Ka Kahinahina

1. Na hoike no ke Kaiakahinalii

Ua ike pinepine ia ke Kaiakahina he moolelo wale no. ʻOi aku ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka manaʻo o ka evolution, ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻoʻiʻo ua hiki mai ke Kaiakahina. Manaʻo lākou he mea hiki ʻole ke uhi ka wai i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. 

   Aka, ua hiki mai ke Kaiakahinalii? Inā mākou e nānā pono i ka lepo, nā mōʻalihaʻi a me nā moʻomeheu kanaka, pili lākou i ke Kaʻi. Hōʻike lākou i ka luku nui ʻana i ka honua. Ma lalo nei, e nānā mākou ma kahi papa inoa i nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana i kēia pōʻino nui.

ʻO nā lua kupapaʻu o nā holoholona

• Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 800 billion vertebrates iwi i kanu ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Karroo ma ʻApelika Hema (ʻatikala a Robert Broom ma ka Science, Ianuali 1959). ʻO ka nui nui o kēia hale kupapaʻu e hōʻike ana ua hiki mai kekahi hanana kūlohelohe. Ua kanu koke ʻia nā holoholona. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia kēia ʻano hanana e ka luku nui e like me ke Kaʻi, hiki ke hōʻiliʻili koke i nā papa honua ma luna o nā holoholona.

• Aia i loko o ka hau o Alaska a me Siberia nā miliona o nā iwi holoholona. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo kekahi o kēia mau holoholona he mau mammals nui i hiki ʻole ke ola i ke anuanu a ʻaʻole hiki ke kanu iā lākou iho. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana mai ka puke ʻo Maailman Luonto e haʻi e pili ana. Hōʻike ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau holoholona nui i ka hohonu o ka lepo me nā mea ulu like ʻole.

ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ka hiki ke komo i ka permafrost ma Alaska a me Siberia ka nui o nā iwi a me nā ʻiʻo, a me nā mea kanu hapa pala a me nā koena ʻē aʻe o ka honua honua. I kekahi mau wahi, hoʻohui kēia i kahi ʻāpana kaulana o ka lepo. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā koena mai nā holoholona nui, e like me nā rhinoceroses huluhulu, liona pilikua, beaver, bufalo, musk, bipi, mammoth, a me nā ʻelepani huluhulu, ua pau i ka pau… ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o ka lilo ʻana i ka hau.

ʻO nā hōʻike o nā lua kupapaʻu nui nā koena o nā rhinoceroses, nā kāmelo, nā puaʻa hihiu a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe he nui i loaʻa ma Agate Spring, Nebraska. Wahi a ka poʻe loea, aia ma mua o 9,000 mau holoholona nui ma ia wahi.

• I ka makahiki 1845, ua eliia na koena holoholona ma kahi kokoke i Odessa ma Rusia, a ua komo na iwi o na bea he 100 a oi, a me na iwi lio he nui, bea, mammoths, rhinoceroses, bison, elk, iliohae, hyenas, na insectivores, rodents. ʻotters, martens a me nā alopeke. Ua hui ʻia kēia mau mea me nā koena mea kanu, nā manu a me nā iʻa (!). ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā iʻa ma waena o nā holoholona o ka ʻāina me he mea lā he mea maopopo loa ia i ke Kaiakahinalii. Pehea e hiki ai i ka i'a ke noho like me na holoholona o ka aina?

• Loaʻa nā puʻu i loko o ka nui o nā iwi hippopotamus ma Palermo, Italia. No ka mea aia kekahi mau iwi hippopotamu ʻōpio ma waena o nā mea i loaʻa, ʻaʻole hiki ke make ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe. ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o kēia mau hippos ʻōpiopio e kuhikuhi pono ana i ke Kahinaliʻi.

• Ua loaʻa nā ana i loaʻa, no ka laʻana, ma Yorkshire ma ʻEnelani, Kina, ma ke kahakai hikina o ʻAmelika a ma Alaska, kahi i loaʻa ai nā iwi o nā ʻano herbivores like ʻole a me nā mea ʻai holoholona ma nā ana hoʻokahi. Ma Yorkshire, Enelani, na iwi o ka Elepani, ka rhinoceros, ka hipopotamu, ka lio, ka dia, ka tiga, ka bea, ka iliohae, ka lio, ka alopeke, ka hare, ka lakeke, a me na manu he nui loa. i loko o kekahi o nā ana stalactite. E like me ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole e noho pū kēia mau holoholona i kekahi i kekahi.

• Loaʻa kekahi lua kupapaʻu nui ma Farani, kahi i loaʻa ai ma mua o 10,000 mau koena iwi o nā lio.

Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā ʻike ma nā hale kupapaʻu dinosaur nui. Ua ʻike ʻia nā iwi o nā haneli he mau tausani, ʻo nā dinosaur liʻiliʻi ma Belgium i loko o kahi waiho pālolo ma kahi o 300 mika ka hohonu. Ua wehe ʻia nā iwi o kahi 10,000 mau moʻo pāpaʻi ma kahi wahi liʻiliʻi ma Montana, USA, a ua ʻike ʻia nā ilina nui o nā moʻo rhino ma Alberta, Kanada. Eia kekahi, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau lua kupapaʻu liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā dinosaur ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. Malia paha ua hui pū kēia mau holoholona i ka luku hoʻokahi i loaʻa i ka honua i ka manawa like.

   Hōʻike ʻia kekahi hiʻohiʻona ma ka puke The Age of Dinosaur e ka mea ʻepekema evolutionary kaulana ʻo Björn Kurten. Ua haʻi ʻo ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau mōʻalihaku o nā dinosaur i kahi kūlana ʻauʻau me ko lākou mau poʻo i wili i hope, me he mea lā i kahi hakakā make.

ʻO nā mōʻalihaʻi kumu lāʻau, he nui nā mea i ʻāwili ʻia a i luna i lalo . Ma mua, ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku o nā kumu lāʻau mai nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua, aia i loko o ka honua a hoʻonui i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo kēia mau kumu a me nā lāʻau hoʻokahi wale nō ʻōpala nui i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻōpala, nā iwi a me ka ʻōpala. Hiki paha i ko lākou aʻa ke kua i lalo, he hōʻike ia o kekahi hanana pōʻino. I mea e hānau ʻia ai a mālama ʻia nā mōʻalihaku kumu lāʻau, pono e kanu ʻia i loko o nā papa lepo a puni iā ​​​​lākou me ka wikiwiki loa - inā ʻaʻole ʻaʻohe mau mōʻalihaku i koe.

Ke kumu o nā mōʻalihaku . ʻO nā mōʻalihaku i loko o ka honua kahi hōʻike ikaika o ke Kaʻina. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke kumu o nā mōʻalihaku o ka lepo ma muli o ka kanu ʻana o ka lepo i kekahi mea kanu a me nā holoholona i make koke. Inā ʻaʻole hiki koke kēia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia nā mōʻalihaku, no ka mea, inā ʻaʻole, ua hoʻopōʻino nā bacteria a me nā scavengers iā lākou i ka manawa pōkole. He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā mōʻalihaku i kēia manawa. Ua ʻike ka mea mākaʻikaʻi kaulana ʻo Nordenskiöld, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koena kahiko o nā moʻo nunui ma Spitzbergen ma mua o nā sila i kanu ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻoiai he mau miliona o nā sila ma ia wahi.

    No laila, he pilikia nui ke ho'āʻo e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ke kanu ʻia ʻana o nā holoholona nui e like me ka mammoths, dinosaurs, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, lio a me nā holoholona nui ʻē aʻe ma lalo o ka lepo a me nā papa o ka honua inā ʻaʻole manaʻoʻiʻo kekahi i ke Kaʻina. ʻO nā Mammoth wale nō i manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 5 miliona mau kānaka i kanu ʻia i ka lepo. Ma lalo o nā kūlana o kēia manawa, ʻaʻole e kanu ʻia kēlā mau holoholona i ka lepo, akā e popopo koke i ka lepo a i ʻole e ʻai koke ʻia nā mea ʻai. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana ma lalo nei (James D. Dana: "Manual of Geology", p. 141) e hōʻike ana i ka wikiwiki o ke kanu ʻana no ka fossilization.

ʻO nā holoholona vertebrate, e like me ka iʻa, nā mea kolo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, pohō ke wehe ʻia ko lākou mau ʻāpana palupalu. Pono e kanu koke ʻia ma hope o ka make ʻana i ʻole ka palaho a ʻai ʻia e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.

OLA OLA . Hāʻawi kekahi mau mōʻalihaku i nā hōʻike maopopo loa o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua kanu koke ʻia lākou.

    Ma waho aʻe o ke kanu wikiwiki ʻana, aia kekahi mau hōʻike e ola mau ana nā holoholona i ko lākou kanu ʻana. Eia kekahi mau laʻana:

Nā mōʻalihaʻi iʻa. Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā mōʻalihaku iʻa me nā hōʻailona o ke kanu ʻia ʻana a me ka wikiwiki.

   ʻO ka mua, ua ʻike ʻia nā mōʻalihaʻi iʻa i ʻai ʻia: aia kekahi iʻa liʻiliʻi i loko o ko lākou waha i ka wā i kanu koke ʻia ai lākou ma lalo o ka nui o ka lepo. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā e ʻai ana ka iʻa i kāna ʻai, ʻaʻole ia e ʻike i ka make maʻamau, akā ua ola ʻo ia i ke ola maʻamau a hiki i kona ʻike ʻana i kahi kanu wikiwiki.

    ʻO ka lua, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā mōʻalihaʻi iʻa i kau ʻia nā unahi a pau, hāmama ka waha a palahalaha nā peʻa a pau. Ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona ma luna o nā iʻa, hōʻike lākou i ke ola ʻana a me ka hakakā ʻana i ko lākou hopena a hiki i ke kanu ʻia ʻana. I loko o kahi waikahe, ʻo ia ke kanu wikiwiki ʻana ma lalo o ka lepo ka ala e make ai ka iʻa. Eia kekahi laʻana, ma kahi o 9/10 o nā iʻa pale kaua i loaʻa i loko o nā waihona pōhaku ʻulaʻula kahiko i ke kūlana - ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe lākou i kā lākou mau pepeiaohao ʻelua ma nā kihi ʻākau i ka pā iwi o ko lākou poʻo i hōʻailona o ka pōʻino - e hōʻike ana ua ʻike lākou. he kanu wikiwiki.

    Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia nā mōʻalihaʻi iʻa ma kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe - koe wale nō ma ke ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua - no ka mea ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau e popopo loa ka iʻa a ʻai ʻia paha e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā wahi kanu iʻa e loaʻa ai nā miliona o ia mau moʻo iʻa.

ʻO nā ʻiʻo bivalve a me nā ʻoʻo. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōhua bivalve a me nā ʻoyster ma kahi paʻa, e hōʻike ana ua kanu ola ʻia lākou. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ke make kēia mau holoholona, ​​hoʻomaha ka ʻiʻo e paʻa ana i ko lākou mau pūpū e hiki ai ke komo i ke one a me ka pālolo. No ka paʻa paʻa ʻana o kēia mau pūpū, e hōʻike ana ua kanu ʻia kēia mau holoholona i ko lākou wā e ola ana.

ʻO nā mammoth. Me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe he nui, ua ʻike ʻia nā mammoth nui. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 5 miliona mau mammoth i kanu ʻia i ka lepo. Ua ʻeli ʻia ko lākou mau koena, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻiʻo, mai loko mai o ka lepo i nā tona, a ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou i mea maka no ka ʻoihana niho ʻelepani, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi mea liʻiliʻi i loaʻa.

    ʻO ka mea kupaianaha e pili ana i kēia mau ʻike mammoth, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻia ua mālama ʻia nā mammoth ma ke kūlana maikaʻi loa. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi o lākou ma ke kūlana kū (!), ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka ʻai ʻole i loko o ko lākou waha a me ka ʻōpū. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau mea paʻa loa a ʻaʻole i pōʻino.

    Ke ʻike ʻia kēlā ʻano ʻike ma nā wahi nui, hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole lākou i pepehi ʻia i loko o kahi wai puna wai kūloko, ma muli o ka make lohi mai ka pōloli, a i ʻole kekahi make maʻamau e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki i ka nui o ka uniformitarianism ke wehewehe i ka make like a me ka make ʻino o nā haneli haneli o nā holoholona a me ke ʻano o ke kanu ʻia ʻana i nā papa lepo a me ka lepo. I ke Kaiakahinalii, hiki mai paha ia.

LOAA NA OLA A ME NA HANA O LAILA MA NA MAUNA AME AINA MALOO .

- (Gen 7: 19) A lanakila loa ka wai ma ka honua; a ua uhiia na puu kiekie a pau malalo o ka lani a pau.

- (2 Pet 3: 6) … Ma ia mea i make ai ko ke ao nei i ka wa i piha ai i ka wai

Malia paha ʻo ka hōʻike maikaʻi loa o kahi Kahinaliʻi honua ʻo ia ka mea hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa nā koena o nā mea ola kai ma nā mauna a me ka ʻāina maloʻo. (Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona like ma nā papahana kūlohelohe ma ke kīwī.) ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau koena ma ko lākou wahi i kēia manawa inā ʻaʻole i uhi ke kai i kēia mau wahi i kekahi manawa.

• 500 makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kalena hou, ua ʻike ʻo Pythagoras i nā koena o nā mea ola kai ma nā mauna. (p.11 Planeetta maa (“Planet Earth”)).

• Hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua kākau ka mea kākau moʻolelo Helene ʻo Herodotus ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻili kai mai ka wao akua ma ʻAigupita. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua hiki ke kai a hiki i ka wao nahele (p. 11 "Planeetta maa"). Ua loaʻa pū nā koena o nā holoholona moana nui ma nā wao nahele one nui o ʻApelika.

• Ua loaʻa ʻo Xenofanes i nā mōʻalihaku moana ma nā ʻāina mamao mamao loa mai ke kai ma kahi o 500 BC Ua loaʻa pū ʻo ia i nā mōʻalihaʻi iʻa i loko o kahi hale ʻili ma Syracuse ma Sicily, a ma Malta a me ka ʻāina nui o Italia. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia ua uhi mua ʻia kēia mau wahi e ke kai (p. 17 Nils Edelman - Viisaita ja veijareita geologian maailmassa).

• Ua holo ʻo Charles Darwin i nā koena kai i ka wā i loaʻa ai iā ia kahi iwi kohola ma nā mauna o Peru.

• Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Albaro Alonzo Barba, he luna eli ma Petos, ma kāna puke i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 1640, ua loaʻa iā ia nā pūpū ʻano ʻē ma nā pōhaku ma waena o Potos a me Oronest ma Bolivia, he 3,000 mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai (p. 54 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja veijareita geologian maailmassa )

• ʻO German PS Pallas i nā makahiki 1700 i loaʻa i nā pōhaku limestone a me ka pālolo palolo ma nā mauna o ka Ural a me Altai - ʻelua ma Rūsia - i mālama ʻia nā koena o nā holoholona moana a me nā mea kanu (p. 125 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja veijareita geologian maailmassa).

• He nui na mea ola moana e like me na mussels, ammonites, belemnites, (ammonites and belemnites lived at the same time as dinosaurs) , iwi i'a, sea lilies, coral a me plankton fossils a me na hoahanau o ka moana urchins a me ka starfishes o keia manawa ua loaa he mau kilomika maluna o ke kai. pae ma ka Himalayas. ʻO ka puke Maapallo Ihmeiden Planeetta ( p. 55) ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia mau koena ma ke ʻano penei:

Ua noiʻi ʻo Harutaka Sakai mai ke Kulanui ʻo Iapana ma Kyushu no nā makahiki he nui i kēia mau mōʻalihaku moana ma nā mauna Himalayan. Ua papa inoa ʻo ia a me kāna hui i kahi aquarium holoʻokoʻa mai ka wā Mesozoic. Loaʻa nā lilia liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, pili i nā urchins kai a me nā hōkū i kēia manawa, ma nā pā pōhaku ma mua o ʻekolu mau kilomita ma mua o ka ʻilikai. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻAmoni, nā belemnites, nā ʻaʻa a me nā plankton ma ke ʻano he mōʻalihaku i loko o nā pōhaku o nā mauna (…)

   Ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ʻelua mau kilomita, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe kālaihonua kahi ala i waiho ʻia e ke kai ponoʻī. ʻO kona ʻili pōhaku e like me ka nalu e pili ana i nā ʻano i waiho ʻia ma ke one mai nā nalu haʻahaʻa. ʻOiai mai ka piko o Everest, loaʻa nā ʻāpana melemele o ka limestone, i kū mai ma lalo o ka wai mai nā koena o nā holoholona moana he nui.

• Ma waho aʻe o ka Himalayas, nui nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā Alps, Andes a me Rocky Mountains. ʻO kēia mau ʻike e pili ana i nā mussels, crustaceans, ammonites, a me nā streaks a me nā waihona shale pālolo i loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku moana. Aia kekahi o nā mea i loaʻa ma ke kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau kilomita. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o nā Alps e hōʻike ana i ke ola o nā mōʻalihaku kai.

Aia ke kumu e nānā pono ai i ke ʻano kumu o nā pōhaku ma nā pae mauna. ʻIke maikaʻi ʻia ia ma nā Alps, ma ka lime Alps o ka ʻākau, i kapa ʻia ʻo Helvetian zone. ʻO ka limestone ka mea pōhaku nui. Ke nānā kākou i ka pōhaku ma ʻaneʻi ma nā pali pali a i ʻole ma ka piko o ke kuahiwi - inā loaʻa iā mākou ka ikaika e piʻi i laila - e ʻike mākou i nā koena holoholona fossilized, nā mōʻalihaku holoholona, ​​​​i loko. Hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia lākou akā hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻike ʻia. ʻO kēlā mau mōʻalihaku āpau he ʻili lime a i ʻole iwi iwi o nā mea kai. Aia ma waena o lākou he mau ammonites spiral-threaded, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā clams ʻāpana ʻelua. (…) E noʻonoʻo paha ka mea heluhelu i ke ʻano o ka paʻa ʻana o nā pae mauna i nā sediment he nui, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ke kai.(p. 236,237, Pentti Esekola, Muuttuva maa)

• ʻO ka limestone e uhi ana ma kahi o ka hapahā o Kina, aia nā koena o nā ʻākoʻakoʻa mai ke kai mai (p. 97,100-106 “Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta”). Aia kekahi mau wahi like ma Iugoslavia a me nā Alps.

• I loko o kahi ʻili pōhaku ma nā mauna ʻo Snowdon ma ʻEnelani, aia nā ʻiliʻili a me nā ʻāpana one i piha i nā pūpū o nā ʻiʻo kahakai ma kahi o 1,400 kapuaʻi ma luna o ka ʻilikai.

• Ua loaʻa nā moʻo iʻa a i ʻole Ichthyosaurs, hiki ke ulu a hiki i kekahi mau mika ka lōʻihi, ma ʻEnelani a me Kelemania i kanu ʻia i loko o nā papa lepo me ko lākou mau iwi a me nā ʻili. ʻO kekahi o nā iwi iwi, mālama ʻia i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o Helsinki University Geological Institute, i loaʻa i loko o kahi pōhaku pālolo ma Holzmaden o Wurttenberg. He 2.5 mika ka lōʻihi a ua mālama maikaʻi ʻia. (p. 371 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Ma waena o Farani (Saint-Laon, Vienne), ua loaʻa nā pūpū o nā ammonites i loko o ka limestone. (p. 365 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Aia i loko o Solnhofen o Bavaria he ʻelua mōʻalihaku o ka moʻo manu (Archaeopteryx). Mai ia wahi limestone hoʻokahi, ua loaʻa pū kekahi mau mōʻalihaku i mālama maikaʻi ʻia, e like me nā inike, medusas, crayfishes, belemnites, a me nā iʻa. (p. 372, "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Esekola)

• Aia kekahi mau wahi ma Ladana, Parisa, a me Viena he moena kai mua. No ka laʻana, ua haku ʻia kekahi mau wahi limestone ma Palika i nā pūpū mollusk mai ke kai hoʻomehana. (p. 377 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

• Ma kahi e pili ana i Berlin, ʻo nā papa lepo he mau mika ka mānoanoa me nā pūpū o kahi gastropod i pau loa ( Paludina diluviana ), a me nā koena o nā pikes. (p. 410 "muuttuva maa, Pentti Esekola)

• O na wahi e like me Suria, Arabia, ka Iseraela i keia wa, a me Aigupita, he mau moena kai. (p.401, 402 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Esekola)

• Ua loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku ʻoyster kahiko ma Tunisia, kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Tozeur. (p. 90 Björn Kurten, Kuinka Mammutti pakastetaan )

• Ma ka wao nahele o Faijum 60 kilomita ma ke komohana hema o Cairo, ua loaa na koena o na kohola a me na liona kai ma na pali o kahi kualapa kiekie o Djebel Qatran. (p. 23 Björn Kurten, Jääkausi, [The Ice Age])

• Mai nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā mōʻalihaku iʻa i loaʻa he mau haneli haneli a miliona paha. No ka laʻana, ma nā papa mōʻalihaku Herring ma Kaleponi, ua manaʻo ʻia aia he piliona iʻa ma kahi o ʻumi kilomika square. ʻO nā wahi mai Kelemānia a hiki i ke Kai Caspian, ʻItalia, ʻEkokia, Denemaka (ma ka pali paʻakai o Steven's Klint ) a me ka Hema o Sepania (nā puʻu o Caravaca) e loaʻa ana nā papa o nā moʻi iʻa miliona. Ua uhi ʻia kēia mau ʻāina maloʻo a pau i ke kai a i ʻole hiki ʻole kēia mau ʻike iʻa.

• ʻO nā papa lepo pālolo kaulana ma Burgess, i loaʻa ma nā Mauna Pōhaku i ka makahiki 1909, aia nā ʻumi tausani o nā mōʻalihaku mai ka moena kai kahiko, i kēia mau lā ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 2,000 mau mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai.

• Mai ka ʻaoʻao komohana ʻākau o Australia (p. 96 Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta) a me New Guinea, hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻākoʻa a me nā mōʻalihaʻi o nā iʻa.

• Mai ka ʻāina nui o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ua loaʻa nā koena o nā koholā ma kahi mamao loa mai ke kai. Ua hana ʻia kēia mau ʻike ma ka Lake Ontario, ma Vermont, Quebec, a me St. Lawrence. No laila, ua uhi ʻia kēia mau wahi e ke kai i kekahi manawa ma mua.

• ʻO ka nui o nā wahi kiʻekiʻe a puni ka honua - nā Himalayas a me nā mauna kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe - e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o nā kahakai kahiko a me nā hana nalu. Ua hana ʻia kēia mau ʻike ma New Guinea, Italia, Sicily, England, Ireland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Novaja-Semlja, the Land of Franz Joseph, Greenland, ma nā wahi ākea ma North and South America, Algeria, Spain ... ma luna a ma luna. ( Maanpinnan muodot ja niiden synty , p. 99,100 / na Iivari Leiviskä ).      

   Ua ʻike ʻia nā kahakai kahiko ma Finland a me nā wahi kokoke. ʻO Pyhätunturi kekahi laʻana, aia nā pōhaku me nā hōʻailona o ka nalu. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o nā kahakai kahiko ma nā pali o nā puʻu he nui. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Finland, ʻo ia nā wahi ʻo Koppoo, Jurmo, Kaunissaari ma Pyhtää a me Virttaankangas ma Säkylä, a ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe i ka ʻākau, e like me Lauhanvuori, Rokua a me Aavasaksa. (Mai ka puke Jokamiehen geologia , p. 96 / na Kalle Taipale, Jouko.T. Parviainen)

• Loaʻa ka Lava ma nā mauna ʻo Ararata ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4,500 mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai, a hiki ke lilo i hua o nā lua pele ma lalo o ka wai (Molen, M., Vårt ursprung?, 1991, p. 246)

• ʻO kekahi hōʻailona o ke Kaiakahinaʻi, ʻo ia ka pōhaku sedimentary moana. Ua ʻoi aku ka maʻamau ma mua o nā pōhaku sedimentary ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia. ʻO James Hutton, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka makua o ka geology, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kēia ʻike ma mua o ʻelua mau kenekulia i hala.

Pono mākou e hoʻoholo ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana āpau o ka honua (...) e ke one a me nā ʻiliʻili e ahu ana ma ke kai, nā pūpū crustacean a me nā mea koʻa, ka lepo a me ka pālolo. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth l, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Ma nā ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā pōhaku sedimentary moana ma mua o nā pōhaku sedimentary ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia. ʻO kēia kekahi o kēlā mau ʻoiaʻiʻo maʻalahi e koi ana i ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo ia ka puʻuwai o nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kanaka e hoʻomaopopo i ka loli ʻana o ka palapala honua i hala.

KA IKE KUAI A ME KE KAIA'I . ʻAʻole pono mākou e ʻimi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke Kahinaliʻi ma ke ʻano wale nō; ʻike mākou i nā hōʻike o ia mea ma nā moʻomeheu o nā lāhui like ʻole. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o ʻelima haneli o kēia mau moʻolelo i haʻi ʻia e nā moʻomeheu a puni ka honua. Ua loli ka nui o kēia mau moʻolelo i ka manawa, akā ua like lākou a pau i ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka wai ke kumu o ka luku. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau moʻolelo i haʻi i nā manawa maikaʻi ma mua, ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kanaka a me ka huikau o nā ʻōlelo i hana ʻia ma Babela (Babelona) - nā hanana āpau a ka Baibala i ʻōlelo ai.

   Loaʻa nā moʻolelo i waena o nā lāhui like ʻole: ʻo ka poʻe Babulonia, nā kamaʻāina o Australia, ka poʻe Miao o Kina, ka poʻe dwarf ʻApelika Efe, ka Hopi Indians o ʻAmelika ma ka ʻohana Padago ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, a me nā lāhui ʻē aʻe he nui. ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa o nā moʻolelo Flood e hōʻike ana i ka mōʻaukala o kēia hanana: 

Ma kahi o 500 mau moʻomeheu - me nā poʻe ʻōiwi o Helene, Kina, Peru a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau - ʻike ʻia ma ka honua kahi e wehewehe ai nā kaʻao a me nā moʻolelo i kahi moʻolelo koʻikoʻi o kahi kahe nui i hoʻololi i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻohana. Ma nā moʻolelo he nui, he kakaikahi wale nō ka poʻe i ola i ke kaiakahinalii, e like me ka hihia o Noa. Ua manaʻo ka nui o ka poʻe i ke kaiakahina a nā akua i hoʻoluhi i ke ʻano kanaka. Ua hewa paha ka poʻe, e like me ka wā o Noa a me ka moʻolelo na ka ʻohana Hopi ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, a i ʻole he nui loa a walaʻau loa ka poʻe, e like me ka moʻolelo o Gilegamesa. (2)

'Ōleloʻo Lenormant ma kāna puke "Beginning of History":

"Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka manawa kūpono e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai ʻo ka moʻolelo o ke Kaiakahinai ​​he kuʻuna ākea ma nā lālā āpau o ka ʻohana kanaka, a ʻo ia ʻano kuʻuna like ʻole a ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he moʻolelo noʻonoʻo. ʻO kahi hanana weliweli, kahi hanana i hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka manaʻo o nā mākua mua o ka ʻohana kanaka a hiki ʻole i kā lākou poʻe mamo ke poina iā ia (3)

Loaʻa i nā kānaka o nā lāhui like ʻole nā ​​moʻolelo hoʻoilina e pili ana i ka pōʻino waikahe nui. Ua hai mai ka poe Helene i ka moolelo e pili ana i ke Kaiakahinalii, a ua pili ia i kekahi kanaka i kapaia o Deukalion; ʻoiai ma mua o Columbus, ua loaʻa i nā kamaʻāina o ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika nā moʻolelo i hoʻomau i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke kahe nui. Ua neʻe ʻia nā moʻolelo e pili ana i kahi waikahe mai kēlā hanauna a kēia hanauna a hiki i kēia lā ma Australia, India, Polenekia, Tibet, Kašmir a me Lithuania. He moʻolelo a me nā moʻolelo wale nō? Hana ʻia lākou a pau? Ua manaʻo ʻia ua wehewehe lākou a pau i ka pōʻino nui like. (4)

Inā ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo ke Kahinaliʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua wehewehe paha kekahi mau ʻāina ua hoʻopau nā lua pele weliweli, nā ʻino hau nui, nā maloʻo (...) i ko lākou mau kūpuna hewa. No laila, ʻo ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ka moʻolelo o ke Kaiakahinaʻi, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōʻike maikaʻi loa o kona ʻoiaʻiʻo. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokuʻu i kekahi o kēia mau moʻolelo ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo pilikino a manaʻo he noʻonoʻo wale nō ia, akā i ka hui pū ʻana, mai kahi hiʻohiʻona honua, aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia. (Ka Honua)

A laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kuhikuhi i ke kumuhana like. Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo i hala i ke Kaiakahina me he hanana mōʻaukala maoli. ʻO ka kākau hou ʻana o ka mōʻaukala i kēia lā ke ʻimi nei e hoʻololi i ka mōʻaukala kanaka i hala ma ka hōʻole ʻana i kēia pōʻino waikahe nui a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā haneli haneli a miliona mau makahiki i ka mōʻaukala ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike maopopo loa.

• Ua haʻi ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Josephus a me ka Babylonian Berosus i nā koena o ka hale lana o Noa

• Ua kuhikuhi ka mea kākau moʻolelo Helene ʻo Herodotus i ka poʻe Scythians ma ka hapa ʻelima o kāna Moʻolelo. Ua olelo mai oia ia lakou he poe mamo na Iapeta (ke keiki a Noa) (Gen 10:1,2: Eia na hanauna o na keiki a Noa, o Sema, o Hama, a me Iapeta: a na lakou i hanau na keikikane mahope o ke kaiakahinalii. o Iapeta, o Gomera, o Magoga, o Madai, o Iavana, o Tubala, o Meseka, a me Tirasa.)

• Ma ka moʻolelo o Gilegamesa, ua kauohaʻiaʻo Utnapisthim e hana i moku: "E ke kanaka o Shuruppak, ke keiki a Ubar-Tutu. E wāwahi i kou hale a kūkulu i moku, haʻalele i ka waiwai, ʻimi i ke ola ma hope, hoʻowahāwahā i ka waiwai, mālama i kou ola. E lawe i ka hua o nā mea ola a pau i ka moku āu e kūkulu ai. E ana pono i kona mau ana.”

• Ma ka mooolelo waikahe o Asuria, aia ka wehewehe ana i ka hana ana o ka moku.

Hana i moku e like me kēia - -

- - E luku aku au i ka mea hewa a me ke ola.

- - E komo ka hua o ke ola, ia mea a pau,

i waenakonu o ka moku, i ka moku āu e hana ai.

Eono haneri kubita kona loa

a he kanaono kubita kona laula a me kona kiekie.

- - E hele hohonu. –

Ua ʻae au i ke kauoha a ʻōlelo aku iā Hea, e kuʻu Haku:

Ke pau au

ʻO ka hana moku āu i ʻōlelo mai ai iaʻu e hana,

no laila ʻōpio a ʻelemakule e hoʻomāʻewaʻewa mai iaʻu. (5)

• Ua kuhikuhi ka poe Aztec i ke Kaiakahinalii:

I ka noho ana o ke ao nei no na makahiki 1716, ua hiki mai ke Kaiakahinalii: “Ua nalowale na kanaka a pau,

ʻike lākou ua lilo lākou i iʻa. Ua nalowale nā ​​mea a pau i ka lā hoʻokahi." ʻO Nata wale nō a me kāna wahine ʻo Nana i hoʻopakele ʻia, no ka mea, ua ʻōlelo ke akua Titlachauan iā lāua e hana i moku mai ka lāʻau kaa. (6)

• Ua loaʻa kahi papa pālolo mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Babulona, ​​ʻo Nippur, i ka makahiki 1890, a ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ka papa ma mua o ka Epic of Gilegamesa . Ua hoʻomaka ka papa pālolo i ka makahiki 2100 BC, ʻoiai kahi i loaʻa ai, he hale waihona puke lehulehu, ua luku ʻia ia manawa.

Ua like loa kona hoike ana me ko ka Buke o Genesis. Ua haʻi ʻo ia i ka hiki ʻana mai o ke Kahinaliʻi a ʻōlelo ʻo ia e kūkulu i moku nui e pale ai i nā mea i mālama ʻia. Ua unuhi ʻia ka kikokikona i loko o ka papa e kekahi loea assyriologist Herman Hilprecht. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā huaʻōlelo i loko o nā bracket square ma ka kikokikona, akā ua hoʻokomo ʻo Hilprecht iā lākou ma muli o ka pōʻaiapili:

(2) … [ka palena o ka lani a me ka honua au] wehe

(3) … [E lawe mai au i ke kaiakahinalii, ae hoopau no ia i na kanaka a pau i ka manawa hookahi;

(4) … [aka, e imi oe i ke ola mamua o ka hiki ana mai o ke kaiakahinalii;

(5)…… [No ka mea, ma luna o nā mea ola a pau], ʻo nā mea a pau, e lawe mai au i ka hoʻokahuli, ka luku, ka luku ʻana.

(6) …Kūkulu i moku nui a

(7) ...ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe holoʻokoʻa kona hale

(8) …e lilo ia i waʻa hale no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea ola.

(9) …me ka uhi uhi ikaika (it).

(10) … [I ka moku] āu e hana ai

(11) … [e lawe mai i laila i nā holoholona o ka honua, nā manu o ka lewa,

(12) … [a me na mea kolo o ka honua, he elua o kela mea keia mea] ma kahi o ka lehulehu,

(13) …a me ka ʻohana… (7)

• No ka chronology o Aigupita, he mau keneturi paha. ʻAʻohe papa inoa o nā aliʻi i ko ʻAigupita i nā lā mua, akā ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia lākou i nā keneturi ma hope (c. 270 BC) e ke kahuna ʻAigupita ʻo Manetho. ʻO kekahi o nā hewa i loko o kāna papa inoa ʻo ia ka manaʻo o Manethon ua noho aliʻi kekahi ma hope o kekahi, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ua noho aliʻi lākou i ka manawa like.

    ʻOiai nā mea a pau, ua hōʻoia ʻo Manetho i ka mōʻaukala o Genesis. Ua "kākau ʻo ia 'ma hope o ke kaiakahinalii' iā Ham, ke keiki a Noa, ua hānau ʻia ʻo ʻAigupita, a ʻo Misraim, ʻo ia ka mea mua i noho ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAigupita i kēia manawa i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai nā ʻohana e hoʻopuehu". (8)

NA HOAILONA LETA . Wahi a ka Baibala, i ka wa i komo ai o Noa iloko o ka halelana, ehiku wale no kanaka me ia; a pau loa, he ewalu kanaka iloko o ka pahu (Gen 7:7 a me 1 Peter 3:20).

   Eia nō naʻe, he mea hoihoi ka helu ʻewalu like a me ka ʻōlelo maopopo ʻana i ke Kahinaliʻi e ʻike ʻia ma nā hōʻailona leka, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka ʻōnaehana kākau Kina. Ma ka ʻōnaehana kākau Kina, ʻo ka hōʻailona o ka moku he waʻa me ʻewalu mau kānaka i loko, ua like ka helu me ka pahu o Noa! ʻO ka hōʻailona no ka huaʻōlelo "kaʻi" ka helu ʻewalu! ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopili wale ʻia ka helu like, ʻewalu, me nā hōʻailona o ka moku a me ke Kaʻi. ʻO kēia pili ʻana ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua mālama ʻia ka poʻe Kina i kahi moʻomeheu i mālama ʻia o ke Kaiapuni honua like me nā lāhui ʻē aʻe. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo nō hoʻi lākou mai ka wā kahiko mai, hoʻokahi wale nō Akua, aia ma ka lani.

ʻO ka lua o ka laʻana. ʻO ka hōʻailona Pākē o ka moku he waʻa me ʻewalu mau kānaka i loko. ʻEwalu kānaka? ʻEwalu pono ka poʻe i loko o ka pahu o Noa.

   (…) ʻAʻole like ka manaʻo o nā mea noiʻi a pau i ke ʻano pololei o kēlā me kēia hōʻailona. ʻO kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻo ka poʻe Pākē ponoʻī (e like me ka poʻe Kepanī he nui - ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau - loaʻa ka ʻōnaehana kākau like) i nā wehewehe a nā mikionali i hōʻike aku iā lākou. ʻOiai ʻaʻole pololei nā manaʻo, ʻo ka ʻōlelo wale ʻana no ia mau mea lawa paha e hōʻike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻuhane no ka poʻe hoʻomaloka.

   Ua ʻike au i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe haipule Kina a me Iapana he ala maikaʻi loa kēia mau hōʻailona like ʻole i ka noʻonoʻo o ko lākou poʻe. (Don Richardson, Eternity in their Hearts)

ʻO ka ʻōlelo pono . Ma ka ʻōnaehana kākau Kina, aia kekahi hōʻailona ʻē aʻe: ka huaʻōlelo "pono". ʻO ka hōʻailona o ka pono i haku ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana like ʻole: ʻo ka ʻaoʻao luna he keiki hipa a ma lalo ka inoa pilikino I . No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i nā kānaka ke pono iā lākou iho. He poe pono wale no lakou malalo o ke keikihipa. No laila, ke aʻo nei ka ʻōnaehana kākau Kina i nā leka like me ke Kauoha Hou. Pono kākou e noho ma lalo o ke Keikihipa i hāʻawi ʻia mai e ke Akua (ʻo Iesu Kristo), i pono ai kākou. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia kēia ma nā pauku Baibala aʻe:

- (Ioane 1:29) Ia la ae, ike aku la o Ioane ia Iesu e hele mai ana io na la, a i mai la, E nana i ke Keikihipa a ke Akua , nana e lawe aku ka hewa o ke ao nei.

- (1 Kor. 1:30) Aka, nona no oukou iloko o Kristo Iesu, ka mea i lilo mai ke Akua i akamai, a me ka pono , a me ka hemolele, a me ka hoola ana.

2. Ka hānau ʻana o ke kalapona a me ka ʻaila

KARBONA ME AILA . Ua aʻo pinepine ʻia mākou ua hana ʻia ke kalapona a me ka ʻaila ma o kahi kaʻina lohi e koi ai i nā miliona mau makahiki. Ke kamaʻilio nei ka poʻe e pili ana i ka makahiki kalapona, i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ka nui o ke kalapona. Akā, pehea ka hihia? Ua kū mai kēia mau mea i nā haneli miliona mau makahiki i hala a ua lawe lākou i mau miliona mau makahiki e hana ai? Inā mākou e nānā iā ia ma ke ʻano o nā ʻoiaʻiʻo aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻike ʻana ua hoʻokumu koke ʻia lākou i ka wā i hala iho nei, he mau millennia wale nō i hala aku nei a maopopo i ka pōʻaiapili o ka waikahe i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka Baibala.

ʻO ka makahiki o nā waihona kalapona a me nā pūnāwai aila. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole pili nā hōʻike o ka makahiki o ke kalapona a me ka ʻaila i nā manawa nui. Ua kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kēia ma mua a ʻo nā mea ʻelua e hiki mai ana e hōʻoia i kēia:

• He kiʻekiʻe loa ke kaomi ʻana o nā pūnāwai aila (he mea maʻamau ka hiki ʻana o ka ʻaila i ka lewa mai kahi lua i wili ʻia ma ka lepo), ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 10,000 mau makahiki. (Mokuna 12-13 o Prehistory and earth models by Melvin A. Cook, Max Parrish and company, 1966). Inā he mau miliona makahiki kēia mau pūnāwai aila, inā ua pau ke kaomi ʻana i ka wā ma mua.

Ua loaʻa nā kapuaʻi wāwae o nā kānaka ma nā papa kalapona i wehewehe ʻia he "250-300 miliona makahiki" ma nā wahi he nui (Mexico, Arizona, Illinois, New Mexico, a me Kentucky, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea o ke kanaka a me nā mōʻalihaku kanaka (!) i kēia mau papa like. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua noho nā kānaka i ka honua ma kahi o 300 miliona mau makahiki i hala, a i ʻole he mau kaukani makahiki wale nō kēlā mau papa kalapona. (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt , Hänssler, 1980, ss. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men – Fact or Fallacy? Sovereign Publications, 1981; Barnes, FA, The Case of the Bones in Stone, Desert/Feberuari, 1975, p. 36-39). ʻOi aku paha ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka mea hope loa, no ka mea, ʻaʻole manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ua noho nā kānaka i ka Honua 300 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

"Inā he kanaka (...) ma kekahi ʻano i ka wā mua o ka Iron Carbon, ua hewa loa ka ʻepekema geological holoʻokoʻa e haʻalele nā ​​mea kālaihonua a pau mai kā lākou mau hana a lilo i mea hoʻokele kaʻa. No laila, i kēia manawa, hōʻole ka ʻepekema i ke ʻano hoʻowalewale o ke kanaka i haʻalele i kēlā mau kapuaʻi." ( The Carboniferous Mystery , Scientific Monthly, vol. 162, Jan.1940, p.14)

• ʻO ke kumu ʻekolu ʻaʻole e noʻonoʻo i ka waiho ʻana o ka lanahu a me ka aila he mau miliona makahiki o ka radiocarbon i loko o lākou. Inā he 5730 mau makahiki wale nō ka hapalua o ke ola o ka radiocarbon, ʻaʻole pono e waiho ʻia kekahi o ia mea i loko o nā waihona he mau miliona a mau haneli miliona mau makahiki. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1969, ua haʻi ka Radiocarbon i ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā laʻana radiocarbon i nā laʻana i lawe ʻia mai ka lanahu, ka aila a me ke kinoea maoli i ka makahiki radiocarbon ma lalo o 50,000 mau makahiki.

ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokumuʻana. No ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka aila a me ke kalapona ʻaʻole pono e lōʻihi ka manawa. Hoʻokahi kākoʻo no kēia kumumanaʻo i loaʻa ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II i hana ʻia mai ka lanahu a me ka lignite ma Kelemania, a me ka kūleʻa. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, akā i ka manawa pōkole. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa, ua hana ʻia kahi pahu aila i loko o 20 mau minuke mai hoʻokahi tona o ka ʻōpala organik (Machine design, 14 Mei 1970 ).

   Ua hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lāʻau a me ka cellulose i kalapona a i ʻole carbon-like mea i loko o kekahi mau hola. Hōʻike kēia i ka wā kūpono nā kūlana, hiki ke hana koke ʻia ka ʻaila a me ke kalapona. ʻAʻole pono ia i mau miliona makahiki no ka hoʻokumu ʻana iā lākou. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo wale nō e pili ana i ka evolution e pono ai i nā miliona mau makahiki. Hōʻike kēia hiʻohiʻona e hiki ke hana ʻia ka lanahu mineral i loko o ka manawa pōkole, i loko o ʻelua pule wale nō. Hōʻike ka mea kākau i hiki ke hiki koke mai ia mau hanana, e pili ana i ke Kaiakahinalii.

Ua hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ka Argonne National Laboratory (ma US) e hiki ke loaʻa ke kalapona ʻeleʻele o ka papa kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana: lawe i kahi lignin (he mea pono i ka lāʻau) a hui pū me kahi pālolo waikawa a me ka wai. E hoʻomehana i ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi pahu quartz pani ʻole o ka oxygen ma 150 ºC me ka hoʻonui ʻole i ke kaomi. ʻAʻole kēia he wela kiʻekiʻe mai ka hiʻohiʻona honua - ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa a i ʻole "kūlohelohe" e pili ana i nā mea ʻai. ʻAʻole hoʻi e lawe ʻia ke kaʻina hana i mau miliona mau makahiki - he 4-36 mau pule wale nō!

   (...) Ua wehewehe ʻo Sir Edgeworth David i kāna hōʻike o ka makahiki 1907 e kū nei i nā kumu lāʻau ʻeleʻele i loaʻa ma waena o nā papa kalapona ʻeleʻele ma Newcastle (Australia). Ua kanu ʻia nā ʻāpana lalo o nā kumu lāʻau i loko o ka ʻāpana kalapona, a laila hele pololei nā ʻōpala ma ka ʻāpana o luna, a hiki i ka hopena i ka stratum carbon ma luna!

 E noʻonoʻo e hoʻāʻo ka poʻe e wehewehe i kēia mau mea ma ke ʻano o nā kaʻina hana lohi i hana ʻia i loko o nā puʻu wai ʻelua me nā manawa nui ma waena o lākou. I ka wā i "hoʻomohala lohi a mālie" ka manaʻo, ʻike ʻia ua pale kēia i ka wehewehe maopopo loa no ke kumu o ka lanahu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kanu koke ʻia nā mea kanu i haehae ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai.

    Hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai ke hoʻololi koke i ka nui o nā loli honua, ʻoiai inā he nui ka wai. Manaʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau hoʻololi he mau miliona mau makahiki. (…)

    Ke ʻōlelo nei kekahi poʻe kālaihonua (me ka nui o ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo i nā kaʻina o "miliona makahiki") i kēia manawa ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Grand Canyon ma ke ʻano like, me ka pōʻino, a ʻaʻole ia i hana ʻia e ka lohi ʻana o ka muliwai Colorado ma luna o nā miliona miliona. makahiki.

    Hoʻokahi makahiki ka lōʻihi o ke Kaʻi, uhi ʻia nā mauna, hoʻoulu i ka haunaele honua a hoʻopau i ka ʻōpala o ka honua i ka wā i huʻi mai ai ka wai (a me ka pelemaka hoʻi) no nā mahina ("nā pūnāwai o ka hohonu nui", Gen 7:11). ʻO kēlā pōʻino weliweli e hoʻololi i nā loli honua. (9)

ʻO nā hōʻike e kākoʻo ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka wā pōkole. Ke kākoʻo ikaika nei nā manaʻo ma lalo nei i ka manaʻo ua hana koke ʻia ke kalapona a me ka ʻaila i ka wā o ke Kahinaliʻi, ʻaʻole lohi i nā miliona mau makahiki:

• Hiki ke loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku o nā kumu lāʻau e komo ana i waena o nā papa kalapona. Hōʻike ke kiʻi kahiko o kahi lua lanahu ma Farani i ke komo ʻana o ʻelima mau kumu lāʻau ma kahi o ʻumi papa. ʻAʻole hiki ke hana ʻia a ʻike ʻia paha kēia mau mōʻalihaku inā i hoʻokumu ʻia nā papa kalapona i loko o nā miliona mau makahiki.

• ʻO kekahi mea hoihoi loa, ʻo ia ma ka nui o nā waihona kalapona o ka honua, ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā waihona crustal marine a me nā mōʻalihaʻi holoholona moana ("A note on the occurrence of marine animal remains in a Lancashire coal ball", Geological magazine, 118:307 , 1981 a me Weir, J. "Nā haʻawina hou o ka pūpū o ka lanahu ", Science holomua, 38:445, 1950).   Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu ʻaʻole i ulu i loko o kēia mau papa kalapona. Hōʻike maopopo kēia mau ʻike i ke Kaiakahina, ka mea i lawe aku i nā holoholona kai a me nā ʻano ola ʻē aʻe i waena o nā mea kanu i loaʻa ma ka ʻāina maloʻo.

Hōʻike ʻo Prof. Price i nā hihia he 50-100 mau papa lanahu ma luna o kekahi a ma waena o lākou he mau papa me nā mōʻalihaku mai ke kai hohonu. Manaʻo ʻo ia i kēia ʻāpana hōʻike ikaika loa a maopopo ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻāʻo e wehewehe i kēia mau ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ke kumu o ka manaʻo like ʻole o Lyell. (Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma , p. 198)

• ʻAʻole i hana maoli ʻia ke kalapona a me ka ʻaila i kēia mau lā. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai lākou ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi hou ʻia. ʻAʻole lākou i hana maoli ʻia ma nā ʻāina wela, ʻoiai ʻo nā kūlana ma ia mau ʻāina e kūpono. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, pala wale nā ​​mea kanu ma laila a ʻaʻohe aila a i ʻole kalapona i hana ʻia.

   ʻO ka hiki wale nō o ka hana lanahu he pōʻino kūlohelohe e uhi koke i ka ʻōpala mea kanu ma lalo o ka nui o ka lepo, waiho ʻia ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a ma kahi kūlana ʻole o ka oxygen, kahi hiki ʻole i ka oxygen ke hoʻopau iā ia. Ua manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe a me ka oxygen-free mode no ka hana ʻana i ka lanahu. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki i ka bacteria ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻōpala o nā mea kanu ma kahi kūlana ʻole o ka oxygen. ʻO ke Kaʻi, ka mea i hōʻiliʻili i ka lepo a me ka ʻāina ma luna o kekahi i kekahi, hiki ke wehewehe maikaʻi i kēlā hanana. ʻO ka ʻōlelo ma hope mai ka puke "Muuttuva maa" (p. 114) a ka mea kālaihonua Finnish Pentti Eskola, pili i ka mea like. Hōʻike ia, e pili ana i nā hili lanahu, aia nā pōhaku pālolo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai ka wai. Hōʻike maopopo ka ʻōlelo i ke Kaʻi ʻana i hana ʻia i ʻelua mau makahiki i hala aku nei:

"Ma lalo a ma luna aʻe o nā ʻili lanahu, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, he mau papa pōhaku pālolo, a mai ko lākou hale e ʻike ai mākou ua stratified mai ka wai."

3. ʻO ka pōʻino o nā dinosaur

Manaʻo ka poʻe i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā dinosaur i mau miliona mau makahiki aku nei i ka wā hope o ka wā Cretaceous, me ka luku ʻana i nā ammonites, belemnites, a me nā ʻano mea kanu a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopau ʻia ka nui o nā holoholona o ka wā Cretaceous.

   He oiaio anei ia manaoio? Ua luku maoli ʻia nā dinosaurs i ka wā i kapa ʻia ʻo Cretaceous he mau miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a i ʻole i luku ʻia i ke Kaʻi? Ma lalo nei, e ʻimi mākou i kēia mea me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā manaʻo maʻamau i waiho ʻia:

Ua luku ʻia nā dinosaur e kahi maʻi maʻi, kahi maʻi, a i ʻole nā ​​mea pōā hua manu ? Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ua luku ʻia nā dinosaur e kahi maʻi maʻi a i ʻole kahi maʻi. Manaʻo kekahi ua hoʻomaka koke nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e ʻai i nā hua dinosaur.  

   Eia nō naʻe, he pilikia nui me nā manaʻo ʻelua: ʻaʻole hoʻi e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka make ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona - plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, mea kanu, herbivores ammonites, a me belemnites - i ka manawa like. (ʻO Ammonites a me belemnites nā holoholona moana i loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku ma nā pali o nā Alps a me Himalayas, ma waena o nā wahi ʻē aʻe.) No ke aha i make ai kēia mau ʻano i ka manawa like? ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea hoʻomaʻi ke lilo i mea pepehi; Pehea e hiki ai i nā maʻi ke hoʻopau i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, nā holoholona moana a me nā holoholona ʻāina, a me nā mea kanu? ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kēlā mau virus.

   No ka poʻe ʻai hua manu, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke wehewehe i ka luku like ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, koe wale nā ​​mea kanu. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka luku nui a me ka luku ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ka manawa like. Pono e loaʻa kahi wehewehe maikaʻi no kēia.

He meteorite ke kumu o ka luku? Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ua hoʻāla ka meteorite i ke ao lepo nui, a ua pale kēia ao lepo i ka Lā no ka manawa lōʻihi a make nā mea kanu a pau nā mea kanu i ka pōloli.

   Aia naʻe, hoʻokahi pilikia me kēia manaʻo o ka loli lohi o ke aniau. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia manaʻo, a i ʻole nā ​​manaʻo i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ke wehewehe i ke ʻano o nā mōʻalihaku o nā dinosaurs i loko o nā pōhaku a me nā mauna ma nā wahi nui o ka honua. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou a puni ka honua i loko o ka pōhaku paʻakikī, he mea ʻē loa. He mea ʻē ia no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i nā holoholona nui - 20 mika paha ka lōʻihi - ke komo i loko o ka pōhaku paʻa. ʻAʻole kōkua ka manawa. ʻOiai ke kali mākou i nā miliona makahiki no ka kanu ʻana o kēia mau holoholona i ka lepo a lilo i mōʻalihaku, e popopo lākou ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēlā me kēia manawa a mākou e ʻike ai i kahi mōʻalihaku dinosaur a i ʻole nā ​​mōʻalihaku ʻē aʻe, ua kanu koke ʻia lākou ma lalo o ka lepo a me ka lepo. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hānau ʻia ma kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe:

He mea maopopo, ina e lohi ka hana ana o na waihona, aole e hanaia mai na mokaola, no ka mea, aole e kanuia iloko o ka lepo, aka mamua o ka popopo ana malalo o ka mana o ka wai, a i ole. e ʻānai ʻia a paʻi ʻia i lalo o ke kai pāpaʻu. Hiki iā lākou ke uhi wale ʻia i ka sediment i kahi pōʻino, kahi i kanu koke ʻia ai. ( Geochronology or the Age of the Earth on grounds of Sediments and Life , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)

ʻO ka hopena, ʻo kēia mau dinosaur i loaʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua kanu koke ʻia ma lalo o ka lepo a me ka lepo. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka lepo palupalu a puni lākou, a laila paʻakikī e like me ka sima. Ma kēia ala wale nō e wehewehe ʻia ai ke ʻano o nā mōʻalihaku o nā dinosaurs, mammoths a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. I ke Kaiakahinalii, hiki i keia mea ke hiki mai. Nānā mākou i ka wehewehe, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻo pololei o ka pilikia. Hōʻike ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā dinosaurs i loko o nā pōhaku paʻakikī, e hōʻike ana ua uhi lākou i ka lepo palupalu. Ua paa ka lepo a puni lakou. I loko o ke Kahinaliʻi wale nō, ʻaʻole naʻe i ka pōʻaiapuni kūlohelohe maʻamau, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e hiki mai kekahi mea e like me ia (aia kekahi ʻōlelo i loko o ke kākau ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā iwi dinosaur).

Ua hele ʻo ia i ka wao nahele o South Dakota, aia nā paia pōhaku ʻulaʻula, melemele a ʻalani a me nā pōhaku. I loko o kekahi mau lā , ua loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau iwi i loko o ka pā pōhaku , a ua manaʻo ʻo ia ʻo ia ke ʻano āna i ʻimi ai e loaʻa. I kona ʻeli ʻana i ka pōhaku a puni nā iwi , ʻike ʻo ia aia nā iwi i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka holoholona. ʻAʻole lākou i loko o kahi puʻu e like me nā iwi dinosaur. Ua like ka nui o ia mau puʻu me he puahiohio wai ikaika.

   I kēia manawa, aia kēia mau iwi i ka pōhaku ʻeleʻele uliuli, he paʻakikī loa . Pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka pōhaku one me kahi māka a wehe ʻia me ka puhi ʻana. Ua hana ʻo Brown a me kāna mau ʻaoʻao i lua ma kahi o ʻehiku a me ka hapa mika ka hohonu e hoʻopuka ai i nā iwi. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i hoʻokahi iwi nui i lawe iā lākou i ʻelua kauwela. ʻAʻole loa lākou i wehe i nā iwi o ka pōhaku. Lawe lākou i nā pōhaku ma ke kaʻaahi i ka hale hōʻikeʻike, kahi i hiki ai i nā ʻepekema ke ʻoki i nā mea pōhaku a kūkulu i ka iwi. Ke kū nei kēia moʻo ʻino i ka hale hōʻikeʻike o ka hale hōʻikeʻike. (p. 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler a me Harold G. Coffin)

REFERENCES:

1. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated

2. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78

3. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen?, p. 5

4. Werner Keller: Raamattu on oikeassa, p. 29

5. Arno C. Gaebelein: Kristillisyys vaiko uskonto?, p. 48

6. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 165

7. siteeraus: Luominen 17, p. 39

8. J. Ashton: Evolution Impossible, Master Books, Green Forest AZ, 2012, p. 115, lainaa viitettä 1, p. 7

9. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 12-14