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I ka manawa hea i ola ai nā dinosaur?
E aʻo i ke kumu o ka noho ʻana o nā dinosaur i ka wā i hala, i ka manawa like me ke kanaka. He mau miliona makahiki maʻalahi ke nīnau ma muli o nā hōʻike
ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo maʻamau, ua noho aliʻi nā dinosaurs i ka Honua no 100 miliona mau makahiki a hiki i ka pau ʻana o 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa mau ʻia kēia pilikia ma o nā palapala evolution a me nā papahana, no laila ua paʻa paʻa ka manaʻo o nā dinosaurs e noho ana ma ka honua i mau miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i loko o ka noʻonoʻo o ka poʻe. ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano nui kēia (pili ka nui. ʻO nā koholā polū o kēia lā he ʻelua ʻoi ke kaumaha ma mua o nā dinosaur nui loa)noho nā holoholona i ka wā i hala loa a i ka manawa like me ke kanaka. Wahi a ka manaʻo o ka evolution, ua manaʻo ʻia ua noho nā dinosaurs i ka wā Jurassic a me Cretaceous, nā holoholona o ka wā Cambrian ma mua, a ua ʻike ʻia nā mammals ma ka Honua hope loa. ʻO ka manaʻo evolutionary o kēia mau pūʻulu e ʻike ʻia ana ma kēia honua i nā manawa like ʻole he ikaika loa i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo he hōʻike ia i ka ʻepekema a he ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike he nui e kūʻē i kēia manaʻo. Ma hope aʻe, e ʻimi mākou i kēia kumuhana i nā kikoʻī hou aku. He nui nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i lōʻihi loa ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā dinosaur ma ka honua. Nānā mākou i kēia mau hōʻike ma hope aʻe.
ʻO nā mōʻalihaku Dinosaur i ka nānā ʻana . ʻO nā hōʻike i ola nā dinosaur ma ka honua ʻo kā lākou mau mōʻalihaku. Ma muli o lākou, hiki ke ʻike i ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā dinosaurs a he holoholona maoli lākou. ʻAʻohe kumu e kānalua ai i ko lākou mōʻaukala. He mea ʻokoʻa ka pili ʻana o nā dinosaur. ʻOiai e like me ka papa kuhikuhi manawa honua i huki ʻia i ke kenekulia 19, ua pau nā dinosaur i 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ma muli o nā mōʻalihaku maoli. ʻAʻohe lepili o nā mōʻalihaku e pili ana i ko lākou mau makahiki a i ka wā i pau ai lākou. Akā, ʻo ke kūlana maikaʻi o nā mōʻalihaku e hōʻike ana he mau tausani ia, ʻaʻole miliona mau makahiki. Ma muli o kēia mau kumu:
ʻAʻole ʻili ʻia nā iwi i nā manawa a pau . Ua ʻike ʻia nā mōʻalihaku petrified mai nā dinosaurs, akā ʻo nā iwi ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Manaʻo ka poʻe he nui nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur a pau a no laila kahiko. Eia kekahi, manaʻo lākou he mau miliona mau makahiki ka petrification. Eia naʻe, hiki i ka petrification ke hana wikiwiki. Ma nā kūlana hoʻokolohua, ua hiki ke hana i ka lāʻau petrified i kekahi mau lā. Ma nā kūlana kūpono, e like me nā pūnāwai wela me ka minerala, hiki i nā iwi ke petrify i loko o ʻelua pule. ʻAʻole pono kēia mau hana i nā miliona makahiki. No laila ua loaʻa nā iwi dinosaur ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hiki i kekahi mau mōʻalihaku dinosaur ke waiho ʻia ka hapa nui o ko lākou iwi mua a honi paha lākou i ka popopo. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi paleontologist i manaʻoʻiʻo i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution e pili ana i kahi kahua ʻike mōʻalihaʻi dinosaur nui "ua pilau nā iwi a pau o Hell Creek." Pehea e pilau ai nā iwi ma hope o nā ʻumi miliona makahiki? Hōʻike ka puke ʻepekema i ke aʻo ʻana o C. Barreto a me kāna pūʻulu hana i nā iwi o nā dinosaur ʻōpio (Science, 262:2020-2023), ʻaʻole i petrified. ʻO nā iwi i manaʻo ʻia he 72-84 miliona mau makahiki, ua like ka ratio o ka calcium me ka phosphorus me nā iwi o kēia manawa. Hōʻike ka paʻi mua i nā kikoʻī microscopic i mālama maikaʻi ʻia o nā iwi. Ua ʻike ʻia nā iwi ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau e like me Alberta a me Alaska ma Kanada. Ke hōʻike nei ka Journal of Paleontology (1987, Vol. 61, No 1, pp. 198-200) i kekahi o ia ʻike:
Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi hiʻohiʻona ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke kahakai ʻākau o Alaska, kahi i ʻaneʻane pau ʻole ai nā tausani o nā iwi. Ua like nā iwi me nā iwi bipi kahiko. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ka poʻe ʻike i kā lākou ʻike no iwakālua makahiki no ka mea ua manaʻo lākou he bison-, ʻaʻole nā iwi dinosaur.
ʻO kahi nīnau maikaʻi pehea e mālama ʻia ai nā iwi no nā ʻumi miliona mau makahiki? I ka wā o nā dinosaurs, ua mahana ke ea, no laila ua luku ʻia nā iwi i ka hana microbial. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā iwi, mālama maikaʻi ʻia a like me nā iwi hou e hōʻike ana i ka pōkole ma mua o ka lōʻihi.
Nā lole palupalu . E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o nā mōʻalihaku i ko lākou mau makahiki. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke haʻi me ka maopopo i ka wā hea i ola ai nā meaola i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua. ʻAʻole hiki ke unuhi pololei ʻia kēia mai nā mōʻalihaku. I ka hiki ʻana mai i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur, akā naʻe, he mea kupaianaha ka nānā ʻana i ka mālama maikaʻi ʻana o kekahi o nā mōʻalihaku. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻo Yle uutiset ma Dekemaba 5, 2007: "Ua loaʻa nā ʻiʻo dinosaur a me ka ʻili ma USA." ʻAʻole kēia ʻano nūhou wale nō o ia ʻano, akā nui nā lono like a me nā ʻike. Wahi a kekahi hōʻike noiʻi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻiʻo palupalu mai kēlā me kēia iwi dinosaur ʻelua mai ka wā Jurassic (145.5 - 199.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) (1). ʻO nā mōʻalihaʻi dinosaur i mālama maikaʻi ʻia he puʻupuʻu maikaʻi loa inā mai 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kahi laʻana maikaʻi kahi mōʻalihaʻi dinosaur kokoke piha i loaʻa ma Pietraroia limestone deposits ma Southern Italy, e like me ka evolutionary theory i manaʻo ʻia he 110 miliona mau makahiki, akā ʻo nā ʻiʻo o ke ake, ka ʻōpū, ka ʻiʻo a me ka cartilage i koe. Eia kekahi, ʻo kahi kikoʻī kupaianaha i ka ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻōpū i mālama ʻia, kahi e ʻike mau ʻia ai ka ʻiʻo. Wahi a ka poʻe noiʻi, ʻike ʻia ka ʻōpū me he mea lā i ʻoki hou ʻia! ( LAAU, ʻAukake 1998, Puke 13, No. 8, pp. 303-304) ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo nā mōʻalihaku o nā pterosaurs (he mau moʻo lele nui lākou) i loaʻa ma Araripe, Brazil, kahi i mālama maikaʻi ʻole ʻia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Stafford House, ka palaeontologist o University of London e pili ana i kēia mau ʻike mōʻalihaku (Discover 2/1994):
Inā ua make kēlā mea ola i ʻeono mahina i hala aku nei, ua kanu ʻia a eli ʻia, e like me kēia. He hemolele loa ia ma na ano a pau.
No laila, ua hana ʻia nā ʻiʻo palupalu i mālama maikaʻi ʻia mai nā dinosaurs. Ua like loa nā mea i ʻike ʻia me nā mea i hana ʻia me nā mammoths, i manaʻo ʻia ua make wale i kekahi mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka nīnau maikaʻi, pehea e wehewehe ʻia ai nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur i nā manawa he nui ma mua o nā mōʻalihaku mammoth, inā mālama ʻia nā mea ʻelua? ʻAʻohe kumu ʻē aʻe no kēia ma mua o ka pakuhi manawa geological, i ʻike ʻia e kūʻē i ka mea hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano i nā manawa he nui. ʻO ka manawa kēia e haʻalele ai i kēia pakuhi manawa. Hiki paha i nā dinosaur a me nā mammoth i noho ma ka honua i ka manawa like.
Ua loaʻa nā protein e like me albumin, collagen a me osteocalcin i nā koena o nā dinosaurs. Ua loaʻa nō hoʻi nā protein nawaliwali elastin a me nā laminin [Schweitzer, M. a me 6 mau mea ʻē aʻe, Biomolecular characterization a me nā kaʻina protein o ka Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. ʻO ka mea e pilikia ai kēia mau mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole i loaʻa mau kēia mau mea i loko o nā mōʻalihaku holoholona mai ka wā hou. No ka laʻana, i loko o hoʻokahi laʻana iwi mammoth, i manaʻo ʻia he 13,000 mau makahiki, ua nalowale nā collagen a pau (Science, 1978, 200, 1275). Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka collagen mai nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur. Wahi a ka nūpepa ʻoihana Biochemist, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia ka collagen a hiki i ʻekolu miliona mau makahiki ma ka mahana kūpono o ka zero degere Celsius (2) . ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka loaʻa pinepine ʻana o ia mau mea e hōʻike ana he mau millennia ka nui o nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur. ʻAʻole kūlike ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nā makahiki ma ka pakuhi manawa honua me nā ʻike o kēia manawa.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia nā biomolecules ma mua o 100,000 mau makahiki (Bada, J et al. 1999. Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: current knowledge and future challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: ʻEpekema Ola. 354, [1379]). ʻO kēia ka hopena noiʻi o ka ʻepekema empirical. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia ʻo Collagen mai nā mōʻalihaku. Ua ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka protein i nīnau ʻia e haki koke i nā iwi, a ʻike wale ʻia kona koena ma hope o 30,000 mau makahiki, koe wale nō i nā kūlana kūikawā maloʻo. ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo Hell Creek e loaʻa ka ua i kēlā me kēia manawa. No laila, ʻaʻole pono e loaʻa ka collagen i loko o ka iwi "68 miliona" makahiki i kanu ʻia i ka lepo. (3)
Inā pololei nā ʻike e pili ana i nā protein i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā iwi dinosaur, e like me albumin, collagen a me osteocalcin, a me DNA, a ʻaʻohe kumu e kānalua ai ka makaʻala o nā mea noiʻi, ma muli o kēia mau haʻawina, pono e hoʻopaʻa hou ʻia nā iwi ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 40,000-50,000 mau makahiki, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ka manawa mālama ʻoi loa o nā mea i nīnau ʻia ma ke ʻano. (4)
Ke koko . ʻO kekahi mea kupaianaha ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻāpana koko i loko o nā koena o nā dinosaurs. Ua loaʻa nā pūnaʻi koko nucleated a ua ʻike ʻia aia ka hemoglobin i loko o lākou pū kekahi. ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui loa i ʻike ʻia i ke koko koko i hana ʻia i nā makahiki 1990 e Mary Schweitzer. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea like ʻole mai ia manawa. ʻO kahi nīnau maikaʻi pehea e mālama ʻia ai nā ʻili koko no nā ʻumi miliona mau makahiki a i ʻole ma hope o ke kumu o ka honua? He nui nā mea i ʻike ʻia o kēia ʻano i kapa ʻia ka pakuhi manawa honua a me kāna mau miliona mau makahiki i nīnau ʻia. Ma muli o ke kūlana maikaʻi o nā mōʻalihaku, ʻaʻohe kumu kūpono e manaʻoʻiʻo ai i nā miliona mau makahiki.
I ka piha ʻana o Mary Schweitzer i ʻelima mau makahiki, ua hoʻolaha ʻo ia e lilo ʻo ia i mea noiʻi dinosaur. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kāna moeʻuhane, a i kona makahiki he 38, ua hiki iā ia ke aʻo i kahi ʻiʻo o kahi Tyrannosaurus Rex i mālama pono ʻia, i loaʻa ma Montana i ka makahiki 1998 (Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Vol. 270, No 19 , pp. 2376–2377). ʻO ka makahiki o ka iwi i manaʻo ʻia he "80 miliona mau makahiki." He 90% o nā iwi i loaʻa, a paʻa mau. He loea ʻo Schweitzer i ka noiʻi ʻiʻo a kapa ʻia ʻo ia he palaeontologist molecular. Ua koho ʻo ia i nā iwi ʻūhā a me nā iwi ʻāʻī o ka mea i loaʻa a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e nānā i ka iwi iwi. Ua ʻike ʻo Schweitzer ʻaʻole i hoʻopololei ʻia ka iwi iwi a ua mālama maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka iwi he mea kūlohelohe a mālama maikaʻi loa. Ua aʻo ʻo Schweitzer iā ia me kahi microscope a ʻike i nā hale ʻike. He liʻiliʻi lākou a he poepoe a he nucleus ko lākou, e like me nā keʻena koko ʻulaʻula i loko o kahi kīʻaha koko. Akā, ua nalowale nā pūnaewele koko mai nā iwi dinosaur i nā makahiki i hala."Ua ʻeha koʻu ʻili, e like me kaʻu e nānā nei i kahi ʻāpana iwi hou," wahi a Schweitzer. "ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke manaʻoʻiʻo i kaʻu mea e ʻike nei a ʻōlelo wau i ka ʻenehana lab: 'ʻO kēia mau iwi he 65 miliona mau makahiki, pehea lā e ola ai ke koko i kēlā lōʻihi?'" (Science, July 1993, Vol. 261 , pp. 160–163). ʻO ka mea nui i kēia ʻike, ʻaʻole i pau loa nā iwi i ka mōʻalihaku. Ua hōʻike ʻo Gayle Callis, he kanaka noiʻi loea o nā iwi, i nā laʻana iwi ma kahi hālāwai ʻepekema kahi i ʻike ʻia ai e kahi kanaka pathologist. Ua ʻōlelo mai ke kauka, "Ua ʻike anei ʻoe he mau koko koko i loko o kēia iwi?" Ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi thriller kupaianaha. Ua hōʻike ʻo Mary Schweitzer i ka laʻana iā Jack Horner, kahi mea noiʻi kaulana o nā dinosaurs,"No laila, ke manaʻo nei ʻoe he mau koko koko i loko?" , i pane aku ai o Schweitzer, "Aole, aole au." "ʻAe, e hoʻāʻo wale a hōʻoia ʻaʻole lākou he mau koko koko," i pane aku ai ʻo Horner (EARTH, 1997, Iune: 55–57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). Manaʻo ʻo Jack Horner he mānoanoa nā iwi a ʻAʻole hiki i ka wai a me ka oxygen ke hoʻopilikia iā lākou (5)
Radiocarbon . ʻO ke ʻano koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana ʻana i ka makahiki o ka mea olaola ʻo ke ʻano radiocarbon. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka hapalua ola o ka radiocarbon (C-14) he 5730 mau makahiki, no laila ʻaʻohe mea i koe ma hope o 100,000 mau makahiki. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo ua loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka radiocarbon i loko o nā waihona "haneri miliona mau makahiki", nā pūnāwai aila, nā mea ola Cambrian, nā waihona lanahu, a me nā daimana. Inā he mau millennia wale nō ka hapalua o ke ola o ka radiocarbon, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana inā he mau miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei. ʻO ka mea hiki wale nō ke kokoke loa ka manawa o ka make ʻana o nā mea ola i kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi he mau tausani, ʻaʻole miliona mau makahiki. ʻO ka pilikia like me nā dinosaur. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā dinosau i ka radiocarbon, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur i ʻelemakule loa no ka radiocarbon dating. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau ana a ʻo ka mea kāhāhā, ʻo ke koena o ka radiocarbon. ʻO kēia, e like me nā ʻike mua, ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo i mau miliona mau makahiki mai ka pau ʻana o kēia mau mea ola. Hōʻike hou aku ka ʻōlelo aʻe e pili ana i ka pilikia. Ke hōʻike nei kekahi hui kanaka noiʻi Kelemania i nā koena radiocarbon o nā koena dinosaur i loaʻa ma nā wahi like ʻole:
ʻO nā mōʻalihaku i manaʻo ʻia he ʻelemakule loa, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka carbon-14 no ka mea ʻaʻole pono lākou i koe i kahi radiocarbon. He pōkole loa ka hapalua o ke ola o ke kalapona radioaktif a ua popopo loa ia ma lalo o 100,000 makahiki. I ʻAukake 2012, ua hōʻike kekahi hui o nā mea noiʻi Kelemania i kahi hālāwai o nā geophysicists i nā hopena o nā ana kalapona-14 i hana ʻia ma nā ʻano iwi dinosaur fossilized. Wahi a nā hopena, he 22,000-39,000 mau makahiki o nā iwi! Ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ka manawa kākau, loaʻa ka hōʻike ma YouTube. (6) Pehea i loaʻa ai ka hopena? ʻElua o nā luna hoʻomalu, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻae i nā ana, kāpae i ka abstract o ka hōʻike mai ka pūnaewele o ka hālāwai kūkā me ka ʻole o ka haʻi ʻana aku i nā ʻepekema. Loaʻa nā hopena ma http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Hōʻike ka hihia i ka hopena o ka paradigm naturalistic. Aneane hiki ʻole ke loaʻa nā hopena e kūʻē i ka mea i paʻi ʻia ma ke kaiāulu ʻepekema i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka naturalism. ʻOi aku ka lele ʻana o nā huawaina. (7)
DNA . ʻO kahi hōʻailona ʻaʻole hiki ke waiho ʻia ka dinosaur mai nā miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei ka loaʻa ʻana o DNA i loko o lākou. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo DNA mai ka laʻana, About Tyrannosaurus Rex iwi iwi (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) a me nā hua dinosaur ma Kina (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). ʻO ka mea paʻakikī i ka ʻike ʻana o DNA no ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution ʻoiai mai nā mummies kahiko a i ʻole mammoths i aʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa mau nā laʻana DNA no ka mea ua hao ʻia kēia mea. ʻO kahi laʻana maikaʻi ʻo ia ka wā i aʻo ai ʻo Svante Pääbo i nā laʻana kiko o 23 mau mummies kanaka ma ka hale hōʻikeʻike ʻo Berlin ma Uppsala. Ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka DNA mai hoʻokahi mummy wale nō, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mea ke lōʻihi loa (Nature 314: 644-645). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka DNA i loko o nā dinosaurs e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole hiki i nā mōʻalihaku mai nā miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka mea i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ʻo ia ma hope o 10,000 mau makahiki ʻaʻohe DNA i koe (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Pēlā nō, ma kahi noiʻi hou loa mai 2012, ua helu ʻia ʻo ka hapalua o ke ola o DNA he 521 mau makahiki wale nō. Hōʻike kēia e hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ka manaʻo o nā ʻumi miliona mau makahiki. Ma ka nūhou pili (yle.fi > Uutiset > Tiede, 13.10.2012) ua ʻōlelo ʻia:
Ua loaʻa ka palena hope loa o ka mālama ʻana i ka DNA - ua pau nā moeʻuhane o ka cloning dinosaurs
Ua pau nā dinosaur i 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole ola ʻo DNA i kahi lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i nā kūlana kūpono, e like me kahi noiʻi hou ... Hoʻomaka nā enzymes a me nā micro-organism e wāwahi i ka DNA o nā cell ma hope koke o ka make ʻana o kahi holoholona. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke kumu nui o kēia manaʻo ʻo ia ka hopena o ka wai. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai lepo ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi a pau, pono ʻo DNA, ma ke kumumanaʻo, e pohō i ka wikiwiki paʻa. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēia, akā naʻe, ma mua o kēia lā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka nui o nā mōʻalihaku i waiho ʻia ka DNA. Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema Denemaka a me Australia i kēia mea pohihihi, ʻoiai ua loaʻa iā lākou he 158 iwi iwi o ka manu nunui Moa i loko o kā lākou keʻena hana, a aia nā iwi i waiho ʻia i loko o lākou. He 600 - 8000 makahiki ka iwi a mai ka wahi like mai, no laila ua ʻelemakule lākou i nā kūlana kūpaʻa.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka amber ke hāʻawi i ka DNA manawa hou
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka makahiki o nā laʻana a me nā helu palaho o ka DNA, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke helu i ka hapalua o ke ola o 521 mau makahiki. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma hope o 521 mau makahiki ua haki ka hapalua o nā hui nucleotide i ka DNA. Ma hope o kekahi 521 makahiki, ua hiki mai kēia i ka hapalua o nā hui i koe a pēlā aku. Ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi ʻoiai inā hoʻomaha ka iwi i kahi mahana kūpono, ua haki nā ami a pau ma hope o 68 miliona mau makahiki. ʻOiai ma hope o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa miliona makahiki, ʻaʻole hiki ke heluhelu ʻia ka DNA: ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻike i koe, no ka mea, ua pau nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi.
Inā mau ka DNA i loko o nā dinosaurs a ua ana ʻia ka hapalua o ke ola o kēia mea i nā haneli mau makahiki, pono e huki ʻia nā hopena mai kēia. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi ʻia nā ana DNA, a ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā dinosaur i ola i nā ʻumi miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻOiaʻiʻo he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka koho hope, no ka mea, ʻo nā ana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā manawa pōkole, ʻaʻole i nā miliona makahiki. He ʻepekema kēia e pili ana i nā ana, a inā e hōʻole loa ʻia, ke alakaʻi hewa nei mākou iā mākou iho.
KA HOOHOLO O NA DINOSAURA . I ka wā e pili ana i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā dinosaurs, manaʻo pinepine ʻia ua hana ʻia he mau miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka hopena o ka manawa Cretaceous. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā ammonites, belemnites a me nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i komo pū i ka luku nui like. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopau ka luku ʻana i kahi hapa nui o nā holoholona o ka wā Cretaceous. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka luku ʻia i manaʻo ʻia he meteorite, kahi e hoʻāla ai i kahi ao lepo nui. Ua uhi ʻia ke ao lepo i ka lā no ka manawa lōʻihi, i ka wā e make ai nā meakanu a me nā holoholona e ʻai ana i nā mea kanu. Eia naʻe, hoʻokahi pilikia ka manaʻo meteorite a me ka lohi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau: ʻaʻole lākou e wehewehe i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku i loko o nā pōhaku paʻa a me nā mauna. Loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku Dinosaur mai nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua i loko o nā pōhaku paʻakikī, he mea kupaianaha. He mea kupaianaha, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i nā holoholona nui - 20 mika paha ka lōʻihi - hiki ke komo i loko o ka pōhaku paʻa. ʻAʻole kōkua ka manawa, no ka mea, inā e kali ʻoe i nā miliona makahiki no ke kanu ʻia ʻana o kahi holoholona i ka lepo a fossilized, e popopo pono ia ma mua a i ʻole e ʻai nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke ʻike mākou i ka dinosaur a me nā mōʻalihaku ʻē aʻe, ua kanu koke ʻia lākou ma lalo o ka lepo. ʻAʻole hiki ke hānau ʻia nā mōʻalihaku ma kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe:
He mea maopopo, ina e lohi ka hana ana o na waihona, aole hiki ke malama i na fossil, no ka mea, aole e kanuia lakou iloko o ka sediment mamua o ka popopo e na waika o ka wai, a ma mua paha o ka lukuia a nahaha i loko. ʻāpana i ko lākou ʻānai ʻana a hahau i lalo o ke kai pāpaʻu. Hiki iā lākou ke uhi wale ʻia i ka sediment i kahi pōʻino, kahi i kanu koke ʻia ai. ( Geochronology or the Age of the Earth on grounds of Sediments and Life , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, p. 14)
ʻO ka hopena, ʻo kēia mau dinosaur i loaʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ua kanu koke ʻia e nā ʻōpala. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka lepo palupalu a puni lākou i ka wā mua a laila paʻakikī e like me ke kima. Ma kēia ala wale nō e wehewehe ʻia ai ke kumu o nā dinosaurs, nā mammoths a me nā mōʻalihaku holoholona ʻē aʻe. I ke Kaiakahinalii, hiki io no. Nānā mākou i ka wehewehe, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻo kūpono e pili ana i kēia. Hōʻike ia i nā dinosaur i loaʻa i loko o nā pōhaku paʻa, e hōʻike ana ua uhi ʻia lākou e ka lepo palupalu. Ua paa ka lepo a puni lakou. I loko wale nō o ke Kaiakahinaha, ʻaʻole naʻe i ka pōʻaiapuni maʻamau o ke ʻano, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e hiki mai kekahi mea e like me ia (e pili pū ana ka ʻatikala i ka hiki ʻana o nā eddies wai i hōʻiliʻili i nā iwi dinosaur). Ua hoʻohui ʻia nā bolds i ka kikokikona ma hope e hoʻomaopopo ai:
Ua hele ʻo ia i ka wao nahele o South Dakota, aia nā paia pōhaku ʻulaʻula, melemele a ʻalani a me nā pōhaku. I loko o kekahi mau lā , ua loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau iwi i loko o ka pā pōhaku , a ua manaʻo ʻo ia ʻo ia ke ʻano āna i ʻimi ai e loaʻa. I kona ʻeli ʻana i ka pōhaku a puni nā iwi , ʻike ʻo ia aia nā iwi i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka holoholona. ʻAʻole lākou i loko o kahi puʻu e like me nā iwi dinosaur. Ua like ka nui o ia mau puʻu me he puahiohio wai ikaika. I kēia manawa, aia kēia mau iwi i ka pōhaku ʻeleʻele uliuli, he paʻakikī loa . Pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka pōhaku one me kahi māka a wehe ʻia me ka puhi ʻana. Ua hana ʻo Brown a me kāna mau ʻaoʻao i lua ma kahi o ʻehiku a me ka hapa mika ka hohonu e hoʻopuka ai i nā iwi. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i hoʻokahi iwi nui i lawe iā lākou i ʻelua kauwela. ʻAʻole loa lākou i wehe i nā iwi o ka pōhaku. Lawe lākou i nā pōhaku ma ke kaʻaahi i ka hale hōʻikeʻike, kahi i hiki ai i nā ʻepekema ke ʻoki i nā mea pōhaku a kūkulu i ka iwi. Ke kū nei kēia moʻo ʻino i ka hale hōʻikeʻike o ka hale hōʻikeʻike. (p. 72, Dinosaurs / Ruth Wheeler a me Harold G. Coffin)
NA HOIKE HOU O KE KAIA'I . No laila ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ke koena o nā dinosaur i loaʻa i loko o nā pōhaku paʻakikī, kahi paʻakikī e wehe iā lākou. ʻO ka hiki wale nō o ke komo ʻana i kēia mokuʻāina ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka lepo palupalu a puni lākou a paʻakikī a lilo i pōhaku. Ma kekahi hanana e like me ke Kaiakahinalii, ua hiki mai paha keia. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā holoholona nunui e like me kēia ma ka mōʻaukala kanaka ma hope o ke kaiakahinaha, no laila ʻaʻole lākou i make i kēlā manawa. Pehea e pili ana i na mea hoike o ke Kaiakahinalii? Eia mākou e hōʻike nei i kekahi o lākou. ʻO ka mea i wehewehe ʻia i loko o ka pakuhi manawa honua e nā miliona makahiki, a i ʻole nā pōʻino he nui paha, hiki i nā mea a pau ke hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pōʻino hoʻokahi: ʻo ke Kaʻi. Hiki iā ia ke wehewehe i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā dinosaur a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma ka lepo. ʻO kekahi hōʻike ikaika o ke Kaiakahinaʻi, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau ka sediment moana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā ʻōlelo ma lalo nei. ʻO ka mua o nā manaʻo mai kahi puke a James Hutton, ka makua kāne o ka geology, mai 200 mau makahiki aku nei:
Pono mākou e hoʻoholo ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana āpau o ka honua (...) e ke one a me nā ʻiliʻili e ahu ana ma ke kai, nā pūpū crustacean a me nā mea koʻa, ka lepo a me ka pālolo. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth l, 26. 1785)
JS Shelton: Ma nā ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā pōhaku sedimentary moana ma mua o nā pōhaku sedimentary ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia. ʻO kēia kekahi o kēlā mau ʻoiaʻiʻo maʻalahi e koi ana i ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo ia ka puʻuwai o nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kanaka e hoʻomaopopo i ka loli ʻana o ka palapala honua i hala. (8)
ʻO kekahi hōʻike ʻē aʻe o ke Kaiakahinaʻi, ʻo ia nā waihona lanahu a puni ka honua, i ʻike ʻia ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka wai. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku moana a me nā iʻa e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole hiki ke waiho ʻia ka hopena o ka piʻi lohi ʻana i kekahi mau marsh. Akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka lawe ʻana o ka wai i nā mea kanu i nā wahi i hana ʻia ai ka lanahu. Ua huki ka wai i nā mea kanu a me nā kumulāʻau, ua hōʻuluʻulu iā lākou i loko o nā puʻu nui, a lawe mai i nā holoholona kai i waena o nā mea kanu ʻāina. Hiki wale kēia i loko o kahi pōʻino nui, e like me ke Kahinaliʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka Baibala.
I ka wā i kanu ʻia ai nā ululāʻau i loko o ka lepo no kekahi kumu, ua hana ʻia nā waihona lanahu. Hoʻokumu ʻia kā mākou moʻomeheu mīkini i kēia manawa i kēia mau strata. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun biologia 9, p. 91)
Aia ma lalo a ma luna aʻe o nā ʻāpana lanahu mineral, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, he mau papa pōhaku pālolo, a mai ko lākou hale e ʻike ai mākou ua stratified mai ka wai. (9)
Hōʻike nui nā hōʻike i ka hana ʻana o ka lanahu mineral i ka wā i luku ʻia ai nā ululāʻau nui, hoʻopaʻa ʻia a kanu koke ʻia. Aia nā ʻāpana lignite nui ma Yallourn, Victoria (Australia) i loaʻa ka nui o nā kumu lāʻau pine - nā lāʻau ulu ʻole i kēia manawa ma ka ʻāina marsh. ʻO nā ʻāpana mānoanoa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hiki i ka 50% o ka pollen maʻemaʻe a hoʻolaha ʻia ma kahi ʻāpana nui e hōʻike maopopo ana i ka hana ʻana o ka lignite strata e ka wai. (10)
Ua aʻo ʻia i nā kula e hana mālie ʻia ke kalapona mai ka peat, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hana ʻia nei. Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka nui o nā pā lanahu, nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, a me nā kumu lāʻau kū pololei, ʻike ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā waihona lanahu e nā ʻauheʻe nui o nā mea kanu, i ka wā o kahi kahe nui loa. Loaʻa nā ala i kālai ʻia e nā mea ola kai i loko o kēia mau mōʻalihaku mea kanu carbonized. Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā mōʻalihaku o nā holoholona moana i loko o nā waihona lanahu ("He moʻolelo no ka Occurrence of Marine Animal Remains in a Lancashire Coal Ball", Geological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... He nui nā waiho ʻana o nā iwi holoholona moana a me nā mōʻalihaku o Spirorbis , i noho i loko o ke kai, hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā waihona lanahu.(Weir, J., "Recent Studies of Shells of the Carbon Measures", Science Progress, 38:445, 1950). (11)
Hōʻike ʻo Prof. Price i nā hihia kahi 50 a 100 mau papa lanahu mineral ma luna o kekahi a ma waena o lākou he mau papa me nā mōʻalihaku mai ke kai hohonu. Manaʻo ʻo ia i kēia ʻāpana hōʻike ikaika loa a maopopo ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻāʻo e wehewehe i kēia mau ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ke kumu o ka manaʻo like ʻole o Lyell. (12)
ʻO ke kolu o ka hōʻike ʻana o ke Kaiakahinaʻi, ʻo ia ka noho ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku moana ma nā mauna kiʻekiʻe e like me ka Himalayas, nā Alps a me nā Andes. Eia kekahi mau laʻana mai nā puke ponoʻī a ka poʻe ʻepekema a me nā mea kālaihonua.
ʻOiai ʻo Darwin e huakaʻi ana ma ka Beagle, ua loaʻa iā ia nā pūpū kai fossilized mai luna mai ma nā mauna ʻo Andean. Hōʻike ʻia ka mea i kēia manawa he mauna i lalo o ka wai. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [No ke aha he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka evolution], p. 127)
Aia ke kumu e nānā pono ai i ke ʻano kumu o nā pōhaku ma nā pae mauna. ʻIke maikaʻi ʻia ia ma nā Alps, ma ka lime Alps o ka ʻākau, i kapa ʻia ʻo Helvetian zone. ʻO ka limestone ka mea pōhaku nui. Ke nānā kākou i ka pōhaku ma ʻaneʻi ma nā pali pali a i ʻole ma ka piko o ke kuahiwi - inā loaʻa iā mākou ka ikaika e piʻi i laila - e ʻike mākou i nā koena holoholona fossilized, nā mōʻalihaku holoholona, i loko. Hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia lākou akā hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻike ʻia. ʻO kēlā mau mōʻalihaku āpau he ʻili lime a i ʻole iwi iwi o nā mea kai. Aia ma waena o lākou he mau ammonites spiral-threaded, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā clams ʻāpana ʻelua. (…) E noʻonoʻo paha ka mea heluhelu i ke ʻano o ka paʻa ʻana o nā pae mauna i nā sediment he nui, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ke kai. (p. 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Esekola)
Ua noiʻi ʻo Harutaka Sakai mai ke Kulanui ʻo Iapana ma Kyushu no nā makahiki he nui i kēia mau mōʻalihaku moana ma nā mauna Himalayan. Ua papa inoa ʻo ia a me kāna hui i kahi aquarium holoʻokoʻa mai ka wā Mesozoic. Loaʻa nā lilia liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, pili i nā urchins kai a me nā hōkū i kēia manawa, ma nā pā pōhaku ma mua o ʻekolu mau kilomita ma mua o ka ʻilikai. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻAmoni, nā belemnites, nā ʻaʻa a me nā plankton ma ke ʻano he mōʻalihaku i loko o nā pōhaku o nā mauna (…) Ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ʻelua mau kilomita, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe kālaihonua kahi ala i waiho ʻia e ke kai ponoʻī. ʻO kona ʻili pōhaku e like me ka nalu e pili ana i nā ʻano i koe i ke one mai nā nalu haʻahaʻa. Mai ka piko o Everest, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana melemele o ka limestone, i kū mai ma lalo o ka wai mai nā koena o nā holoholona moana he nui. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta", p. 55)
ʻO ka hā o ka hōʻike ʻana o ke Kahinaliʻi, ʻo ia nā moʻolelo o ke Kaiakahinaha, ʻo ia hoʻi, e like me ka manaʻo ʻana o kekahi, aia ma kahi o 500 o lākou. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o kēia mau moʻolelo i mea hōʻike maikaʻi loa no kēia hanana.
Ma kahi o 500 mau moʻomeheu - me nā poʻe ʻōiwi o Helene, Kina, Peru a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau - ʻike ʻia ma ka honua kahi e wehewehe ai nā kaʻao a me nā moʻolelo i kahi moʻolelo koʻikoʻi o kahi kahe nui i hoʻololi i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻohana. Ma nā moʻolelo he nui, he kakaikahi wale nō ka poʻe i ola i ke kaiakahinalii, e like me ka hihia o Noa. Ua manaʻo ka nui o ka poʻe i ke kaiakahina a nā akua i hoʻoluhi i ke ʻano kanaka. Ua hewa paha ka poʻe, e like me ka wā o Noa a me ka moʻolelo na ka ʻohana Hopi ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, a i ʻole he nui loa a walaʻau loa ka poʻe, e like me ka moʻolelo o Gilegamesa. (13)
Inā ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo ke Kahinaliʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua wehewehe paha kekahi mau ʻāina ua hoʻopau nā lua pele weliweli, nā ʻino hau nui, nā maloʻo (...) i ko lākou mau kūpuna hewa. No laila, ʻo ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ka moʻolelo o ke Kaiakahinaʻi kekahi o nā ʻāpana hōʻike maikaʻi loa o kona ʻoiaʻiʻo. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokuʻu i kekahi o kēia mau moʻolelo ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo pilikino a manaʻo he noʻonoʻo wale nō ia, akā i ka hui pū ʻana, mai kahi hiʻohiʻona honua, aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia. (Ka Honua)
Dinosaurs a me nā mammals . Ke heluhelu mākou i nā puke biology a me nā palapala evolution, ʻike pinepine mākou i ka manaʻo o ka ulu ʻana o ke ola āpau mai kahi cell primitive maʻalahi a hiki i nā ʻano o kēia manawa. Ua komo ka Evolution e lilo ka iʻa i mau rana, nā rana i mea kolo a me nā dinosaurs i mau mammals. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻike nui ʻana ua loaʻa nā iwi dinosaur i waena o nā iwi e like me nā iwi lio, bipi a me nā hipa (Anderson, A., Tourism falls victim to tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus make quietly after all, 1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), no laila ua ola nā dinosaur a me nā mammals i ka manawa like. ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻe e pili ana i ka like. Hōʻike ia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o Carl Werner e hoʻāʻo i ke kumumanaʻo Darwin ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Ua hana ʻo ia i nā makahiki he 14 o ka noiʻi a lawe ʻo ia i mau tausani kiʻi. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e ola nui nā mammals a me nā manu i ka manawa like me nā dinosaurs:
Me ka ʻole o ka ʻike mua e pili ana i nā mōʻalihaku ola, ua hoʻoholo ke kauka paramedic ʻAmelika ʻo Carl Werner e hoʻokomo i ka manaʻo o Darwin ma lalo o kahi hoʻokolohua kūpono …a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i noho pū me lākou… Ua kamaʻāina ʻo Werner iā ia iho me nā palapala paleontology ʻoihana a kipa aku i 60 mau hale moʻolelo kūlohelohe a puni ka honua, kahi āna i lawe ai i 60 000 mau kiʻi. Ua nānā wale ʻo ia i nā mōʻalihaku i ʻeli ʻia mai ka papa like, kahi e loaʻa ai nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur (Triassic -, Jurassic -, a me Cretaceous mau makahiki 250-65 miliona mau makahiki i hala). A laila ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo ia i nā tausani o nā mōʻī kahiko like ʻole i loaʻa iā ia i loko o nā hale hōʻikeʻike a ʻike ʻia ma ka palapala me nā ʻano o kēia manawa a nīnauele i nā poʻe akamai he nui i ka ʻoihana paleontology a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. ʻO kāna hopena ʻo ia ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hale moʻomeheu a me nā palapala paleontology i nā mōʻalihaku o kēlā me kēia pūʻulu o nā ʻano i kēia manawa ... Ua haʻi ʻia iā mākou ua hoʻomaka mālie nā mammals i ka wā "prime era" o nā dinosaurs, ʻo nā mammals mua he "mea liʻiliʻi e like me ka maʻa e noho peʻe a neʻe wale i ka pō me ka makaʻu i nā dinosaurs." I loko naʻe o ka palapala ʻoihana, ua ʻike ʻo Werner i nā moʻolelo e pili ana i nā squirrels, opossums, beavers, primates a me nā platypuses i ʻeli ʻia mai ka strata dinosaur. Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo ia i kahi hana i paʻi ʻia ma 2004, e like me 432 mau mea momona i loaʻa i ka Triassic -, Jurassic -, a me Cretaceous strata, a kokoke i hoʻokahi haneli o lākou he iwi iwi piha ... Ma ka nīnau wikiō a Werner, ua wehewehe ka luna hoʻomalu o ka hale hōʻikeʻike prehistoric o Utah, ʻo Dr Donald Burge: “Loaʻa mākou i nā mōʻalihaʻi mammal ma aneane āpau o kā mākou ʻeli dinosaur. Loaʻa iā mākou he ʻumi mau tona o ka pālolo bentonite i loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku mammal, a ke hana nei mākou e hāʻawi iā lākou i nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole no ka mea ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike nui iā lākou, akā no ka pōkole o ke ola, ʻaʻole wau i loea i nā mammals: ua loea wau i nā mea kolo a me nā dinosaurs”. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Paleontologist Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh) i ka nīnau wikiō a Werner i Mei, 2004: “He kuhi hewa ka huaʻōlelo 'wā dinosaur. He pūʻulu koʻikoʻi nā mammals i noho pū me nā dinosaurs a ola pū kekahi. (No ka puke kēia mau ʻōlelo: Werner C. Living Fossils, p. 172 –173). (14)
Ma muli o nā ʻike mōʻalihaku, no laila ke alakaʻi hewa nei ka huaʻōlelo dinosaur era. Ua noho like nā momi maʻamau o kēia wā me nā dinosaur, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 432 mau ʻano mammals. Pehea e pili ana i nā manu i manaʻo ʻia ua ulu mai nā dinosaur? Ua loaʻa pū lākou ma ka papa like me nā dinosaurs. ʻO kēia mau ʻano ʻano like like me kēia mau lā: kaka, penguin, ʻaeto pueo, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, duck, cormorant, avocet...Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Dr Werner ""ʻAʻole hōʻike nā hale hōʻikeʻike i kēia mau mōʻalihaʻi manu o kēia wā. , ʻaʻole hoʻi e kaha kiʻi iā lākou i nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā kaiapuni dinosaur. Ua hewa. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, inā hōʻike ʻia kahi T. Rex a i ʻole Triceratops i kahi hōʻikeʻike hale hōʻikeʻike, pono e hōʻike ʻia nā ʻeke, nā loona, nā flamingo, a i ʻole kekahi o kēia mau manu hou i loaʻa ma ka papa like me nā dinosaur. ʻAʻole naʻe pēlā. ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ka ʻiole me kahi dinosaur i loko o ka hale moʻolelo kūlohelohe, ʻo ʻoe? He pueo? He kaka?”
ʻO nā dinosaur a me nā kānaka . Ma ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i ke kanaka ke noho ma ka honua e like me nā dinosaurs. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ua ʻike ʻia nā mammals ʻē aʻe i ka manawa like me nā dinosaurs, a ʻoiai ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana he pono ke ʻike ʻia nā kānaka ma mua o nā dinosaurs (nā mea a me nā mōʻalihaku kanaka i loko o nā waihona lanahu, etc.). Eia naʻe, aia kekahi mau hōʻike maopopo e ola ana nā dinosaurs a me nā kānaka i ka manawa like. E laʻa, ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana i ka deragona e like me ia. I ka wā ma mua, ua kamaʻilio ka poʻe e pili ana i nā ʻīlio, akā ʻaʻole e pili ana i nā dinosaur, ʻo ka inoa o ia mea i haku ʻia e Richard Owen wale nō i ke kenekulia 19.
Moʻolelo s. ʻO kekahi ʻāpana hōʻike i ola nā dinosaur i ka wā i hala aku nei, ʻo ia ka nui o nā moʻolelo a me nā wehewehe ʻana o nā ʻīlio nui a me nā moʻo lele. ʻOi aku ka ʻoi o kēia mau wehewehe ʻana, ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau wehewehe ʻana, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻike hoʻomanaʻo kahiko, i waena o nā lāhui like ʻole, no laila ua ʻōlelo ʻia lākou e laʻa ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, Irish, Denemaka, Norewai, Kelemānia, Helene, Roma, ʻAigupita a me Babulona. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka laha ʻana o nā kiʻi dragon.
ʻO nā ʻīlio hae i loko o nā kaʻao, he mea kupanaha, e like me nā holoholona maoli i noho i ka wā ma mua. Ua like lākou me nā mea kolo nui (dinosaurs) i noho aliʻi ma ka ʻāina ma mua o ka wā i manaʻo ʻia ai ke kū ʻana o ke kanaka. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻīlio he ʻino a me ka luku. Ua kuhikuhi kēlā me kēia lāhui iā lākou i kā lākou moʻolelo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, s. 265)
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻaukala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻīlio ma nā wahi āpau: i ka moʻolelo mua o ʻAsuria a me Babulona no ka ulu ʻana o ka moʻomeheu, i ka mōʻaukala Iudaio o ke Kauoha Kahiko, i nā kikokikona kahiko o Kina a me Iapana, i ka moʻolelo o Helene, Roma. a me na Kalikiano mua, ma na olelo hoohalike o Amerika kahiko, ma na moolelo o Aferika a me Inia. He paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hui ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo i nā ʻīlio i loko o kāna mōʻaukala kaʻao… ʻōlelo ʻo Aristotle, Pliny a me nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe o ka wā kahiko, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā moʻolelo deragona i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a ʻaʻole i ka noʻonoʻo. (15)
Ua haʻi mua ʻo Pentti Eskola, ka mea kālaihonua Finnish i nā makahiki i hala aku nei ma kāna puke ʻo Muuttuva maa i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi o nā ʻīlio hae e like me nā dinosaur:
ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o nā holoholona e like me ka moʻo, he mea ʻakaʻaka iā mākou no ka mea he nui ka nui o lākou e like - ma kahi ʻano mamao a like me ka caricature - nā mammals hou e noho ana ma lalo o nā kūlana like. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa ka hapa nui o nā dinosaur mai nā ʻano ola o kēia wā i hiki ke loaʻa nā analogues kokoke loa i nā kiʻi o nā ʻīlio ma nā kaʻao. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ʻaʻole i aʻo maoli nā mea kākau o ka moʻolelo i nā petrifactions a i ʻike paha iā lākou. (16)
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka lilo ʻana o nā dinosaur i nā ʻīlio, ʻo ia ka kalena lunar Chinese a me ka horoscope, kahi i ʻike ʻia he mau kenekulia. No laila ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka zodiac Kina ma nā hōʻailona holoholona 12 e hana hou ana i nā pōʻai 12-makahiki, aia he 12 mau holoholona. He 11 o lakou i kamaaina i keia mau la: iole, bipi, tiger, hare, nahesa, lio, hipa, monkey, moa, ilio a me ka puaa.Akā, ʻo ka holoholona 12 he deragona, ʻaʻole ia i kēia lā. ʻO ka nīnau maikaʻi, inā he holoholona maoli nā holoholona he 11, no ke aha e lilo ai ka deragona i mea ʻokoʻa a he mea moʻokalaleo? ʻAʻole anei ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manaʻo ʻana ua ola ʻo ia i ka manawa like me nā kānaka, akā ua pau e like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe he nui? He mea maikaʻi e hoʻomanaʻo hou i ka huaʻōlelo dinosaur i haku wale ʻia i ke kenekulia 19 e Richard Owen. Ma mua o kēlā, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka inoa deragona no nā kenekulia:
Eia kekahi, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻike ma lalo nei:
ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, i loko o kahi luakini he 800 mau makahiki i loko o ka ululāʻau Cambodia, ua ʻike ʻia ke kālai ʻia e like me ka stegosaurus. He ʻano dinosaur ia. (Mai ka luakini o Ta Prohm. Maier, C., The Fantastic Creatures of Angkor, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 February 2006.)
• Ma Kina, he mea maʻamau nā wehewehe a me nā moʻolelo e pili ana i nā ʻīlio hae; ua ikeia na tausani o lakou. Hōʻike lākou i ka hoʻomoe ʻana o nā ʻīlio hae, pehea ka ʻēheu o kekahi o lākou a me ka uhi ʻana o nā unahi iā lākou. He moʻolelo Pākē e haʻi ana i kahi kanaka i kapa ʻia ʻo Yu i hālāwai me nā ʻīlio hae i kona wā e hoʻokahe ana i ka wai. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma hope o ke kahe nui o ka honua. Ma Kina, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā iwi dinosaur no nā kenekulia e like me nā lāʻau kuʻuna a me nā poultices no ke kuni. ʻO ka inoa Kina no nā dinosaurs (kong long) ʻo ia hoʻi "nā iwi dragon" (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs rediscovered p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi ua hoʻohana ka poʻe Kina i nā ʻīlio hae ma ke ʻano he mau puaʻa a ma nā parade imperial (Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Genesis 4, 1990, pp. 23-26.)
• Ua hoike mai ko Aigupita i ka deragona Apophis ma ke ano he enemi no ka Moi Re. Pēlā nō, hoʻolaha ʻia nā wehewehe ʻana o nā ʻīlio hae ma ka moʻolelo Babulonia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua pepehi ʻo Gilegamesa kaulana i kahi deragona, he mea kolo nui e like me ka mea kolo, i loko o ka ululāʻau kedera. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, Puke 10, p. 359)
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua pepehi ʻo Apollo Helene i ka deragona Python ma ka punawai Delfin. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o ka poʻe pepehi deragona Helene a me Roma kahiko he kanaka i kapa ʻia ʻo Perseus.
• Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka moʻolelo ma ke ʻano mele mai 500-600 AD. haʻi ʻo ia i ka moʻolelo o kekahi kanaka koa i kapa ʻia ʻo Beowulf, ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kowa o Denemaka mai nā moʻo lele a me ka wai. ʻO kāna hana koa ʻo ka pepehi ʻana i ka monster Grendel. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he nui nā lālā hope a me nā lālā liʻiliʻi o kēia holoholona, ua hiki iā ia ke pale i ka hahau ʻana i ka pahi kaua, a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kanaka. Ua neʻe kū pololei loa.
• Ua kamaʻilio pū ka mea kākau Roma ʻo Lucanus e pili ana i nā ʻīlio. Ua kuhikuhi ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻōlelo i kahi deragona ʻAitiopa: “E ka deragona ʻālohilohi gula, hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻoe i ka lewa a pepehi ʻoe i nā bipi nui.
• Ua mālama ʻia nā wehewehe ʻana o nā nahesa lele ma Arabia na Helene Herodotos (ca. 484–425 BC). Ua wehewehe pono ʻo ia i kekahi mau pterosaurs. (Rein, E., The III-VI Book of Herodotos , p. 58 a me ka Buke VII-IX , p. 239, WSOY, 1910)
• Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Pliny (Natural History) i ke kenekulia mua BC i ke ʻano o ka deragona "i ke kaua mau me ka ʻelepani, a ʻo ia iho ka nui o kona nui a hiki i kona wahī ʻana i ka ʻelepani i loko o kona mau ʻāpana a hoʻopaʻa iā ia i loko o kāna niu."
• Ua ʻōlelo ʻia e kekahi ʻencyclopedia History Animalium he mau "dragona" i nā makahiki 1500, akā ua emi nui ka nui a ua kakaikahi.
• He moʻolelo Pelekane mai 1405 e pili ana i kahi deragona: "Ma kahi kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Bures, ma kahi kokoke i Sudbury, ua ʻike ʻia i kēia mau lā kekahi deragona i hana ʻino nui i ka ʻāina. o kona poo, ua like kona mau niho me na pahi pahi, a ua loihi loa kona huelo. (Cooper, B., After the Flood-The early post-Flood history of Europe traced back to Noa, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, pp. 130-161)
• I ke kenekulia 16, ua wehewehe pololei ka ʻepekema Italia ʻo Ulysses Aldrovanus i kahi deragona liʻiliʻi ma kekahi o kāna mau puke. Ua kākau ʻo Edward Topsell i ka makahiki 1608: “He nui nā ʻano deragona. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole ma muli o ko lākou ʻāina, ʻo kekahi hapa ma ke kumu o ko lākou nui, ʻo kekahi hapa ma ke kumu o kā lākou hōʻailona ʻokoʻa. "
• He mea maʻamau ka hōʻailona Dragon ma waena o nā pūʻali koa he nui. Ua hoʻohana ʻia e laʻa me nā mōʻī Roma Hikina a me nā mōʻī Pelekane (Uther Pendragon, ka makuakāne o King Arthur, ʻo Richard I i ke kaua 1191 a ʻo Henry III i kāna kaua kūʻē ʻana i ka Welsh i 1245) a ma Kina, he hōʻailona aupuni ka deragona. ke kapa o ka ohana alii.
• ʻO nā dinosaur a me nā ʻīlio hae kekahi ʻāpana o ka moʻolelo o nā lāhui he nui. Ma waho aʻe o Kina, ua maʻamau kēia i waena o nā lāhui o ʻAmelika Hema.
• Ua wehewehe ʻo Johannes Damascene, ka mea hope loa o nā Makua Ekalesia Helene, i hānau ʻia ma 676 AD, i nā ʻīlio (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) penei:
ʻO Roman Dio Cassius (155–236 AD), nāna i kākau i ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni Roma a me ka Repubalika, e hōʻike ana i nā hakakā o ke kanikela Roma ʻo Regulus ma Carthage. Ua pepehi ʻia kahi deragona i ke kaua. Ua ʻili ʻia a ua hoʻouna ʻia ka ʻili i ka Senate. Ma ke kauoha a ka Senate, ua ana ʻia ka ʻili a he 120 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi (ca. 37 mika). Ua mālama ʻia ka ʻili i loko o ka luakini ma nā puʻu o Roma a hiki i ka makahiki 133 BC, i ka wā i nalowale ai i ka wā i noho ai nā Celts iā Roma. (Plinius, Natural History . Buke 8, Mokuna 14. Plinius iho i olelo mai ua ike i ka trope i ninauia ma Roma). (17) • Nā kaha kiʻi. Ua mālama ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi, nā kiʻi pena a me nā kiʻi o nā ʻīlio hae, a aneane like me nā kikoʻī anatomical a puni ka honua. Loaʻa lākou ma nā moʻomeheu a me nā hoʻomana āpau, e like me nā moʻolelo e pili ana iā lākou. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi o nā ʻīlio hae ma ka laʻa me nā pale kaua (Sutton Hoo) a me nā mea hoʻonani pā hale pule (e laʻa me SS Mary a me Hardulph, ʻEnelani). Ma waho aʻe o nā bipi a me nā liona, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻīlio ma ka ʻīpuka ʻo Ishtar o ke kūlanakauhale kahiko o Babulona. Hōʻike ʻia nā sila o ka cylinder Mesopotamia mua i nā ʻīlio e ʻāʻī ana kekahi i kekahi me nā huelo kokoke i ko lākou ʻāʻī (Moortgat, A., The art of ancient Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 and Plate A.) . Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻē aʻe o ka dragon-dinosaur, e laʻa ma www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. ʻO ka mea mahalo, aia nā kiʻi o kēia mau holoholona ma nā paia o nā ana a me nā canyons. Ua loaʻa kēia mau mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi ma Arizona a me kahi o Rhodesia mua (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, pp. 378,380). No ka laʻana, ma Arizona i ka makahiki 1924, i ka nānā ʻana i kekahi pā mauna kiʻekiʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ua kālai ʻia nā kiʻi o nā holoholona like ʻole i loko o ka pōhaku, e laʻa me nā elepani a me nā dia mauna, akā he kiʻi maopopo loa o kahi dinosaur (Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva . rengas, 1957, p. 91). Ua mālama pū ka poʻe Mayan Indians i kahi kiʻi hoʻomaha me kahi manu e like me Archeopteryx, ʻo ia hoʻi he manu moʻo (18) . Wahi a ka ʻike evolutionary, pono ia e ola i ka manawa like me nā dinosaurs. Ua mālama ʻia hoʻi nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā moʻo lele, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kona mau ʻēheu he iwakālua mika, a ua manaʻo ʻia ua make i nā ʻumi miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana ma lalo nei e pili ana iā lākou a me ke ʻano o kahi holoholona lele e like me Pterosaur i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ipu lepo.
ʻO ka pterosaur ka nui o nā moʻo lele, ʻoi aku paha ka nui o nā ʻēheu ma mua o 17 mika. (…) Ma ka BBC Wildlife Magazine (3/1995, Vol. 13), ua kuhi ʻo Richard Greenwell e pili ana i ke ola o ka pterosaur i kēia lā. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ka mea mākaʻikaʻi ʻo A. Hyatt Verrill, ka mea i loaʻa i kekahi mau ipu lepo Peru. Hōʻike nā ipu pālolo i kahi pterosaur e like me ka pterodactyl. Manaʻo ʻo Verrill ua hoʻohana nā mea pena kiʻi i nā mōʻalihaku i kumu hoʻohālike a kākau:
No nā kenekulia, ua hoʻolilo ʻia nā wehewehe kikoʻī a me nā kiʻi o nā mōʻalihaku pterodactyl mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi, ʻoiai ua noho nā kūpuna o ka poʻe Cocle i kahi ʻāina i mālama maikaʻi ʻia nā koena o nā pterosaurs.
Eia kekahi, ua kamaʻāina ka poʻe ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka manu hekili, nona ka inoa i ʻaiʻē ʻia no ke kaʻa. (19)
I loko o ka Baibala , ʻo ka Behemoths a me ka Leviatana i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka puke ʻo Ioba me he mea lā e pili ana i nā dinosaurs. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia no ka behemoth, ua like kona huelo me ka lāʻau kedera; Ua kūpono kēia mau wehewehe ʻana me kekahi mau dinosaurs, e like me nā sauropods, hiki ke ulu i 20 mau mika ka lōʻihi. Pēlā nō, ʻo ko Behemoth wahi i loko o ka malu o ka ʻohe, a kūpono nā fens i nā dinosaur, no ka mea, ua noho kekahi o lākou ma kahi kokoke i kahakai. No ka huelo e like me ke kedera a Behemoth e hoʻoneʻe ai, he mea hoihoi ia ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kekahi holoholona nui i kēia lā he huelo like. ʻO ka huelo o ka dinosaur herbivorous he 10-15 mika ka lōʻihi a he 1-2 tons ke kaumaha, a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā holoholona like i kēia manawa. Ua unuhi kekahi mau unuhi Baibala i ka Behemoth ma ke ʻano he hippopotamus (a ʻo Leviatan ma ke ʻano he crocodile), akā ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi huelo e like me ke kedera ʻaʻole kūpono i ka hippopotamus ma kekahi ʻano. Hiki ke loaʻa kekahi manaʻo hoihoi e pili ana i ke kumuhana mai ka mea ʻepekema mōʻalihaku kaulana ʻo Stephen Jay Gould, he atheist ʻo Marxist. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ka wā e ʻōlelo ai ka puke o Ioba no Behemoth, ʻo ka holoholona wale nō i kūpono i kēia wehewehe ʻana he dinosaur (Pandans Tumme, p. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Ma ke ʻano he evolutionist, ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua loaʻa i ka mea kākau o ka puke o Ioba kona ʻike mai nā mōʻalihaku i loaʻa. Eia naʻe, ʻo kēia kekahi o nā puke kahiko loa i loko o ka Baibala e pili ana i kahi holoholona ola (Ioba 40:15: Aia hoʻi ʻo behemoth, ka mea aʻu i hana ai me ʻoe…).
- (Ioba 40:15-23) E nana hoi i ka behemoth , ka mea a'u i hana'i me oukou; ʻAi ʻo ia i ka mauʻu me he bipi lā. 16 Aia hoi, aia kona ikaika ma kona puhaka, A o kona ikaika aia ma ka piko o kona opu. 17 Oni no ia i kona huelo me he laau kedera la : Ua pili na iwi o kona uha . 18 Ua like kona mau iwi me na apana keleawe melemele ; Ua like kona mau iwi me na kaola hao. 19 ʻO ia ke poʻo o nā ʻaoʻao o ke Akua: ʻO ka mea nāna ia i hana, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokokoke i kāna pahi kaua iā ia. 20 He oiaio no, ua lawe mai na mauna i ka ai nana, kahi e paani ai na holoholona a pau o ke kula. 21 Moe iho la ia malalo o na laau malumalu, Ma kahi malu o ka ohe, a me na pa . 22 Ua uhi mai na laau malumalu ia ia i ko lakou aka; Ua hoopuni na wilou o ke kahawai ia ia. 23 Aia hoʻi, inu ʻo ia i ka muliwai , ʻaʻole wikiwiki;
ʻO Leviatana kekahi mea hoihoi i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka Buke o Ioba. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ke aliʻi o nā holoholona a ua wehewehe ʻia ka puka ʻana o ka lapalapa mai kona waha. (ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo bomber beetle hiki ke hoʻopuka i ka wela - 100 degere Celsius - ke kinoea pololei ma luna o ka mea hoʻouka, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ma ke aupuni holoholona). He nui paha nā moʻolelo e pili ana i nā ʻīlio hae e puhi i ke ahi mai ko lākou waha mai. Ua unuhi kekahi mau unuhi Baibala i ka Leviatana me he kookodile la, aka, owai la ka mea i ike i ke kookodila e hoohiolo ai ia oe i ka ike ana ia mea, a owai la ke alii o na holoholona hanohano a pau? ʻO ka mea like paha, he holoholona make loa ʻaʻole i ola hou, akā ua ʻike ʻia i ka wā o Ioba. Ua ʻōlelo ka Buke o Ioba penei:
- (Ioba 41:1,2,9,13-34) Hiki anei ia oe ke huki mai i ka leviatana me ka makau? A i kona alelo paha me ke kaula au i kuu iho ai? 2 Hiki anei ia oe ke hookomo i ka makau ma kona ihu? A i ʻō i kona ʻāʻī i ke kākalaioa? 9 Aia hoi, makehewa ka manaolana ia ia ; 13 ʻO wai ka mea e wehe aʻe i ka maka o kona ʻaʻahu? ʻO wai hoʻi ka mea hiki ke hele mai i ona lā me kona kaulawaha lua? 14 Owai ka mea hiki ke wehe i na puka o kona maka? He weliweli kona mau niho a puni . 15 ʻO kona mau unahi kona haʻaheo, ua pani ʻia me ka wepa paʻa . 16 Ua kokoke loa kekahi i kekahi, ʻaʻohe ea e hiki ke komo ma waena o lāua. 17 Ua pili lakou i kekahi i kekahi, ua pili pu lakou, i ole e hookaawaleia. 18 Ua puka mai ka malamalama ma kona uwau ana, A ua like kona mau maka me na lihilihi o ke kakahiaka. 19 Mailoko mai o kona waha e puka aku ai na ipukukui e aa ana, A e lele aku ana iwaho o ke ahi . 20 Mai loko mai o kona mau puka ihu e puka aku ai ka uahi, Me he ipu la no loko mai o ka ipu hao. 21 Hoaa kona hanu i ka lanahu, A puka mai ka lapalapa mai kona waha mai . 22 Aia ma kona ai ka ikaika, A ua lilo ke kaumaha i olioli imua ona. 23 Ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻāpana o kona ʻiʻo; ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia. 24 Ua paa kona naau me he pohaku la; ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e like me ka ʻāpana o ka pōhaku wili palaoa ma lalo. 25 I kona hookiekie ana ia ia iho, makau iho la ka poe ikaika; 26 ʻO ka pahi kaua a ka mea hoʻopaʻa iā ia, ʻaʻole ia e paʻa; 27 Manaʻo ʻo ia i ka hao me he mauʻu maloʻo, a ʻo ke keleawe me ka lāʻau popopo. 28 Aole e hiki i ka pua ke hooauhee ia ia: Ua lilo na pohaku maa me ia i opala. 29 Ua manaoia na ihe e like me ka opala: akaaka no ia i ka lulu ana o ka ihe. 30 Ma lalo ona nā pōhaku ʻoi: Hohola ʻo ia i nā mea ʻoi ma luna o ka lepo. 31 Hana no oia i ka hohonu e like me ka ipuhao: Hana no oia i ke kai me he ipu poni la. 32 Hana mai la oia i ke ala e hoomalamalama mai ai mahope ona; manaʻo kekahi ua hina ka hohonu. 33 Ma ka honua, ʻaʻohe mea like me ia, ka mea i hana ʻia me ka makaʻu ʻole. 34 Nana no ia i na mea kiekie a pau: He alii oia maluna o na keiki haaheo a pau .
Pehea ka wehewehe ʻana o ka Baibala i nā deragona? Ua piha ka Baibala i na olelo hoohalike e hoike ana i na manu nunu, na iliohae ino, na nahesa maalea, na hipa, a me na kao, oia na holoholona a pau i loaa i keia la. No ke aha e ʻokoʻa ai ka deragona, i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ma ke Kauoha Kahiko a me ke Kauoha Hou, a ma nā palapala kahiko? I ka wa i hoike mai ai ka Genesis (1:21) pehea ke Akua i hana'i i na holoholona nui o ke kai, i na moneka moana (ke ano hou ia) (Gen 1:21 ) A hana ke Akua i na kohola nui, a me na mea ola a pau e oni ana, a na ka wai i hoohua nui mai, mahope iho o ko lakou mau mea. ʻano, a me nā manu ʻēheu a pau ma kona ʻano iho: a ʻike ke Akua he maikaʻi ia.) , hoʻohana ka ʻōlelo kumu i ka huaʻōlelo hoʻokahi "tannin", e like me ka deragona ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka Baibala. No ka laʻana, e pili ana kēia mau paukū i nā ʻīlio hae.
- (Ioba 30:29) He kaikunane au no na deragona , a he hoa no na pueo.
- (Ps 44: 19) ʻOiai ua uhaʻi ʻoe iā mākou ma kahi o nā ʻīlio , a ua uhi iā mākou i ke aka o ka make.
- (Isa 35: 7) A e lilo ka ʻāina maloʻo i loko, a ʻo ka ʻāina make wai i mau pūnāwai: ma ka noho ʻana o nā ʻīlio hae , kahi e moe ai kēlā me kēia, he mauʻu me nā ʻohe a me nā ʻōpala.
- (Isa 43:20) E hoʻonani mai nā holoholona o ke kula iaʻu, nā deragona a me nā pueo: no ka mea, hāʻawi au i nā wai ma ka wao nahele, a me nā muliwai ma ka wao nahele, e hoʻoinu i koʻu poʻe kānaka i wae ʻia.
- (Ier 14: 6) Ku ae la na hoki hihiu ma na wahi kiekie, honi lakou i ka makani e like me na deragona ; Ua mae ko lakou mau maka, no ka mea, aohe mauu.
- (Ier 49:33) A e lilo ʻo Hazora i wahi noho no nā ʻīlio hae , a me kahi neoneo mau loa: ʻaʻohe kanaka e noho i laila, ʻaʻole hoʻi e noho kekahi keiki a ke kanaka ma laila.
- (Mika 1:8) No ia mea, e auē au a e uwē, e hele au me ke kapa ʻole, a e uwē au e like me nā ʻīlio hihiu , a e kanikau e like me nā pueo.
- (Mal 1:3) A inaina aku au ia Esau, a ua hooneoneo au i kona mau mauna, a me kona hooilina no na moo o ka waonahele.
- (Sal 104:26) Ma laila e holo ai nā moku: aia i laila ka leviatana āu i hana ai e pāʻani ai.
- (Ioba 7:12) He kai anei au, a he kohola paha , i hoonoho ai oe i kiai maluna o'u? (ka mana i hoʻoponopono hou ʻia: sea monster, ma ka Hebera tannin, ʻo ia hoʻi ka deragona)
- (Ioba 26:12, 13) Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i ke kai me kona mana, a ma kona ʻike e hahau ʻo ia i ka poʻe haʻaheo. 13 Ua hoonani oia i ka lani ma kona uhane; Na kona lima i hana i ka nahesa kekee.
- (Sal 74: 13, 14) Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻoe i ke kai ma kou ikaika: ua uhaʻi ʻoe i nā poʻo o nā deragona ma ka wai. 14 Ua uhaʻi ʻoe i nā poʻo o ka leviatana , a hāʻawi iā ia i ʻai na nā kānaka e noho ana ma ka wao nahele.
- (Ps 91: 13) E hehi ʻoe ma luna o ka liona a me ka moʻo: ʻo ka liona ʻōpio a me ka deragona e hehi ʻoe ma lalo o nā wāwae.
- (Isa 30: 6) ʻO ke kaumaha o nā holoholona o ke kūkulu hema: i ka ʻāina pilikia a me ka ʻeha, kahi i hele mai ai ka liona ʻōpio a me ka liona kahiko, ka moʻo moʻo a me ka nahesa lele ahi, e halihali lākou i kā lākou waiwai ma luna o nā poʻohiwi o nā ʻōpiopio . nā hoki, a me ko lākou waiwai ma luna o nā hui kāmelo, i ka poʻe kānaka pono ʻole iā lākou.
- (De 32:32, 33) No ka mea, ʻo kā lākou kumu waina no ke kumu waina o Sodoma, a no nā mahina ʻai o Gomora; 33 ʻO kā lākou waina, he mea ʻawaʻawa ia o nā ʻīlio hae , A me ka mea ʻawaʻawa ʻino o nā moʻo.
- (Neh 2:13) A hele aku au i ka po ma ka puka o ke awawa, ma ke alo o ka luawai deragona , a i ke awa lepo, a nana aku au i na pa o Ierusalema i wawahiia, a me na puka ona i hoopauia. me ke ahi.
- (Isaia 51:9) E ala, e ala, e aahu i ka ikaika, e ka lima o Iehova; e ala, e like me ka wā kahiko, i nā hanauna kahiko. ʻAʻole anei ʻo ʻoe ka mea i ʻoki iā Rahaba, a i hōʻeha i ka deragona?
- (Isaia 27: 1) I kela la, e hoopai o Iehova me kana pahikaua oioi a nui a ikaika i ka leviatana, ka nahesa hou, a me leviatana, ka nahesa kekee; a e pepehi no ia i ka deragona i loko o ke kai.
- (Ier 51:34) Ua ʻai mai ʻo Nebukaneza ke aliʻi o Babulona iaʻu, ua paʻi mai iaʻu, ua hoʻolilo ʻo ia iaʻu i ipu kaʻawale, ua moni ʻo ia iaʻu e like me ka deragona , ua hoʻopiha ʻo ia i kona ʻōpū i kaʻu mau mea ʻono, ua hoʻolei ʻo ia. iaʻu i waho.
ʻO ka Apocrypha o ke Kauoha Kahiko a me nā ʻīlio hae . Pehea ka Apocrypha o ke Kauoha Kahiko? ʻO lākou hoʻi, aia kekahi mau ʻōlelo no ka deragona, i ʻike ʻia he holoholona maoli, ʻaʻole nā mea hana moʻolelo. Ua kākau ka mea kākau o ka Buke a Sirach i kona makemake e noho me ka liona a me ka deragona, ma mua o kāna wahine ʻino. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Buke a ʻEsetera e haʻi ana i ka moeʻuhane o Moredekai (Moredekai o ka Baibala), i kona ʻike ʻana i ʻelua deragona nui. Ua alo pu o Daniela me kekahi deragona nunui, i hoomanaia e ko Babulona. Hōʻike kēia i ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau holoholona i ka nui loa.
- (Sira 25:16) Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o koʻu noho ʻana me ka liona a me ka deragona, ma mua o ka noho ʻana me ka wahine hewa .
- (Ke akamai o Solomona 16:10) Akā, ʻaʻole i lanakila kāu mau keiki i nā niho o nā ʻīlio hae ;
- (Sirach 43: 25) No ka mea, ma laila nā hana kupanaha a me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano holoholona a me nā kohola i hana ʻia.
- (Hoʻohui iā ʻEsetera 1: 1, 4, 5, 6) ʻO Moredekai, he Iudaio no ka ʻohana a Beniamina, ua lawe pio ʻia ʻo ia me Iehoiakina ke aliʻi o Iuda, i ka wā i hoʻopio ai ʻo Nebukaneza ke aliʻi o Babulona iā Ierusalema. O Moredekai ke keiki a Iaira, he mamo na Kisa a me Simei. 4 Moe iho la ia, nui ka walaau, a me ka haunaele, ka hekili nui, a me ke olai, me ka haunaele nui ma ka honua. 5 A laila, ʻike ʻia mai ʻelua ʻīlio nui, mākaukau e kaua kekahi i kekahi . 6 He leo weliweli lakou , a hoomakaukau iho la ko na aina a pau e kaua aku i ko ke Akua poe kanaka pono.
- (Hoʻohui iā Daniel, Bel a me ka Dragon 1: 23-30) A ma ia wahi he deragona nui i hoʻomana ʻia e ko Babulona. 24 ʻĪ maila ke aliʻi iā Daniʻela, E ʻōlelo anei ʻoe he keleawe kēia? aia hoi, ke ola nei ia, ua ai no ia a e inu ana ; ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole ia he akua ola; 25 A laila ʻī akula ʻo Daniʻela i ke aliʻi, E hoʻomana aku au iā Iēhova i koʻu Akua: no ka mea, ʻo ia ke Akua ola. 26 Akā, e ʻae mai ʻoe iaʻu, e ke aliʻi, a e pepehi aku au i kēia deragona me ka pahi kaua ʻole a me ke koʻokoʻo. ʻĪ maila ke aliʻi, Ke ʻae aku nei au iā ʻoe. 27 Lawe ae la o Daniela i ke kepau, a me ka momona, a me ka lauoho, a hoolapalapa iho la ia mau mea, a hana iho la i mau opala: hahao iho la oia i keia iloko o ka waha o ka deragona, a naha ae la ka deragona; hoomana. 28 A lohe ko Babulona, ukiuki loa lakou, a kipi aku la i ke alii, i aku la, Ua lilo ke alii i Iudaio, a ua luku aku ia Bela, ua pepehi i ka deragona, a ua pepehi i na kahuna. 29 A hele aku la lakou i ke alii, i aku la, E haawi mai oe ia Daniela ia makou, o luku aku makou ia oe a me kou ohana. 30 A ʻike akula ke aliʻi ua koi ikaika lākou iā ia, a ua koi ʻia, hāʻawi ʻo ia iā Daniela iā lākou.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö: Taustaa 2, Kehitysopin kulisseista, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara: Oliko vedenpaisumus ja Nooan arkki mahdollinen, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara: Voiko Raamattuun luottaa, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen: Darwin vai älykäs suunnitelma?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ 20. Matti Leisola: Evoluutiouskon ihmemaassa, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen: Unohdettu Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale: Levoton maapallo, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta: Koulubiologia jakaa disinformaatiota, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola: Muuttuva maa, p. 366 30. Siteeraus kirjasta: Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse: Evoluution romahdus, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen: Dinosaurusten arvoitus ja Raamattu, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
He mau miliona makahiki / dinosaurs /
hoʻololi kanaka? |
