan tuifinriat hnuaia rannung te an lo lang leh a, chutah chuan sangha te, chutah tui kama awm rulhut te, chutah chuan rannung leh a tawpah chuan sava leh rannung te an lo lang leh ta a ni. Evolution hi hetiang hian a kal zel niin an ngai a, . tin, he thil atan hian kum zabi 19-naah khan geological time chart siam a ni a, chu chuan tûn laiah pawh Pathian awm ring lo scientist-te’n fossil-te kum an hrilhfiahna chu a tichiang a ni. Fossil-te kum zat chungchangah hian chhanna dang an nei lo.

   Chuvangin geological time chart hi evolution theory atana precondition bulpui ber, gradual evolution ngaihdan atanga siam a ni. Mahse, buaina chu, geological table dik tak finfiah thei tur fossil-ah hian zawi zawiin evolution hmuh tur a awm ngai lo. Pathian awm ring lo lar tak Richard Dawkins-a pawhin a lehkhabu Sokea Kelloseppä (s. 240,241, The Blind Watchmaker)-ah pawh hetiang bawk hian a pawm a ni: “ Darwin-a a\ang khân, evolutionist-te chuan hun kal tawha thil awm dân anga inrem, thil hlui awmte chu inthlâk danglamna tê tê, hriat theih loh, inzawm tlat a ni lo tih an hre tawh a ni . ” Chutiang bawkin Pathian awm ring lo paleontologist lar tak Stephen Jay Gould-a pawhin heti hian a sawi bawk: “Evolution zawi zawia thlirna hian engti kawng mahin a thiamna (potential competence) chu ngaihthah ka duh lo. Lungpuiah ‘hmu’ a la ni ngai lo tih chauh sawi ka duh a ni.” (13) tih a ni.

   A chunga kan sawi tak atang hian eng nge thutlukna siam theih? Zawi zawiin hmasawnna a awm lo a nih chuan geological time chart-a kum chhiar dan leh khawvelah hian hun hrang hrangah chi hrang hrang chi hrang hrang an lo lang tawh nia ngaih chu zawhna siam theih a ni. Chutiang ngaihdan chu a bulpui a awm lo. Chu ai chuan, a hmaa chi hrang hrang pawl zawng zawngte chu a tir lamah chuan leiah hian a rualin an awm vek a, mahse ecological compartment hrang hrangah chauh an awm vek tih ngaihtuah chu a dik zawk a ni, a chhan chu an zinga ṭhenkhat chu tuifinriata rannung an ni tawh a, ṭhenkhat chu leia rannung an ni tawh a, ṭhenkhat chu a inkarah an awm tawh bawk. Hei bakah hian chi thenkhat, dinosaur leh trilobites te, index fossil anga ngaih te pawh an bo tawh bawk. Chi thenkhat chu a bul berah chuan a dang aiin an upa zawk emaw, an naupang zawk emaw tih rinna tur a awm lo. Chutiang thutlukna chu fossil hmanga siam theih a ni lo.

    Fossil nung - kum maktaduai tam tak kalta a thi tawh tur thil nung, mahse tun thlenga la dam hmuh chhuah tawh te pawh hi kum maktaduai tam tak chu rintlak a ni lo tih finfiahna a ni. Chutiang fossil chu za tam tak a awm tak tak a ni. German scientist Dr Joachim Scheven-a museum-ah hian he fossil nung chi hi entirnan 500 chuang a awm a. Entirna pakhat chu coelacanth pawh a ni a, kum maktaduai 65 kalta khan a thi tawh nia rin a ni a, chu chu dinosaur te nen a thi dun lai a ni. Amaherawhchu, he sangha hi tunlai hunah nung rengin hmuh a ni tawh a, chuti a nih chuan kum maktaduai 65 chhung chu khawiah nge a inthup? Thil dang, leh a nihna takah chuan kum maktaduai tam tak a la awm ngai lo tih hi a ni.

Engvangin nge kum maktaduai tam tak kalta khan dinosaur te hi an dam loh ? Paragraph hmasa lamah khan fossil-te kum dik tak hriat theih a nih loh thu kan tarlang a. Entirnan, trilobites, dinosaur emaw mammoth emaw fossil te hi kum a inang lo tih pawh finfiah theih a ni lo. Hei hi scientific evidence a awm lo a, mahse heng chi hrang hrangte hi leiah hian a rualin an awm mai thei a, mahse ecological compartment hrang hrangah chauh an awm a, chu chu tunah hian tuipui, marsh, upland leh tlangram zone te pawh an rannung leh thing leh mau te nen a awm tawh bawk.

    Nature programme emaw, source dang emawa min hrilh nawn fo angin, kum maktaduai tam tak chhûnga leia nunna chu engtin nge ni ang? He thubuai hi radiocarbon method hmanga ngaihtuah a tha ber a, a chhan chu organic sample kum a teh theih vang a ni. Radioactive method hmanga tehna dangte chu lung atanga siam a ni tlangpui a, mahse radiocarbon method hmang hian fossil atanga direct-a tehna siam theih a ni. He thil hi official half-life chu kum 5730 a nih avangin kum 100,000 hnuah pawh a thleng tur a ni lo.

    Dinosaur te hi engtin nge ni ang? Hemi kawngah hian inhnialna lian ber chu dinosaur chungchang a ni. Mite chu an ngaihven hle niin a lang a, anmahni hmang hian leia kum maktaduai tam tak awm tawhte chu thiam loh chantir tumin an bei tawh bawk. Evolutionist-te evangelist an ni a, kum maktaduai tam tak chungchang a nih chuan a tul hunah an rawn chhuahpui thin.

   Mahse, mahse. Kan sawi tawh ang khan dinosaur-te kum tehna hi kum 1800 chhoa geological time chart an buatsaih atanga siam a ni a, vawi tam tak a dik lo tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Dinosaur te hi, entirnan, mammoth leh rannung bo tawh dangte aia upa zawk an nih thu scientific evidence a awm lo. Hetah hian kum maktaduai tam tak kalta atang khan dinosaur te hi an bo tawh lo tih leh tunlai chi tam tak chu anmahni nen hian an awm dun tawh tih tilangtu thil awlsam tlemte kan rawn tarlang a ni.

• Tunlai chi hrang hrangte hi dinosaur te nen an khawsa dun tawh a. Evolutionary theorist-te chuan dinosaur hunlai chungchang hi an sawi fo thin a, a chhan chu evolution theory ang chuan khawvelah hian rannung pawl hrang hrang hi hun hrang hrangah an lo lang niin an ngai a ni. Entîr nân, savate hi dinosaur aṭanga lo chhuak niin an ngai a, chuvângin dinosaur-te hi sava hmaah leiah an lo lang tawh ngei ang. Chutiang bawkin, rannung hmasa berte chu dinosaur hunlai tawp thleng khan leiah hian an lo lang lo niin an ngai bawk.

    Mahse, dinosaur hunlai tih thumal hi a dik lo a, a chhan chu dinosaur strata atang hian tunlai ang chiah chiah chiah hmuhchhuah a ni a: turtle, crocodile, king boa, squirrel, beaver, badger, hedgehog, shark, water beak, cockroach, bee, mussel, coral, alligator, caiman, tunlai sava, rannung. Entirnan, sava hi dinosaur atanga lo chhuak niin an ngai a, mahse tûn lai ang bawka dinosaur strata-ah hian sava ang chiah hi hmuh a ni tawh a: parrot, duck, drake, loon, flamingo, owl, penguin, shorebird, albatross, cormorants, leh avocets. Kum 2000 thleng khan tunlai sava chi hrang hrang za chuang zet chu Cretaceous strata atang hian register a ni tawh a ni. Heng thil hmuhchhuah te hi, eg Carl Werner-a lehkhabu “Living Fossils”-ah hian sawi a ni tawh. Kum 14 chhung zet chu dinosaur hunlai atanga thil hlui (fossils) te zirchianna a nei a, paleontological professional literature te a hre chiang a, leh khawvel hmun hrang hranga natural sciences museum 60 a tlawh a, thlalak 60,000 vel a la bawk. Dr Werner-a chuan heti hian a sawi:"Museum-ah hian heng tunlai sava ruhrote hi an pholang lo va, dinosaur boruak tarlanna lem-ah pawh an ziak lo. A dik lo. A bul berah chuan museum exhibit-a T. Rex emaw Triceratops emaw tarlan a nih apiangin, duck, loon, flamingo, emaw heng tunlai sava dang thenkhat, dinosaur nena strata khata hmuh tawhte pawh hi tarlan tur a ni. Mahse chutiang chu a thleng lo." Natural history museum-ah hian duck dinosaur nen ka la hmu ngai lo a ni lawm ni?Owl?Parrot?”

   A chunga kan sawi atang hian eng nge kan chhui chhuah theih ang? Vawkte hi dinosaur-te nen hian hun khatah an lo nung tawh ngei ang a, chuta tang chuan kum maktaduai sawm chuang zet a ni ang tih rinna tur a awm lo.

    Rannung (mammal) te hi engtin nge ni ang? Chhiar dan thenkhatah chuan rannung chi hrang hrang 432 tal chu dinosaur nen an awm dun tih hmuhchhuah a ni ( Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Kielan, Cifelli, RL, leh Luo, ZX, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution and Structure, Columbia University Press, NY, 2004 ) Chutiang bawkin, sakawr, bawng leh beram ruh ang chi ruh zingah dinosaur ruh hmuh a ni tawh bawk (Anderson, A., Tourism falls victim to tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus chu ngawi rengin a thi mai thei a, 1984, New Scientist, 104, 9.) , chuvangin dinosaur leh mammals te hi chu hun khatah .

   Tin, Utah Museum of Prehistory enkawltu Carl Werner-a video interview-ah Dr. Donald Burge-a chuan heti hian a sawifiah bawk: “ Kan dinosaur kan laih chhuah zawng zawngah te hian rannung (mammal fossil) kan hmu vek a. Bentonite clay ton sawm, rannung (mammal fossil) awmna kan nei a, zirchiangtu dangte hnena pek kan tum mek a ni. An pawimawh kan hmuh loh vang ni lovin, nun hi a tawi vang a ni a, rannung (mammal)-ah pawh ka specialized lo: reptiles leh dinosaur-ah ka specialized tawh a ni”. Heng chi hrang hrang enfiahna atang hian rannung chi hrang hrang atanga chi hrang hrang te chu engtik lai pawhin a rualin an khawsa a, mahse ecological compartment hrang hrangah chauh an awm tih a tarlang. A chi thenkhat, dinosaur ang chi te chu an bo tawh a ni. Tunlai pawh hian chi hrang hrang an thi mek a ni.

• Soft tissue tih hian hun rei lote chhunga awm tihna a ni . Tun hma chuan dinosaur-te hun bituk hi kum zabi 19-naa geological time chart-a kum maktaduai 65 kalta a dinosaur-te boral tawh nia rin a nih thu a sawi ber a ni.

   Dinosaur fossil te pawh hian ro rim a nam thei bawk. Evolution theory ringtu scientist Jack Horner chuan dinosaur fossil hmuhchhuahna hmun lian tak chungchangah "Hell Creek-a ruh zawng zawng hi a rimchhia vek" tiin a sawi. Kum maktaduai sawm tam tak hnuah engtin nge ruhte hian rim a chhuah theih ang? Chutiang chuan an upa tawh a nih chuan tunah chuan rim zawng zawng hian a chhuahsan vek tawh ngei ang.

    Researcher-te hian eng nge an tih ang? Kum zabi 19-naa geological time chart siam chu kalsan a, fossil-te chu direct-a ngaihtuah a tha ber ang. An chhungah hian soft tissue, protein, DNA leh radiocarbon te a la awm a nih chuan kum maktaduai tam tak chhung zawhna a ni thei lo. Fossil-a heng thil awmte hian hun rei lote chhung a awm tih a tilang. Hengte hi fossil kum tehna atana metric tha tak tak an ni.

• Dragon chungchang sawifiahna. Mi tam tak chuan mihring hi dinosaur te nen hian hun khatah kan khawsa lo niin an sawi. Mahse, mihring nunphungah chuan dragon chungchang sawina tam tak a awm a. Dinosaur tih hming hi Darwin-a hun laia mi Richard Owen-a’n kum 1841 khan a lo siam chhuak a, mahse dragon chungchang hi kum zabi tam tak chhung chu an lo sawi tawh a ni. He thupui chungchanga comment thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

Legend-a dragon-te hi, mak tak maiin, hun kal tawha rannung tak tak lo awm tawh ang mai an ni. Mihring lo lang nia ngaih a nih hma daih tawha ram awptu (dinosaur) lian tak tak (dinosaur) te nen an inang hle. Dragon te hi a tlangpuiin thil tha lo leh tichhe thei anga ngaih an ni. Hnam tin hian an thawnthuah an sawi a. ( Khawvel Lehkhabu Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, s. 265)

Recorded history a intan tirh atang khan hmun tinah dragon an lo lang chhuak a: Assuria leh Babulon khawpuia civilization hmasawnna chanchin hmasa berah te, Thuthlung Hluia Judate chanchinah te, China leh Japan thuziak hluiah te, Greece, Rome leh Kristian hmasa te thawnthuah te, hmân lai America ram tehkhin thu-ah te, Africa leh India ram thawnthuah te. A legendary history-a dragon telh lo society hmuh a harsa hle...Aristotle, Pliny leh classical period-a ziaktu dangte chuan dragon thawnthu hi thil dik takah a innghat a, suangtuahna atanga siam a ni lo niin an sawi. (14) .

Bible-ah pawh dragon tih hming hi vawi eng emaw zat a sawi a (entir nan Joba 30:29: Sakeibaknei unaupa ka ni a, bawnghnute thianpui ka ni bawk). Hemi chungchangah hian he thupui chungchanga hrilhfiahna ngaihnawm tak chu Pathian awm ring lo scientist Stephen Jay Gould-a hnen atangin hmuh theih a ni. Joba lehkhabuin Behemoth chungchang a sawi hian he sawifiahna nena inmil rannung awmchhun chu dinosaur a ni tih a sawi ( Pandans Tumme , s. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Evolutionist a nih angin Joba lehkhabu ziaktu hian fossil hmuhchhuah chungchanga a hriatna chu a hmu ngei ang tih a ring a. Mahse, he Bible-a lehkhabu hlui ber zinga mi hian ran nung a sawi chiang hle (Joba 40:15 Ngai teh, nangmahni nena ka siam behemoth; bawngpa angin thlai a ei...).

   Dragon te hi art lamah pawh an lang ve bawk (www.dinoglyphs.fi). Sakeibaknei lemte chu entirnan, indona thalngul (Sutton Hoo) leh biak in bang cheimawina (eg SS Mary leh Hardulph, England)-ah te ziah a ni tawh bawk. Hmanlai Babulon khawpui Ishtar kawtah chuan bawngpa leh sakeibaknei bakah Sakeibaknei lem a awm bawk. Mesopotamian hmasa lama cylinder seal-ah chuan dragon-te chu a kawr ang vela sei deuh vek an ni (Moortgat, A., The art of ancient Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 leh Plate A.). Vance Nelson-a lehkhabu Dire Dragons tih a nientirnan tam zawk a sawi. He lehkhabu-a thil mak tak chu dragon/dinosaur chungchanga artwork hlui te, chubakah tunlai evolutionist-te ngeiin dinosaur ruh hmanga an siam lemziak te pawh a awm a ni. Chhiartute ngei pawhin kutchhuak hlui inang lo tak takte chu an khaikhin thei a, chubakah ruh hmanga siam lemziak pawh an khaikhin thei bawk. An inanna chu a chiang khawp mai.

   Chinese zodiac hi engtin nge ni ang? Dinosaur te hi dragon an nih tak tak theih dan entirnan tha tak chu he horoscope hi a ni a, kum zabi tam tak kaltaa nia hriat a ni. Chuvangin Chinese zodiac hi kum 12 chhunga cycle-a lo lang leh thin rannung chhinchhiahna 12-a innghat a nih chuan rannung 12 an inrawlh a ni. Chung zinga 11 chu tunlai hunah pawh hriat hlawh tak an ni a, chungte chu: rulhut, bawngpa, sakeibaknei, sakeibaknei, rul, sakawr, beram, sava, vawk, vawk, ui leh vawk te an ni. Chu ai chuan ran 12-na chu dragon a ni a, tunlai hian a awm lo. Zawhna tha tak chu, rannung 11 te hi rannung tak tak an nih chuan engvangin nge dragon hi exception leh mythical creature a nih ang? Tûnkhatah mihringte nên hun khata khawsa mah se, rannung dang tam tak ang bawka boral tawh nia ngaih chu a âwm zâwk lo em ni? Dinosaur tih thumal hi kum zabi 19-na vel khan Richard Owen-a’n a lo siam chhuak chauh tih hi hriat nawn leh a tha. Chumi hma chuan dragon tih hming hi kum zabi tam tak chhung an lo hmang tawh a. 

Engtin nge evolution theory hi i dik tih i sawi?

Evolution theory hi Pathian thil siam hnathawh nen a inkalh tlat a ni. Darwin-a’n he theory a rawn chhuah hian a zawng zawng hi stem cell te tak te atanga intan niin a ngai a, chu chu kum maktaduai tam tak chhung chu a lo inthlak danglam a, a buaithlak zual sauh sauh a ni.

   Mahse, Darwin-a theory hi a dik em? Practical evidence hmanga test theih a ni. Hetah hian point pawimawh thenkhat kan rawn tarlang e.

1. Nunna pianna chu a takin a finfiah lo . Nun hi a lo inthlak danglam hma chuan a awm ngei ngei tur a ni. Mahse hetah hian Darwin-a theory buaina hmasa ber chu a awm. Theory pumpui hian a lungphum a tlachham a, nunna hi a lo piang chhuak thei lo a, a hmaa kan sawi tawh ang khan. Nunna chauh hian nunna a thlen thei a, he danah hian a danglamna hmuh tur a awm lo. He harsatna hi a bul atanga a tawp thlenga hrilhfiahna Pathian awm ring lo (atheistic model of explanation) a zawm chuan a tawk thin. 

2. Radiocarbon hian hun rei tak chhunga ngaihtuahna chu a dik lo tih a tilang . Buaina dang chu radiocarbon hi hun hrang hranga fossil leh coal-ah a awm a, chu chu kum maktaduai tam tak upa anga ngaih a ni (Lowe, DC, Problems associated with use of coal as a source of 14C free background material, Radiocarbon 31 (2): 117-120, 1989). Radiocarbon awmna hian kum sang tam tak chauh a kawk a, chu chu hmasawnna nia ngaih tur chuan hun a la awm tawh lo tihna a ni. Hei hi Darwin-a theory tan chuan harsatna lian tak a ni a, a chhan chu evolutionist-te chuan kum maktaduai tam tak mamawhna an ring tlat a ni.

3. Cambrian puak hian evolution chu a dik lo tih a tilang . A hmain Cambrian puak thei an tih hian evolution thing (stem cell awlsam tak chu nunna thar a lo ni chho ta zel tih ngaihdan) chu a dik lo tih sawi a ni tawh bawk. A nih loh leh he thing hi a sir lam a ni. Fossil data atanga a lan dan chuan a tir atang khan complexity leh species richness a inrawlh a ni. Hei hi thil siam model nen a inmil hle.

4. Sense leh organs semi-developed a awm lo . Evolution theory hi a dik a nih chuan, thilsiam zingah hian hriatna, kut, ke, a nih loh leh taksa peng dang lo piang thar maktaduai tam tak a awm tur a ni. Chu ai chuan heng taksa pengte hi a inpeih tawh a, a thawk thei bawk. Pathian awm ring lo lar tak Richard Dawkins pawhin tun thlenga zirchian tawh chi tinreng leh taksa peng hrang hrangte chu an thil tihnaah an thiam tih a pawm a ni. Chutiang thil hmuhchhuah chu evolution theory-ah chuan a inmil lo hle a, mahse thilsiam model-ah chuan a inmil hle thung:

Thil hmuhchhuah atanga thil thleng dik tak chu tun thlenga chi hrang hrang leh chi khat chhunga taksa peng hrang hrang enfiah tawh zawng zawng hi an thil tih danah an thiam vek tih hi a ni. Sava, rulhut leh rulhut chunga thla hi thlawh nan a tha hle. Mit hian a hmu thiam a. A hnah hi photosynthesis lamah a tha hle. Planet-ah kan cheng a, chutah chuan chi maktaduai sawm vel zetin min hual vel a, chung zawng zawng chuan mahni inrintawkna neiin design langsar tak, illusion chak tak a lantir a ni. Chi tin hi an nunphung bik nen an inmil vek a ni. (15) .

A hmaa a comment-ah khan Dawkins hian tumruh takin a hnial chung pawhin indirect takin intelligent design a awm tih a pawm a ni. Mahse, finfiahna chuan fing tak design a awm tih a tilang chiang hle. Zawhna inzawm chu; A thawk thei em? Chu chu engkim a thawk tha a nih chuan functional structure leh intelligent design chungchang a ni a, chu structure chu a mah chauhin a lo chhuak thei lo tihna a ni.

    Entirnan, Lahti-ah footballer Jari Litmanen lim a awm hian Pathian awm ring lo zawng zawngin a hnuaia design fing tak chu an pawm vek hi thil mak tak a ni. He milem hi anmahni atanga lo piang niin an ring lo va, a pian danah hian intelligent design an ring zawk a ni. Mahse, thil nung, a let tam takin a buaithlak zawk leh che thei, pung thei, ei thei, hmangaihnaa tlu thei, leh rilru natna dang hre thei, thil nung zingah hian intelligent design an khap tlat a ni. Hei hi ngaihtuahna dik tak a ni lo.

5. Fossil hian evolution a dik lo tih a finfiah . Fossil-ah hian zawi zawiin hmasawnna a awm lo tih tarlan a ni tawh bawk. Stephen Jay Gould-a leh mi dangte chuan heti hian a sawi: “Evolution zawi zawia inthlâk danglamna ngaih dân thiamna awm thei chu engti kawng mahin ngaihthah ka duh lo. Lungpuiah ‘hmu’ a la ni ngai lo tih chauh sawi ka duh a ni.” (16) tih a ni. Chutiang bawkin, paleontologist lar dang engemaw zatin Darwin-a ngaihdan bulpui ber ni mah se, fossil-ah hian zawi zawiin evolution a lang lo tih an pawm bawk. Fossil record a kim lo tih thubuai pawh hi hman theih a ni tawh lo. Chu chu a ni tawh lo, a chhan chu lei atang hian fossil maktaduai za tal an lai chhuak tawh a ni. He thilah hian zawi zawiin hmasawnna emaw, inkar boruak emaw a awm loh chuan leia thil awm chhunteah pawh a awm lo. A hnuaia comment-te hian intermediate form-te a awm loh dan a tarlang a ni:

Fossil material-a gap awmte hi kawng engemaw takah a inmil tih hi thil mak tak a ni: hmun pawimawh zawng zawngah fossil a bo vek a ni. (Francis Hitching, Sakeibaknei kawr , 1982, p. 19)

Tun hma chuan leia lo awm tawh rannungte fossil series-ah hian eng ang pawhin kan kal a nih pawhin, pawl lian leh phyla inkara awm tur, rannung chi hrang hrang hnuhma pawh kan hmu thei lo... Rannung lalram chhunga pawl lian ber berte chu an inzawm khawm lo. A tir atang tawh khan an inang vek a, an awm reng bawk... Rannung pakhat mah a phylum-a set theih loh emaw, pawl lian tak emaw pawh hi stratified rock type hmasa ber atang pawhin hmuh tur a awm lo... He rannung pawl lian tak takte inkara intermediate form awm lohna famkim hi kawng khat chauhin hrilhfiah theih a ni... Thudikte chu a awm ang anga lak kan duh chuan hetiang intermediate form hi a awm ngai lo tih kan ring a ngai a ni ṭawng danga sawi chuan, heng pawl ropui tak takte hian a tir aṭang rengin inzawmna inang an nei a ni.(Austin H. Clark-a, Evolution Thar, p. 189)

A chunga kan sawi atang hian eng nge kan chhui chhuah theih ang? Darwin-a theory hi fossil hmanga kan hnawl tur a ni, chu chu Darwin-a ngei pawhin chutih laia fossil data hmuh chhuah atanga a sawi ang bawkin: “ Geological narrative hi a tam emaw a tlem emaw a famkim nia ringtute chuan ka theory hi an hnawl ngei ang” (17).

6. Natural selection leh breeding hian thil thar a siam lo . Darwin-a chuan a lehkhabu On the Origin of Species-ah chuan evolution hnung lamah natural selection a awm tih ngaihdan a rawn chhuah a. Mihringin duhthlanna a siam, chu chu chi thlah dan leh chuta tang chuan rannungte hmel a nghawng theih dante chu entirnan a hmang a ni.

    Amaherawhchu, natural selection leh human selection chungchanga buaina chu thil thar an siam loh vang a ni. A awm tawh, chu chu thil hlui a\ang chauhvin an thlang \hin . Mize ṭhenkhat chu tihchak leh dam khawchhuah theih a ni a, mahse dam khawchhuahna mai mai hian thu thar a siam lo. Organism awm tawh chu a dangah a inthlak thei tawh lo.

   Chutiang bawkin, danglamna a awm a, mahse a huam chin engemaw zat chhungah chauh a awm. Hei hi a theih chhan chu ran leh thlai te hi pre-programmed a nih avangin modification leh breeding theihna a awm a ni. Entirnan, chi thlah hian ui ke sei zawng emaw, thlai lian leh te, a awm dan emaw a nghawng thei a, mahse engtik lai pawhin limit i tawk ang a, chu chu i pel lo ang. Chi thar a chhuak lo va, thu thar hriat tur pawh a awm lo.

Breeder-te chuan thlah engemaw zat refining hnuah extreme limit a thleng tih an hmu chhuak tlangpui: he point aia hmasawn hi a theih loh va, chi thar siam a la ni lo. (...) Chuvangin, breeding test hian evolution theory chu thlawp ai chuan a cancel zawk a ni. (On Call, 3.7.1972, p. 8,9-ah a awm a)

Buaina dang chu genetic poverishment a ni. Modification leh adaptation a awm zel chuan pi leh pute hmasa berte’n an neih tawh genetic heritage hautak tak tak thenkhat chu a bo ta a ni. Organisms specialize tam poh leh, entirnan, breeding emaw geographical differentiation avanga, nakin lawkah danglamna tur hmun a awm tlem zawk. Evolutionary train hian hun a duh tam poh leh kawng dik lo lamah a kal thin. Genetic heritage hi a rethei hle a, mahse basic species thar a lo chhuak lo.

7. Mutations hian information thar leh organ chi thar a siam lo . Evolution chungchang erawh chuan evolutionist-te chuan a thleng ngei tih hi an dik a ni. Evolution tih hian eng nge a sawi tum tih chauh a ni. Thil danglam leh insiamremna pangngai chungchanga zawhna a nih chuan evolutionist-te chuan an hmu tih hi an dik khawp mai. Chu chu evolutionist-te lehkhabu ngeiah pawh entirnan tha tak tak a awm a. Chu ai chuan, primordial cell -to-human theory hi tunlai nature emaw, fossil emaw-a hmuh ngai loh ngaihdan finfiah loh a ni.

    Engkim awm mah se, evolutionist-te chuan primitive cell awlsam tak aṭanga complex form-a hmasawnna sawifiah thei tur mechanism zawng an tum a ni. Hei hi pui turin mutations an hmang a ni.

    Mahse, mutations hian hmasawnna lam hawi zawngin a kalh zawngin a hruai thung. An degenerate a, chu chu hmasawnna chu hnuai lam hawiin an hruai tihna a ni. Hmasawnna hi hmasawn tir an tum a nih chuan zirchiangtute chuan information tipung thei mutations leh upward development entirnan sang tam tak an lantir a ngai dawn a, mahse hei hi a theih loh. Hrilhfiahna a awm ve tho - thla leh ke ruh a chhe, pigment hloh... - mahse information pung dan entir chiang tak erawh hmuh tur a awm lo. A lehlamah chuan mutation experiment hmangin mutant hi a bul berah chuan a hmaa awm tawhte siam a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Experiment-ah pawh hetiang mutations hi a awm leh fo thin.

   Dik tak chuan, mutations thenkhat chu, entirnan, toxic environment emaw, antibiotics tamna hmunah emaw a tangkai thei tih chu a dik a, mahse, dinhmun pangngaia a lo kir leh chuan, mutation nei mimalte chu dinhmun pangngai hnuaiah an dam thei lo tlangpui. Entirna pakhat chu sickle cell anemia hi a ni. Hetiang mutation nei te hian malaria awmna hmunah an ti tha thei a, mahse malaria nei lo hmunah chuan natna khirh tak a ni. He mutation hi nu leh pa pahnih atanga rochun a nih chuan natna hi a thihpui thei a ni. Chutiang bawkin, mutation avanga mit hloh sangha te pawh hi lungpui thim takah an dam thei a, mahse dinhmun pangngaiah erawh chuan an dam thei lo. A nih loh leh, mutation avanga thla hloh tawh rulhut te hian thlipui tleh thliarkar-ah an manage thei a, a chhan chu tuipuiah awlsam taka an thlawh loh avangin hmun dangah erawh harsatna an tawk thung.

    He hmun hre chiangtu zirchiangtu engemaw zatin mutations hian inthlak danglamna lian tak a thlen dawn emaw, thil thar a siam dawn emaw tih pawh an hnial bawk. Hei hi eg kum sawm tam tak chhunga banana fly leh bacteria te nena mutation experiment an neih atang khan a lang chiang hle. Hemi chungchanga zirchiangtute ngaihdan thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

Kan hun lai hian mutations sâng tam tak zirchian ni mah se, mutation-in rannung chu a buaithlâk zâwk tûra a thlak danglam theihna tur, structure thar a siam theihna tur, a nih loh leh insiamremna thuk tak, thar tak a thlen theihna tur thil chiang tak kan hmu lo. (RD Clark, Darwin: A hma leh a hnu , p. 131)

Kan hriat mutations – khawvel nung siamna atana mawhphurtu nia ngaihte hi a tlangpuiin taksa peng pakhat hloh emaw, bo (pigment hloh, appendage hloh), emaw, taksa peng awmsa tihpun (reduplication) emaw a ni. Engti kawng mahin organic system-a thil thar tak tak emaw, mimal tak emaw, taksa peng thar bulpui emaw, hnathawh thar bul tanna emaw anga ngaih theih thil an siam lo. (Jean Rostand, Orion-a Evolution Lehkhabu , 1961, p. 79)

Scientist-te hian information tipung thei mutations hmuhchhuahna tur network responsive tak leh zau tak an nei tih hriat a ngai a ni. Geneticist tam zawk chuan an mit an meng reng thin. - - Mahse, rinhlelh rual lohvin information siamtu tur mutation entirnan chiang tak pakhat pawh a awm tih ka ring lo. (Sanford, J., Genetic Entropy leh Genome thuruk, Ivan Press, New York, p. 17).

Thutlukna chu mutations hi evolution engine a ni thei lo va, natural selection pawh a ni thei lo, a chhan chu "primordial cell atanga mihring thleng" -theory-in a mamawh information thar leh complex structure thar a siam lo. Evolutionary literature-a sawifiahna zawng zawng hi entirnan tha tak a ni a, mahse, bacteria laka invenna, sava hmui lian leh te, insecticide laka insect laka insect resistance, sangha man tam lutuk avanga sangha than chakna inthlak danglamna, peppered moth rawng dum leh eng leh hmun hrang hranga inthlauhna avanga inthlak danglamna te chauh a ni. Heng zawng zawng hi population pakhatin boruak inthlak danglamna a dawn dan entir nan a ni a, mahse a chi bulpui (basic species) erawh chu a inang reng reng a, midangah a inthlak lo. Bacteria chu bacteria angin a awm reng a, ui chu ui angin, ui chu ui angin, etc. Modification does take place,

   Hriat tur pawimawh tak chu a lehkhabu On the Origin of Species -ah pawh Darwin-a hian chi hrang hrang inthlak danglamna entirnan engmah a tarlang lo va, basic group chhunga danglamna leh insiamrem dan entirna chauh a tarlang a ni. Entawn tur tha tak an ni a, mahse chu aia tam erawh an awm lo. "Primordial cell atanga mihringah" -theory dik tak an finfiah lo. Darwin-a ngei pawhin lehkhaah heti hian a sawi: “A nihna takah chuan, chi khat chu chi dangah a inthlak tih finfiahna dik tak ka nei lo tih leh he ngaihdan hi a dik ka tih chhan ber chu thil thleng tam tak chu chuta innghatin pawl hrang hranga dah leh sawifiah theih a nih vang a ni tih mipui hnena hrilh hi ka chau hle a ni” (18) . Chutiang bawkin, a hnuaia thuziak hian Darwin-a lehkhabu On the Origin of Species-ah hian chi hrang hrang inthlak danglamna entir tak tak a awm lo tih a sawi a:

"Species lo chhuahna sawifiahna lehkhabu lar tak hian engti kawng mahin a sawifiah lo hi thil mak tak a ni." (Christopher Booker, Times columnist chuan Darwin-a magnum opus, On the Origin of Species tih chu a sawi a) (19)

Engtin nge mihring hi sakeibaknei ang chi atanga lo piang chu i dik tih i sawi?

Evolution bulpui ber chu tuna chi hrang hrang awm zawng zawng hian stem form inang an nei vek a ni: stem cell awlsam tak. Tunlai mihring tan pawh chutiang bawk chu a ni. Evolutionist-te chuan primordial cell ang chiah a\anga lo chhuak kan ni tih an zirtir a, chu chu tuifinriata nungcha chi hrang hrangah a lo insiam hmasa a, a tawp ber atan chuan mihring hmaah chuan tunlai savawm ang chi mihring pi leh puteah a lo piang chhuak a ni. Hei hi evolutionist-te chuan an ring a, mahse, fossil-ah hian zawi zawiin evolution hmuh tur a awm lo.

     Mahse, mihring lo chhuahna chungchânga evolutionist-te hriatthiamna chu a dik em? A kalh zawnga awm chhan pawimawh tak pahnih kan tarlang ang:

Tunlai mihring hnuhma layer hluiah chuan evoltution chu a dik lo tih a nemnghet a ni . A chhan hmasa ber chu a awlsam a, tunlai mihring la awm chhun chiang tak takte chu an pi leh pute nia sawi la awmte ang chiah chiah, a tlem berah strata hlui emaw, upa zawk emaw-ah hmuh a ni tawh a, chutiang bawkin tunlai mihring ruhro chu an pi leh pute nia ngaihte aiin strata hlui zawkah a awm tam zawk a ni. Tunlai mihring hnuhma leh thil neih chiang tak takte pawh kum maktaduai za tam tak upa anga ngaih coal strata-ah pawh hmuh a ni.

    Hei hian eng nge a awmzia? Tunlai mihring hi khawvelah emaw, a pi leh pute nia sawite hma pawhin a hun lai emaw tal a lo lang tawh tihna a ni. Engti kawng mahin a awm thei lo a ni, a chhan chu thlahte chu an pi leh pute hmaah an nung thei ngai lo. Hetah hian mihring lo chhuahna chungchanga evolutionary hrilhfiahna hnialtu inhnialna chiang tak a awm a ni.

   A hnuaia quotes te hian hemi chungchang hi a hrilh chiang zawk che a ni. Scientist lar tak takte chuan tunlai mihring ta la awmte chu hmân lai strata-ah chiang taka hmuh a nih fo thu an pawm a, mahse an quality-ah chuan tunlai lutuk a nih avangin hnawl an ni. Hetiang thil hmuh chhuah tam tak hi a tam hle a ni:

LBS Leakey: “Chu mihring ruhro chu heng [Acheul leh Chelles] culture-a mi, vawi tam tak hmuh a ni tawh (...) mahse chutiang anga hriat a ni lo emaw, Homo sapiens type an nih avangin hnawl a ni emaw, chuvangin upa anga ngaih theih an ni lo tih hi rinhlelh rual a ni lo.” . (20) .

RS Lull: ... Chutiang ruhro hnuhma chu a lo lang leh fo tawh a. (...) An zinga tu pawhin, tar huna thil tul dangte – layer upa taka phum, an zinga rannung ruh lo lang leh fossilization grade inang, etc. – chu tihlawhtling mah se, physical anthropology-a thil phut phuhruk nan an tawk lo a ni, a chhan chu an zingah hian tunlai American Indian-te’n an neih loh tur taksa lan dan an nei lo a ni.”.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (21) .

Marvin L. Lubenow pawhin he thupui hi a lehkhabu Myytti apinaihmisistä (Bones of Contention) -ah pawh a ziak ve bawk . He lehkhabuah hian evolutionist-te ngeiin an hmuh chhuah fossil-te kum thliar hranna chu a khaikhawm a ni . Evolutionist literature-a report zawng zawng hmuhchhuah zawng zawng chu a tel vek a ni.

    Heng evolutionist-te kum inthliarna-ah pawh hian buaina ang chiah hi a lo awm a: leilung strata-ah hian fossil hi a inhmeh lo va, evolutionary order ruat sa awm lovin hmuh a ni. Evolution-in a phut angin an awm lo. Heng thil hmuhchhuah te hian mihring hi pi leh pute simple zawk, ape ang chi atanga lo chhuak a ni tih a tilang lo.

    Lubenow-a chuan a lehkhabuah heti hian a sawi:

   (...) A tawpah chuan kan course “Fossil Day” chu a lo thleng ta a ni. Zirlaite hian an report chu an classmate-te hnenah an share a, an fossil-te chu evolutionist-te kum leh classification an pek angin scheme-ah an dah a ni. Chu piece-te chu a hmunah an inthlak zauh zauh a, zirlaiten an hrethiam zual sauh sauh a, chu fossil-te chuan mihring evolution chu a finfiah ngei ang.

   Mihring evolution hi a dik a nih chuan, chu fossil te chu South ape atanga hun kal tawhah dah a ni ang a, Homo habilis , Homo erectus leh Homo sapiens hmasa te kal tlangin , a tawpah chuan tunlai Homo sapiens thlengin dah a ni ang(chu chu keimahni, ropui leh mawi kan ni). Chu ai chuan fossil te hi evolutionary order chiang tak awm lovin hetah leh khawiah pawh dah a ni ang. Zirlaite chuan evolutionist-te ngeiin an hun leh an classification an hmang a, mahse, an tan chuan fossil material hian mihring evolution chu a ti bo zawk tih a chiang ta a ni. Ka lecture emaw lecture series emaw eng pawh hi zirlaiten anmahni ngeiin an zirchianna angin a ngaihnawm lo ang. Mihring fossil material chungchanga thudik saruak ang maia ka sawi theih thil engmah hian zirlai te chungah nghawng lian tak a nei lovang. (22) .

Fossil-ah chuan pawl hnih chauh an awm a: savawm pangngai leh tunlai mihringte . Sawi tawh angin, evolution theory-a thu bulpui ber chu mihring hi sakeibaknei ang chi atanga lo chhuak a ni a, chuvangin history kal zelah mihring buaithlak zawkte chu khawvelah an lo piang ta a ni. He ngaihdan hi Darwin-a leh a hun laia mite ngaihdan a ni a, mahse kum zabi 19-naah chuan mihring pi leh pute nia ngaihte chu hmuh tur a tlem hle. Darwin-a leh a thawhpuite chu a hnua leia hmuh tur an awm ang tih rinna leh beiseinaah chauh an awm a.

   Tûn laia mihring ruh (fossil) zawn kawngah pawh chutiang rinna chu a awm a ni. Mite hian evolution theory-ah rinna an neih avangin mihring pi leh pute nia sawite chu an zawng a ni. Rinna hian an thiltih zawng zawng a nghawng vek a ni. A nih loh leh, ape ang chi pi leh pute atanga mihring evolution rinna nei lo se chuan an motivation chu zawn nan a tawk lo ang.

    Thil hmuhchhuahte hian eng nge a târ lan? Evolution theory thlawptute chu an flatter lo. Thil hmuhchhuah eng pawhah an inrem lo va, chu bâkah, thil hmuhchhuahah hian thil chiang tak hmuh theih a ni: a tâwpah chuan pâwl pahnih chauh an awm a: chiang takin savawm ang chi thilsiam leh mihring pangngai. He inthenna hi chutiang chuan a kal zel a, khawthlang lam sakeibaknei (Australopithecus) te chu a hmingin a sawi angin, Ardi pawh a ni a, an thluak lian zawng chu khawthlang lam sakeibaknei te aiin a te zawk a ni. (Homo Habilis hi class ambiguous tak a ni a, group hrang hrang inzawmkhawm a ni thei. A feature thenkhat chuan southern apes aiin ape ang deuh a ni tih a tilang). Chu ai chuan Homo Erectus leh Neanderthal mipa, inanna tak tak te hi mi pangngai an ni.

    Engvangin nge hetiang hian category pahnih chauha then a nih? Scientist engemaw zatin anmahni ngei pawhin khawthlang lam sakei hi mihring pi leh pute an ni thei lo tih an pawm a, mahse sakei pangngai, chi bo tawh a ni tih an pawm a ni. Hetiang thutlukna hi an siam chhan chu an taksa hi sakeibaknei ang maia lian a nih avangin leh an thluak lian zawng hi tunlai mihring thluak aiin hmun thuma ṭhena hmun khat chauh a nih vang a ni. Hetah hian comment pahnih khat kan rawn tarlang e:

Mihring leh anthropoid luruh tehkhin chuan Australopithecus luruh hi anthropoid luruh nen a inang zawk tih a chiang hle. Chutiang lo taka sawi chu dum chu var a ni tih sawina nen a inang ang. (23) .

Kan thil hmuhchhuahte hian rinhlelhna a hnutchhiah lo hle a, (...) Australopithecus hi Homo sapiens nen a inang lo ; chu ai chuan tunlai guenons leh anthropoids te nen a inang zawk a ni. (24) .

Homo erectus leh Neanderthal mipa, an in ang em em a, an thluak lian leh te, tunlai mihringte hriatrengna famkim tak takte hi engtin nge an awm ang? Tûn laiah chuan an pahnih mihring nihna finfiahna tling tak hmuh a ni tawh. Homo erectus hian lawng khalh kawngah a inhmang thei a, hmanrua pawh a siam thei a, chuvang chuan evolutionist Dr Alan Thorne chuan kum 1993 atang tawh khan heti hian a sawi: "Homo erectus an ni lo (thu dangin sawi ila, he hminga koh tur an ni lo). Mihring an ni" (The Australian, 19 August 1993). Chutiang bawkin tunlai scientist-te pawhin Neanderthal mipa hi mihring tak tak anga ngaih theih a ni tih ngaihdan an nei nasa hle. Taksa insiam dan bakah hian a chhan chu culture lama thil hmuhchhuah tam tak leh DNA zirchianna thar a ni.(Donald Johnson / James Shreeve: Lucy-i Fa, p. 49-ah hian a langsar ber a ni).

   Homo sapiens class-a Homo erectus leh Neandertal te telh tura rawtna siamtu zirchiangtu zingah eg Milford Wolpoff an tel. Evolutionary paleontologist thusawi hi thil pawimawh tak a nih chhan chu midang zawng aiin hominides original fossil material a hmu tam zawk nia sawi a ni. Chutiang bawkin, evolutionary pedigrees lama thuneitu ber nia ngaih Bernard Wood leh M. Collard te pawhin putative hominides engemaw zat chu mihring ang vek emaw, southern ape ang deuh emaw an nih thu an sawi bawk (Science 284 (5411): 65-71, 1999).

    A chunga kan sawi atang hian eng nge kan chhui chhuah theih ang? Apeman chungchang sawi hi awmzia a awm lo, a chhan chu a takah chuan mihring leh sakeibaknei chauh an awm tawh a ni. Heng pawl pahnih chauh hi an awm a, hei hi he kawngah hian zirchiangtu lar engemaw zatin an sawi tawh a ni.

   Kawng lehlamah, leia mihring lo lan dan chungchang sawi dawn chuan, Bible-in a tarlan, chu chu kum 6,000 vel kal ta a ni. Engvangin nge chutiang chu? A chhan chu hun rei zawk chhunga finfiahna chiang tak a awm loh vang a ni. Historic hriat tawh hi a takah chuan kum 4000-5000 vel chauh a ni a, chutih lai chuan rang tak leh a rualin thil ziak, in sak, khawpui, agriculture, culture, complex mathematics, bêl siam, hmanrua siam leh mihring mizia anga ngaih thil dangte a lo lang ta a ni. Evolutionist tam tak chuan prehistoric leh historical time chungchang sawi hi an duh a, mahse prehistoric time hi a awm tih finfiahna tha tak a awm lo, entirnan, kum 10,000 atanga kum 20,000 kalta khan, a chhan chu a chunga kan sawi tak building leh thil te hi chutih hunlai atang chuan chiang taka hriat a nih loh vang a ni.

   Chu bâkah, kum maktaduai hnih khat kalta khan mihring hi a lo piang chhuak a, mahse kum sâng engemaw zat kalta khan khawvêl hmun hrang hrangah a nunphung a lo puak chhuak nghal mai hi thil mak tak a ni. A sawifiahna tha zawk chu mihring hi kum sang tlemte chauh a lo awm tawh a, chuvangin in sak te, khawpui te, tawng thiamna te, nunphung te chu chutih hun chhung chauhvin a lo chhuak a, Genesis bu-in a tarlan ang hian. 

Pathian ram pawnah awm suh!

A tawp berah chuan chhiartu tha tak! Pathianin a hmangaih che a, a chatuan ramah a duh che a ni. Pathian nuihzat leh dodaltu i lo ni tawh a nih pawhin Pathianin i tan ruahmanna tha tak a nei a ni. Pathianin mi a hmangaihzia sawina a hnuaia chângte hi hrethiam rawh. Mi zawng zawngin chatuan nunna leh sual ngaihdamna an dawn theihna tura khawvela Isua lo kal dan an sawi a ni. Khawvela mi zawng zawng hian hetiang hi kan tawng thei a ni:

- (Johana 3:16) Pathianin khawvel a hmangaih em em a, a Fapa mal neih chhun a pe a, amah ring apiang an boral loh va, chatuana nunna an neih zawk nan.

- (1 Johana 4:10) Hetah hian hmangaihna a awm a, Pathian kan hmangaih vang ni lovin, ani chuan min hmangaih a, kan sual inremna ni turin a Fapa a tir a ni.

Mahse, mi chuan Pathian nena inzawmna leh sual ngaihdamna chu automatic-in a hmu em? Ni lo, mihring hian a sualte puang chhuakin Pathian lam a hawi tur a ni. Mi tam tak chuan Bible-a thuziak zawng zawngte dik taka an vawn tlatna rinna chauh an nei thei a, mahse Pathian lam hawi a, an nun pum pui Pathian hnena an hlanna kawng hi an la la ngai lo.

    Simna entawn tûr ṭha tak chu Isuan fapa tlân bo chungchânga a zirtîrna hi a ni. He mipa naupang hian sual thuk takah a nung a, mahse a pa lam a hawi a, a sualte chu a puang ta a ni. A pa chuan a ngaidam a.

- (Luka 15:11-20) Tin, ani chuan, “Mi pakhatin fapa pahnih a nei a;

12 Tin, an zînga a naupang zâwk chuan a pa hnênah, “Ka pa, ka chanvo chu mi pe rawh,” a ti a. A eizawnna chu an hnenah a sem ta a.

13 Tin, ni rei vak lovah chuan a fapa naupang zawk chu a ko khawm vek a, ram hla takah a kal a, chutah chuan a sum leh pai chu buaina nasa takin a tichhe ta a ni

14 Tin, a zawng zawng a hman zawh chuan chu ramah chuan ṭâm nasa tak a lo chhuak a; tin, a tlachham tan ta a.

15 Tin, ani chu a va kal a, chu rama mi pakhat hnenah chuan a inzawm ta a; vawk vulh turin a lovah a tir a.

16 Tin, a pum chu vawkte ei hnim hringte chuan a khat duh a, tumahin an pe lo.

17 Tin, a inngaihtuah chuan, “Ka pa chhiahhlawh rawih eng zât nge chhang tâwk leh khawl an nei a, kei chu rilṭâm takin ka boral ṭhîn,” a ti a.

18 Ka tho ang a, ka pa hnênah ka kal ang a, a hnênah, “Ka pa, vân leh i hmaah thil ka tisual a ni , .

19 I fapa tia koh tlâk ka ni tawh lo: I chhiahhlawh zînga mi angin mi siam rawh.

20 Tin, a tho va, a pa hnênah a lo kal a. Mahse, hla takah a la awm chuan a pa chuan a hmu a, a khawngaih , a tlan a, a kawngah a tlu a, a fawp ta a.

Miin Pathian lam a hawi chuan Isua pawh a nun Lal atan a lo hmuak tur a ni. Isua zarah chauhvin Pathian panin sual ngaihdamna a dawng thei si a, a hnuaia changte hian a tarlang a ni. Chuvangin, Isua chu i nun Lal ni turin ko la, tichuan sual ngaihdamna leh chatuan nunna i dawng ang.

- (Johana 14:6) Isuan a hnênah, “ Kei hi kawng leh thutak leh nunna ka ni, keimah chauh lo chu tumah Pa hnênah an kal lo.

- (Johana 5:40) Tin, nunna i neih theih nan ka hnenah i lo kal lo vang .

- (Tirh. 10:43) Zawlnei zawng zawngte chuan a hmingin amah ring apiangin sual ngaihdamna an dawng ang tih chu a hnenah hriattir rawh u .

- (Tirh. 13:38,39) 38 Chutichuan, mihringte leh unaute u, he mi avang hian sual ngaihdamna thu hrilh che u a ni tih hre rawh u .

39 Amah avângin a ringtu zawng zawngte chu Mosia Dân avânga thiam chantîr in nih theih loh thil zawng zawng ata thiam chantîr an ni.

Isua chu i nunah i lo hmuak a, i rinna, chu chu chhandamna chungchangah i rinna chu Amahah i dah a nih chuan (Tirh 16:31 "Tin, Lal Isua Krista ring rawh, tichuan chhandam i ni ang, i chhungte nen," an ti a, entirnan, hetiang hian i tawngtai thei ang: 

Chhandamna tawngtaina : Lalpa Isu, I lam ka hawi. I chungah thil ka tisual a, I duh dan anga ka nung lo tih ka inpuang a ni. Amaherawhchu, ka sualte hawisan a, ka thinlung zawng zawngin Nangmah zui ka duh a ni. Ka sualte chu I inremna zarah ngaihdam a ni tawh a, Nangmah zarah chatuan nunna ka chang ta tih ka ring bawk. Chhandamna min pek avangin lawmthu ka sawi e. Amen.

REFERENCES:

1. Andy Knoll (2004) PBS Nova interview, 3. May 2004,  sit. Antony Flew & Roy Varghese (2007) There is A God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne

2. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley

3. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

4. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

5. Sylvia Baker: Kehitysoppi ja Raamatun arvovalta, p. 104,105

6. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 34

7. Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia luomisesta (The Creation Answers Book, Don Batten, David Catchpoole, Jonathan Sarfati, Carl Wieland), p. 84

8. Jonathan Sarfati: Puuttuvat vuosimiljoonat, Luominen-magazine, number 7, p. 29,30,

http://creation.com/ariel-roth-interview-flat-gaps

9. Pearce, F., The Fire-eater’s island, New Scientist 189 (2536):

10. Luominen-lehti, numero 5, p. 31, http://creation.com/polystrate-fossils-evidence-for-a-young-earth-finnish / Lainaus kirjasta: Ager, D.V., The New Catastrophism, Cambridge University Press, p. 49, 1993

11.  Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115.

12. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278

13. (The Panda’s Thumb, 1988, p. 182,183)

14. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159

15. Richard Dawkins: Jumalharha (The God Delusion), p. 153

16. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

17. Charles Darwin: Lajien synty (The origin of species), p. 457

18. Darwin, F & Seward A. C. toim. (1903, 1: 184): More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray.

19. Christopher Booker: “The Evolution of a Theory”, The Star, Johannesburg, 20.4.1982, p. 19

20. L.B.S. Leakey: "Adam's Ancestors", p. 230

21. R.S. Lull: The Antiquity of Man”, The Evolution of Earth and Man, p. 156

22. Marvin L. Lubenow: Myytti apinaihmisestä (Bones of Contention), p. 20-22

23. Journal of the royal college of surgeons of Edinburgh, tammikuu 1966, p. 93 – citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?", p. 93,94.

24. Solly Zuckerman: Beyond the ivory tower, 1970, p. 90 - citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?". p. 94.