ʻO ka wehewehe kūlohelohe maʻamau no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ka mea i hānau ʻia ma o Big Bang mai ka nele, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi wahi ʻaʻohe mea. Ma mua o kēlā ʻaʻohe manawa, wahi a me ka ikaika. Ua wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia kēia pukana e nā inoa o nā puke e like me Tyhjästä syntynyt (Born of the Empty) (Kari Enqvist, Jukka Maalampi) a i ʻole A Universe from Nothing (Lawrence M. Krauss). ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻe e pili ana i ka mea like:

I kinohi aohe mea iki. He paʻakikī loa kēia e hoʻomaopopo ... Ma mua o ka Big Bang, ʻaʻohe wahi kaʻawale. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka lewa a me ka manawa a me ka ikaika a me nā mea i kēia pahū. ʻAʻohe mea "ma waho" o ke ao holoʻokoʻa e pahū. I kona hānau ʻana a hoʻomaka i kona hoʻonui nui ʻana, ua loaʻa i ke ao holoʻokoʻa nā mea āpau, me nā wahi āpau āpau. (Jim Brooks: Näin elämä alkoi / Origin of life, pp. 9-11)

Pēlā nō, wehewehe ʻo Wikipedia i ka Big Bang. Wahi a ia, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana he wahi wela a paʻakikī a hiki i ka Big Bang a hoʻomaka ka honua e hoʻonui:

Wahi a ka manaʻo, ua kū mai ke ao holoʻokoʻa mai kahi kūlana wela loa ma kahi o 13.8 biliona makahiki i hala aku nei i ka Big Bang a ua hoʻonui mau ʻia mai ia manawa.

Akā he ʻoiaʻiʻo anei ka Big Bang a me ka hānau ʻana o nā kino lani? I kēia mea, pono e noʻonoʻo i kēia mau mea:

ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai i ka mea ʻole a ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke ala mai . Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kūʻē mua ma nā ʻōlelo mua. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, ua'ōleloʻia ua hoʻomaka nā mea a pau mai ka meaʻole, a ma kekahiʻaoʻao, ua'ōleloʻiaʻo ka moku'āina mua he wela loa a paʻakikī.

    Eia naʻe, inā ʻaʻohe mea i ka hoʻomaka, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i kēlā ʻano mokuʻāina kekahi waiwai. ʻAʻole hiki ke wela a paʻapū no ka mea ʻaʻohe. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai ʻē aʻe no ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa.

    Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā mākou e manaʻo ua hoʻololi ka mea ʻole iā ia iho i kahi kūlana paʻakikī a wela, a i ʻole i hānau ʻia ke ao holoʻokoʻa mai ia mea, he mea hiki ʻole ia. He mea hiki ole ma ka makemakika no ka mea hiki ole ke lawe i kekahi mea mai ka mea ole. Inā puunaue ʻia ka zero i kekahi helu, ʻaʻole mau ka hopena. Ua kū ʻo David Berlinski ma ke kumuhana: 

"He mea makehewa ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i loaʻa mai kekahi mea mai ka mea ʻole, ke hoʻomaopopo kekahi mea makemakika he mea lapuwale loa kēia" (Ron Rosenbaum: "He Hoax Nui wale anei ka Big Bang? ʻO David Berlinski Challenges Everyone." New York Observer 7.7 .1998)

Inā ʻaʻohe ikaika, ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke pahū . Ua ʻōlelo kekahi ʻōlelo mua ʻaʻohe ikaika i ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻaʻohe mea.

    Aia kekahi kū'ē'ē aʻe maʻaneʻi, no ka mea, ke'ōlelo nei ke kānāwai nui mua o ka thermodynamics, "ʻAʻole hiki ke hana a hoʻopauʻia ka ikehu, hoʻololi waleʻia mai kekahiʻano i kekahi."

     ʻO ia hoʻi, inā ʻaʻohe ikehu i ka hoʻomaka ʻana, no hea mai ka ikehu no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke ala? Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nele o ka ikehu e pale i kekahi pahū. ʻAʻole hiki ke pahū.

Inā paʻa loa ka mokuʻāina mua, ʻaʻole hiki ke pahū . ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua e pili ana i ka manaʻo ua ala mai nā mea a pau mai kahi kūlana paʻa loa a wela, kahi moku i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā mea āpau o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi loa. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi mea hoʻokahi, e like me nā lua ʻeleʻele.

    Eia kekahi, he kue. No ka mea, ke wehewehe ʻia nā puka ʻeleʻele, ʻōlelo ʻia lākou he ʻeleʻele a ʻaʻohe mea o lākou e pakele, ʻaʻohe kukui, radiation electromagnetic, a i ʻole kekahi mea. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano he ʻehā mau mana kumu: ka'umekaumaha, ka ikaika electromagnetic, a me ka ikaika nuklea ikaika a nāwaliwali. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Gravity ʻo ia ka nāwaliwali loa o lākou, akā inā lawa ka nui, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe ke hana i kekahi mea e pili ana iā ia. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hihia me nā lua ʻeleʻele.

     He aha ka mea hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia mai kēia? Inā manaʻo ʻia nā lua ʻeleʻele he ʻoiaʻiʻo, a ʻaʻohe mea e pakele ai no ka nui o ka nui, pehea lā e hiki ai i kekahi ke hōʻoia i ka pahū ʻana mai kahi kūlana mua i manaʻo ʻia, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻeleʻele? Ke kū'ē nei ka poʻe hoʻomaloka iā lākou iho.                                                         

ʻAʻole hoʻonohonoho ka pahū . Pehea e pili ana i ka pahū ponoʻī, inā hiki ke hana ʻia me nā mea āpau? He mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka luku ʻana i ka pahū? ʻO kēia kahi mea hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo. Inā hoʻokomo ʻia kahi kī pahū eg. i loko o kahi pōʻai paʻa, ʻaʻohe mea i hana ʻia mai ia mea. ʻO nā ʻāpana o ka pōleʻa wale nō i hohola i loko o kahi radius o kekahi mau mika, akā ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kahi kūlana hoʻonohonoho me nā aniani nani, nā hōkū, nā hōkū, nā mahina, a me ke ola. ʻAʻole hana ʻia kēlā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī a hana ʻia e kekahi pahū, akā hoʻopau wale ʻia ka luku a me ka pōʻino.

ʻO nā mea a pau mai kahi wahi liʻiliʻi ? E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, ua manaʻo ʻia ma ka manaʻo Big Bang ua hānau ʻia nā mea āpau mai kahi wahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Ua lilo ia i miliona miliona, miliona mau hōkū, akā ʻo ka lā, nā hōkū, nā pōhaku a me nā mea ola e like me nā elepani, nā kānaka noʻonoʻo, nā manu kani, nā pua nani, nā kumulāʻau nui, nā lele, nā iʻa a me ke kai a puni lākou, ʻono maikaʻi. maiʻa a me nā strawberry, a pēlā aku. Ua puka mai kēia mau mea a pau mai kahi wahi liʻiliʻi ma mua o ke poʻo pine. ʻO kēia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia i loko o kēia kumumanaʻo maʻamau.

     Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mea me kekahi e paʻa ana i ka pahu pahu ma kona lima a ʻōlelo ʻo ia, "Ke ʻike ʻoe i kēia pahu pahu ma koʻu lima, hiki anei iā ʻoe ke manaʻoʻiʻo mai loko mai e hiki mai ana he mau haneli miliona mau hōkū, kahi lā wela, nā mea ola e like me ia. e like me nā ʻīlio, nā manu, nā ʻelepani, nā kumulāʻau, nā iʻa a me ke kai a puni lākou, nā strawberries maikaʻi a me nā pua nani? ʻAe, pono ʻoe e manaʻoʻiʻo he ʻoiaʻiʻo kaʻu e haʻi aku nei, a hiki mai kēia mau mea nui a pau mai loko mai o kēia pahu pahu!

     Pehea kou manaʻo inā hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi iā ʻoe? E manaʻo paha ʻoe iā ia he mea ʻano ʻē? Eia naʻe, ʻano ʻē ka manaʻo Big Bang. Manaʻo ia ua hoʻomaka ia ma kahi ākea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi pahu o nā pāʻani. Manaʻo wau e hana naʻauao mākou inā ʻaʻole mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo i kēia mau manaʻo a pau i hōʻike ʻia e ka poʻe ʻepekema hoʻomaloka, akā pili i ka hana a ke Akua i hana ai, ʻo ia ka wehewehe maikaʻi loa no ke ola ʻana o nā kino lani a me ke ola.

    Ua hoʻohewa pū kekahi poʻe astronomers i ke kumumanaʻo big bang. ʻIke lākou he mea kūʻē i ka ʻepekema maoli:

He ʻokoʻa ka ʻikepili hou mai ka wānana a ke kumumanaʻo e luku i ka Big Bang-cosmology (Fred Hoyle, The Big Bang in Astronomy, 92 New Scientist 521, 522-23 / 1981)

Ma ke ʻano he cosmologist kahiko, ʻike wau i ka ʻikepili nānā i kēia manawa e hoʻopau ana i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a me nā manaʻo he nui e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Pūnaehana Solar. (H. Bondi, Leta, 87 ʻEpekema Hou 611 / 1980)

He liʻiliʻi ka kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka pololei a ʻaʻole paha ka kuhiakau big bang... ʻo ka nui o nā ʻike e hakakā nei ua wehewehe ʻia ma o ka nui o nā manaʻo kumu ʻole a i ʻole ka nānā ʻole ʻia. (nobelist H. Alfven, Cosmic Plasma 125 / 1981)

Kauka Eric Lerner: "He moʻolelo hoihoi wale ʻo Big Bang, i mālama ʻia no kekahi kumu " (Eric Lerner: A Startling Refutation of the Dominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe, The Big Bang Never Happened, NY: Times Books, 1991).

"Ke hilinaʻi nei ʻo Big Bang theory i ka nui o nā manaʻo i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia - nā mea a mākou i ʻike ʻole ai. ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana, ka meaʻeleʻele a me ka ikehuʻeleʻele ka mea kaulana loa o kēia mau mea. Inā ʻaʻole lākou, aia nā kūʻē make ma waena o nā ʻike i hana ʻia e nā astronomers a me nā wānana o ka manaʻo pahū mua. (Eric Lerner a me 33 mau ʻepekema ʻē aʻe mai 10 mau ʻāina like ʻole, Bucking the Big Bang, New Scientist 182(2448):20, 2004; www.cosmologystatement.org , loaʻa iā 1 ʻApelila 2014.)

ʻAʻole hoʻohuihui ke kinoea i loko o nā kino lani . ʻO ka manaʻo, aia ma kekahi manawa ma hope o ka Big Bang, ua hana ʻia ka hydrogen a me ka helium, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā galaxies a me nā hōkū.

     Eia naʻe, ua uhaki hou ʻia nā kānāwai o ka physics. Ma kahi kaʻawale, ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kinoea, akā palahalaha hohonu i loko o ka lewa, e puunaue like. ʻO kēia ke aʻo kumu ma nā puke kula. A i ʻole inā e hoʻāʻo ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa i ke kinoea, piʻi kona wela, a ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana e hoʻonui hou ai ke kinoea. Kāohi ia i ka hānau ʻana o nā kino lani.

    Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo Fred Hoyle, ka mea nāna i hoʻohewa i ke kumumanaʻo big bang a ʻaʻole i manaʻoʻiʻo iā ia: "ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea ke hui pū me kekahi mea a ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana ua pau nā hana āpau" (The Intelligent Universe: A New View of Creation and Evolution - 1983) .

     Hōʻike hou nā manaʻo ma lalo nei ʻaʻohe pane o nā ʻepekema i ke kumu o nā galaxies a me nā hōkū. ʻOiai ke wehewehe pinepine nei kekahi mau puke kaulana a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻike TV ua hānau ʻia kēia mau kino lani ma o lākou iho, ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike no kēia. Loaʻa ia mau pilikia ke ʻimi wale kekahi i ka wehewehe kūlohelohe no ke ola ʻana o nā kino lani, akā hōʻole i ka hana a ke Akua i hana ai, kahi i hōʻike maopopo ʻia ai nā hōʻike. 

ʻAʻole wau makemake e ʻōlelo ua maopopo maoli mākou i ke kaʻina hana i hana i nā galaxies. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka hānau ʻana o nā galaxies kekahi o nā pilikia nui i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia i ka astrophysics a ʻike mākou i kahi mamao loa mai ka hopena maoli a hiki i kēia lā. (Steven Weinberg, Kolme ensimmäistä minuuttia / The First Three Minutes, p. 88)

Ua piha nā puke i nā moʻolelo i manaʻo ʻia, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo pōʻino ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike, pehea i hānau ʻia ai nā galaxies. (L. John, Cosmology Now 85, 92 / 1976)

ʻO kahi pilikia nui, akā, pehea i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā mea a pau? Pehea i hōʻiliʻili mua ai ke kinoea i hānau ʻia ai nā galaxies e hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana hānau o nā hōkū a me ka pōʻai honua nui? (…) No laila, pono mākou e ʻimi i nā mīkini kino e lawe mai i nā condensations i loko o nā mea homogenous o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. He mea maʻalahi kēia akā ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi i nā pilikia hohonu loa. (Malcolm S. Longair, Räjähtävä maailmankaikkeus / The Origins of Our Universe, p. 93)

He mea hilahila no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea i wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka hiki ʻana mai o lākou (nā galaxies) ... ʻO ka hapa nui o nā astronomers a me nā cosmologists e ʻae ākea ʻaʻohe manaʻo ʻoluʻolu o ka hana ʻana o nā galaxies. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia kahi ʻano kikowaena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. (WR Corliss: He Catalog of Astronomical Anomalies, Stars, Galaxies, Cosmos, p. 184, Sourcebook Project, 1987)

ʻO ka mea weliweli ma ʻaneʻi, inā ʻaʻohe o mākou i ʻike ma mua he mau hōkū, ʻo ka noiʻi mua e hāʻawi i nā kumu kumu he nui i hiki ʻole ke hānau ʻia nā hōkū. (Neil deGrasse Tyson, Make by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries, p. 187, WW Norton & Company, 2007)

ʻO Abraham Loeb: "ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole mākou maopopo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā hōkū ma kahi pae kumu." (Kiʻi ʻia mai ka ʻatikala a Marcus Chown Let there be light , New Scientist 157(2120):26-30, 7 Pepeluali 1998)

Pehea ka hānau ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana solar, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lā, nā hōkū a me nā mahina? Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hānau ʻia lākou mai kahi ao kinoea hoʻokahi, akā he mea kuhi. Ua ʻae ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lā, nā hōkūhele a me nā mahina - inā ʻaʻole, ua pau ko lākou ikaika i loko o ka manawa - akā pono lākou e huli i ka noʻonoʻo ke ʻimi i ke kumu o ko lākou hānau ʻana. Ke hōʻole lākou i ka hana a ke Akua o ka hana ʻana, koi ʻia lākou e ʻimi i kahi wehewehe kūlohelohe no ka hānau ʻana o kēia mau kino lani.

    Eia nō naʻe, hālāwai lākou i kahi hopena make i loko, no ka mea, ʻokoʻa loa ka haku ʻana o nā hōkūhele, nā mahina a me ka lā. Pehea lākou i puka mai ai mai ke ao kinoea hoʻokahi, inā he ʻokoʻa loa lākou i ka haku mele? Eia kekahi laʻana, aia kekahi mau hōkūhele i nā mea māmā, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe ke kaumaha.

    Nui ka poʻe ʻepekema i hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka pilikia o nā manaʻo kūlohelohe o ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana solar. Aia ma lalo iho kekahi o kā lākou mau ʻōlelo. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻōlelo i ke kānalua ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu o ka honua ola ʻole a pau me ke Akua ʻole. ʻAʻohe kumu maikaʻi no ke kākau hou ʻana i ka mōʻaukala ma kēia wahi. Maikaʻi ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka hana a ke Akua i hana ai.

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole hiki i ka mea e haʻalele ana mai ko mākou Lā, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokumu i kēlā mau hokele i ʻike ʻia e mākou. He hewa loa ka haku ʻana o ia mea. ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i kēia ʻokoʻa ʻo ia ka lā maʻamau [ma ke ʻano he kino lani], akā he mea ʻē ka honua. ʻO ke kinoea ma waena o nā hōkū, a me ka hapa nui o nā hōkū, he mea like me ka Lā, ʻaʻole ka honua. Pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka nānāʻana mai kahi hiʻohiʻona cosmological -ʻo ka lumi, kahi āu e noho nei i kēia manawa, ua hanaʻia mai nā mea ponoʻole. ʻO ʻoe ka rarity, ka complilation a ka haku mele honua. (Fred C. Hoyle, Harper's Magazine, ʻApelila 1951)

ʻOiai i kēia mau lā, i ka holomua nui ʻana o ka astrophysics, ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu nā manaʻo he nui e pili ana i ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana solar. ʻAʻole ʻae ka poʻe ʻepekema e pili ana i nā kikoʻī. ʻAʻohe manaʻo maʻamau i ʻike ʻia. (Jim Brooks, Näin alkoi elämä , p. 57 / Origins of Life)

ʻO nā kuhiakau a pau i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana solar he mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hopena, i kēia manawa, me he mea lā ʻaʻole hiki ke noho ka ʻōnaehana solar. (H. Jeffreys, The Earth: Its Origin, History and Physical Constitution , 6 ^th edition, Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 387)

Pehea ʻoe e hōʻoia ai i ka hānau ʻana o ke ola iā ia iho?

Ma luna, ʻo ka honua non-organic wale nō a me kona kumu i kūkākūkā ʻia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema atheist ke hōʻoia i kā lākou mau manaʻo ponoʻī e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me nā kino lani. Kūʻē ko lākou mau manaʻo i nā kānāwai kino a me nā nānā pono.

    Mai ʻaneʻi mai maikaʻi ke neʻe ʻana i ke ao kūlohelohe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana ʻana i ke ao ola. Ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia mākou ua ala mai ke ola ma kahi o 3-4 biliona makahiki i hala ma kekahi loko mehana a i ʻole kai.

    Eia hou, aia kekahi pilikia me kēia manaʻo: ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike i ke kumu o ke ola. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike iā ia, no laila ua like ka pilikia me nā manaʻo kūlohelohe mua. Loaʻa paha i nā kānaka ke kiʻi ua hoʻopau ʻia ka pilikia o ka hānau ʻana o ke ola, akā ʻaʻohe kumu paʻa no kēia kiʻi: He manaʻo makemake kēia, ʻaʻole he nānā ma muli o ka ʻepekema.

    He pilikia nō hoʻi ka manaʻo o ka hānau ʻana o ke ola ma ke ʻano ʻepekema. ʻO ka nānā pono ʻana , hānau ʻia ke ola mai ke ola wale nō, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi ʻokoʻa hoʻokahi o kēia lula . Hiki i kahi keena ola ke hana i nā mea kūkulu hale kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā cell hou. No laila, i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai ua ala wale ke ola, ua kūʻē i ka ʻepekema maoli a me nā ʻike pono.

    Nui nā kānaka ʻepekema i ʻike i ka nui o kēia pilikia. ʻAʻohe o lākou hopena i ke kumu o ke ola. Ua ʻae lākou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola ma ka honua, akā ua paʻa lākou no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i ʻae i ka hana a ke Akua. Eia kekahi mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke kumuhana: 

Manaʻo wau pono mākou e hele hou aku a ʻae ʻo ka wehewehe wale nō i ʻae ʻia ʻo ka hana ʻana. ʻIke au ua hoʻokuke ʻia kēia manaʻo e nā physicists, a ʻoiaʻiʻo naʻu, akā, ʻaʻole pono mākou e hōʻole iā ia no ka mea ʻaʻole mākou makemake inā kākoʻo nā hōʻike hoʻokolohua. (H. Lipson, "A Physicist Looks at Evolution", Bulletin Physics, 31, 1980)

ʻAʻohe mea ʻepekema ʻepekema e kūʻē i ka manaʻo i loaʻa ke ola ma muli o ka hana ʻana. (Robert Jastrow: The Enchanted Loom, Mind in the Universe, 1981)

ʻOi aku ma mua o 30 mau makahiki o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma ke kahua o ka hoʻomohala kemika a me ka molecular evolution i hōʻike i ka nui o ka pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola ma mua o kāna hopena. I kēia mau lā, ʻo nā manaʻo a me nā hoʻokolohua kūpono wale nō ke kūkākūkā ʻia a me ko lākou neʻe ʻana i kahi hopena make, a i ʻole ʻike ʻia ka naʻaupō (Klaus Dose, Interdisciplinary Science Review 13, 1988)

I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea a mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana i ka moʻolelo hohonu o ke ola ma ka honua honua, ke kumu o ke ola, a me nā pae o kona hoʻokumu ʻana i alakaʻi i ka biology e ʻike ʻia a puni mākou, pono mākou e ʻae ua uhi ʻia i ka pouli. ʻAʻole mākou ʻike pehea i hoʻomaka ai ke ola ma kēia honua. ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai, a ʻaʻole maopopo mākou i ke ʻano o ke ʻano. (Andy Knoll, he Kumu o ke Kulanui o Harvard) (1)

Ua pili pū kēia ʻōlelo i ke kumuhana. Hōʻike ʻia e pili ana iā Stanley Miller i nīnau ʻia i ka hopena o kona ola. Ua kaulana ʻo ia no kāna mau hoʻokolohua e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ola, i hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā puke kula a me nā puke ʻepekema, akā ʻaʻole pili kēia mau hoʻokolohua i ke kumu o ke ola. Ua haʻi hou ʻo J. Morgan i kahi hālāwai ninaninau i hoʻokuʻu ai ʻo Miller i nā manaʻo āpau o ke kumu o ke ola ma ke ʻano he mea lapuwale a i ʻole kemika pepa. Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia kēia pūʻulu kemika pepa i nā hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia e Miller iā ia iho i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo nā kiʻi i hoʻonani ʻia i nā puke kula.

ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia i nā manaʻo āpau e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ola, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana iā lākou he "nonsense" a i ʻole "kemika pepa". Ua hoʻowahāwahā loa ʻo ia i kekahi mau kuhiakau, a i koʻu nīnau ʻana i kona manaʻo e pili ana iā lākou, luliluli wale ʻo ia i kona poʻo, kaniuhu hohonu a me ka ʻakaʻaka - e like me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻole i ka pupule o ka lāhui kanaka. Ua ʻae ʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻike maopopo ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka manawa a pehea i hoʻomaka ai ke ola. "Ke ho'āʻo nei mākou e kūkākūkā i kahi hanana mōʻaukala i ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe mai ka ʻepekema maʻamau", ʻōlelo ʻo ia. (2)

ʻOiai ʻaʻohe kanaka ʻepekema hoʻomaloka i ʻike i kekahi mea e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ola, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei lākou ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia ma kahi kokoke. 4 piliona makahiki aku nei. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻomaka ia mai kahi "cell primitive cell", akā naʻe, paʻakikī ke hōʻoia i ka pololei, no ka mea, ʻo nā cell o kēia mau lā he paʻakikī loa a he nui ka ʻike.

    I kekahi hihia, inā pili mākou i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution a me nā miliona o nā makahiki, e kū mai nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe i paʻakikī ke nānā ʻole.

     ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui loa ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Cambrian explosion. 'O ia ho'i, 'ike 'ia nā 'ano holoholona āpau, a me nā hui nui, me nā vertebrates, ma ka papa Cambrian wale nō "i loko o 10 miliona mau makahiki" (540-530 miliona mau makahiki e like me ka pālākiō evolutionary) i ho'opau loa 'ia a me ka loa'a 'ole o nā 'ano i loko o ka lepo. No ka laʻana, ʻike ʻia ka trilobite me kona mau maka paʻakikī a me nā ʻano ola ʻē aʻe. Ua wehewehe ʻo Stephen Jay Gould i kēia hanana kupaianaha. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i loko o kekahi mau makahiki miliona, ua ʻike ʻia nā hui nui o ke aupuni holoholona:

Paleontologists ua ike no ka lōʻihi, a me ka haohao i na mea a pau nui hui o ke aupuni holoholona i ike koke ia i loko o ka pōkole manawa i loko o ka Cambrian wā ... ola a pau, me na kupuna o na holoholona, ​​noho hookahi-kelepona no ka elima-ono o ka. ʻO ka mōʻaukala o kēia manawa, a hiki i ka 550 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei kahi pahū evolutionary i hoʻāla ai i nā pūʻulu nui āpau o ke aupuni holoholona wale nō i loko o kekahi mau miliona mau makahiki… (3)

He aha ka pilikia o ka pahū Cambrian? ʻEkolu kumu nui o kēia:

1. ʻO ka pilikia mua, ʻaʻohe mea maʻalahi ma lalo o nā papa Cambrian. ʻO nā trilobite me ko lākou mau maka paʻakikī, e like me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, ʻike koke ʻia ka mākaukau, paʻakikī, hoʻomohala piha a ʻaʻohe kūpuna i ka papa haʻahaʻa. He mea ʻē kēia no ka mea ua manaʻo ʻia ua puka mai ke ola ma ke ʻano o ke kelepona maʻalahi 3.5 biliona makahiki ma mua o ka manawa Cambrian. No ke aha i loaʻa ʻole ai hoʻokahi puka waena i ka manawa 3.5 biliona makahiki ? He kūʻē kūʻē kēia, e hōʻole ana i ke kumumanaʻo evolution. Kākoʻo maopopo nā ʻike i kahi kumu hoʻohālike i hana ʻia nā ʻano mea i mākaukau, paʻakikī a ʻokoʻa mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana. Ua ʻae kekahi mau paleontologists ʻaʻole kūpono ka pahū ʻana o Cambrian me ke kumu hoʻohālikelike.

Inā ʻoiaʻiʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka maʻalahi a i ka paʻakikī, a laila e ʻike ʻia nā kūpuna o kēia Cambrian, nā mea ola i hoʻomohala piha ʻia; ʻaʻole naʻe i ʻike ʻia, a ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema he liʻiliʻi ka manawa e loaʻa ai. Ma muli o nā ʻoiaʻiʻo wale nō, e pili ana i ka mea i ʻike maoli ʻia ma ka honua, ʻo ka manaʻo ʻo nā hui nui o nā mea ola i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi hanana koke o ka hana ʻana. (Harold G. Coffin, “Evolution or Creation?” Liberty, Kepakemapa-ʻOkakopa 1975, p. 12)

Hoʻopau a nānā ʻole paha ka poʻe biologists i ka ʻike koke ʻana o ke ʻano o ke ola holoholona o ka wā Cambrian a me kāna hana nui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka noiʻi paleontological hou i alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia pilikia o ka hoʻohua koke ʻana o nā mea ola e paʻakikī loa i nā mea a pau ke nānā ʻole ... (Scientific American, August 1964, pp. 34-36)

ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me ka ʻike ʻana o kēlā me kēia paleontologist, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano, genera a me nā ʻohana a kokoke i nā hui hou a pau i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka pae ʻohana e ʻike koke ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo mōʻalihaku, a ʻo ka moʻolelo kaulana a mālie o nā ʻano transitional e hahai ana kekahi i kekahi me ka leʻaleʻa. mai kuhikuhi i ko lakou ala iluna. (George Gaylord Simpson: The Major Features of Evolution, 1953, p. 360)

2. ʻO kekahi pilikia e like me ka mea ma mua, ʻo ia ma hope o ka wā Cambrian, ʻo ia hoʻi, i loko o 500 miliona mau makahiki (e like me ka hoʻonui evolutionary), ʻaʻohe hui nui o nā holoholona i ʻike ʻia.. Wahi a Darwin, ua hoʻomaka nā mea a pau mai ka cell hoʻokahi, a ʻo nā hui nui o nā holoholona e kū mai i nā manawa a pau, akā ʻo ke kuhikuhi ka ʻaoʻao. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano ma mua; e pau ana lākou i nā manawa a pau a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia. Inā pololei ke kumu hoʻohālikelike, pono e hele ka evolution i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole hiki. ʻO ka lāʻau o ka evolution ua kū i lalo a kū'ē i ka mea e manaʻoʻia e like me ka manaʻo o Darwin. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻoiaʻiʻo me ke kumu hoʻohālike, kahi i paʻakikī a nui nā ʻano i ka hoʻomaka.

    Hōʻike hou ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻe i kēia pilikia, ʻo ia hoʻi, pehea i loko o 500 miliona mau makahiki (e like me ka evolutionary scale) ma hope o ka pahū ʻana o Cambrian, ʻaʻohe hui nui o nā holoholona i ʻike ʻia, e like me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i ka wā ma mua o Cambrian (3.5). piliona makahiki).

ʻO Stephen J. Gould: Ua ʻike ka poʻe Paleontologists no ka lōʻihi, a ua noʻonoʻo i ka ʻike ʻana o nā hui nui a pau o ke aupuni holoholona i kahi manawa pōkole i ka wā Cambrian ... no ʻelima hapaono o ka mōʻaukala o kēia manawa, a hiki i ka 550 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei kahi pahū evolutionary i hoʻāla ai i nā hui nui āpau o ke aupuni holoholona i loko o kekahi mau miliona mau makahiki ...

    ʻO ka pahū Cambrian kahi hanana nui i ka mōʻaukala ola o nā holoholona multicellular. ʻOi aku ka nui o kā mākou aʻo ʻana i ka ʻāpana, ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli i nā hōʻike o kona ʻano kūʻokoʻa a me ka hopena hoʻoholo i ka papa o ka mōʻaukala ola ma hope. ʻO nā hale anatomical kumu i hānau ʻia i kēlā manawa ua hoʻomalu i ke ola mai ia manawa me ka ʻole o nā hoʻohui koʻikoʻi. (4)

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia i ka wā Cambrian e hāpai i ʻelua mau pilikia i hoʻoholo ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka mea mua, he aha nā kaʻina evolutionary i hoʻokumu i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka morphology (form) o nā hui nui o ke kino? ʻO ka lua, no ke aha i mau ai nā palena morphological ma waena o nā ʻoihana i nā makahiki 500 miliona i hala? (Erwin D. Valentine J (2013) The Cambriad Explosion: The Construction of Animal Bioversity, Roberts and Company Publishers, 416 p.)

ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻololi evolutionary i hana ʻia ma hope o kēia, i nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole, ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hale kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka pahū Cambrian. (A Seilacher, Vendobionta als Alternative zu Vielzellern. Mitt Hamb. zool. Mus. Inst. 89, Erg.bd.1, 9-20 / 1992, p. 19)

3. ʻO ke kolu o ka pilikia, inā mākou e pili ana i ka pālākiō evolutionary a me kāna papa hana, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Cambrian explosion i manaʻoʻiʻo ua hiki mai "i loko o 10 miliona mau makahiki ". ʻAe, he aha ka mea kupaianaha o kēia? Eia naʻe, he puzzle maoli ia mai ka manaʻo o ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, no ka mea, he 10 miliona mau makahiki he manawa liʻiliʻi loa ia ma ka pālākiō evolutionary, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o. ʻO 1/400 o nā manawa a pau i manaʻoʻia he ola ma ka honua (ma kahi o 4 biliona makahiki). No laila, ʻo ka puʻupuʻu, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hale holoholona a me nā hui nui i loko o kahi manawa pōkole, akā ʻaʻohe progenitors o kēia mau holoholona ma mua o kēlā, a ʻaʻohe ʻano hou i ʻike ʻia mai ia manawa. ʻAʻole kūpono kēia i ke kumu hoʻohālike evolutionary. He kū'ē loa ia i ka mea āu e manaʻo ai.

     Pehea lā e wehewehe ʻia ai kēia mea mai ka manaʻo o ka hana ʻana? ʻO koʻu hoʻomaopopo ʻana, pili ka pahū Cambrian i ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, pehea i hana koke ʻia ai nā mea a pau. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ua hana ʻia nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, e like me nā holoholona ʻāina a me nā manu, ma hope loa. ʻAʻole pēlā, akā ua hana ʻia nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu a pau i ka manawa like a ua noho pū lākou i ka manawa like ma ka honua, akā aia wale nō i nā keʻena kaiaola like ʻole (kai, swamp, ʻāina, nā wahi kiʻekiʻe ...). ʻOiai i kēia mau lā, ʻaʻole noho like nā kānaka a me nā mammals terrestrial i nā wahi like me nā holoholona kai. A i ʻole, make koke lākou. Pēlā nō, ʻaʻole hiki ke noho ma ka honua e like me nā mammals terrestrial a me nā kānaka i nā holoholona kai, i kapa ʻia nā ʻelele o ka wā Cambrian. E make koke lākou.

Pehea ʻoe e hōʻoia ai i nā miliona o nā makahiki he ʻoiaʻiʻo

ʻO ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution ka manaʻo o nā miliona mau makahiki. ʻAʻole lākou e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, akā ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe evolutionists i nā miliona o nā makahiki ma ke ʻano he hōʻike maikaʻi loa no ka hilinaʻi o ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution. Manaʻo lākou, hāʻawi ʻia i ka manawa kūpono, hiki i nā mea āpau: ka hānau ʻana o ke ola a me ka hoʻoilina o nā ʻano āpau o kēia manawa mai ka cell primitive mua. No laila, ma ka moʻolelo moʻolelo, ke honi ke kaikamahine i ka rana, lilo ia i aliʻi. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻae ʻoe i ka manawa kūpono, ʻo ia hoʻi 300 miliona mau makahiki, ua lilo ka mea like i ka ʻepekema, no ka mea i kēlā manawa manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ua lilo ka rana i kanaka. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka poʻe evolutionist i nā waiwai supernatural, me he mea lā.

    Akā, pehea ia? Nānā mākou i ʻelua mau wahi e pili ana i ke kumuhana: nā ana i hana ʻia i nā pōhaku a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā waihona. He mau mea nui kēia e ʻike ai ma kēia wahi.

1. Na ana pohaku. Manaʻo ka poʻe Evolutionist ʻo kekahi o nā hōʻike maikaʻi loa i makemake ʻia i nā miliona mau makahiki ʻo ia nā ana i hana ʻia ma nā pōhaku radioactive. Ma muli o nā pōhaku, ua manaʻo ʻia he mau piliona makahiki ka honua.

    Ua hōʻike anei nā pōhaku he mau piliona makahiki ka honua? ʻAʻole lākou hōʻike. Aole hoike keia mau pohaku i ko lakou mau makahiki; hiki ke ana wale ia ko lakou mau noonoo ana a mai ia mea mai i unuhiia mai ai na hopena no na manawa loihi. Eia nō naʻe, nui nā puʻupuʻu i ke ana ʻana i ka radioactivity o nā pōhaku, a mākou e kuhikuhi ai i kekahi. Hiki ke ana pololei ʻia nā manaʻo o nā pōhaku, akā he mea kānalua ke pili iā lākou i ka makahiki o nā pōhaku.

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā pōhaku . ʻO kekahi mea nui e noʻonoʻo ai, ʻo ia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena like ʻole mai nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā pōhaku radioactive, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā makahiki like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ua loaʻa nā hopena like ʻole mai ka Allende meteorite kaulana, me nā makahiki mai 4480 miliona a 10400 miliona mau makahiki. Ma kahi wahi liʻiliʻi loa, hiki i ka ʻāpana like ke loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole. Hōʻike ka laʻana i ka haʻalulu o nā ana radioactivity. Pehea e hiki ai i kekahi ʻāpana o ka pōhaku hoʻokahi ke lilo i mau piliona makahiki ma mua o kekahi ʻaoʻao? Hoʻomaopopo nā kānaka a pau ʻaʻole hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia kēlā hopena. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka pili ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana o nā pōhaku i ko lākou mau makahiki.

Kahiko o na pohaku hou . I ka wā e pili ana i nā ʻano e pili ana i ka radioactivity, hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia ma ka hana. ʻO kēia ka hihia inā ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka manawa maoli o ka crystallization o ka pōhaku. Inā ʻike lākou i ka manawa maoli o ka crystallization o ka pōhaku, pono nā ana radioactivity e kākoʻo i kēia ʻike.

    Pehea nā ana radioactivity i kēia ho'āʻo? Aʻole maikaʻi loa. Aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ke ana ʻana o nā makahiki o nā miliona, ʻoiai nā piliona makahiki mai nā pōhaku hou. Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole pili ka ʻike o nā pōhaku i ko lākou mau makahiki maoli. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā mea kaikamahine i hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea makuahine mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea e hilinaʻi ʻole ai nā ana. Eia kekahi mau laʻana:

• ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ia nā ana i hana ʻia ma hope o ka hū ʻana o ka lua pele ʻo St. Helens - ua hū kēia lua pele ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Wakinekona, USA, i ka makahiki 1980. Ua lawe ʻia kekahi pōhaku mai kēia pele ʻana i ke keʻena ʻoihana e ʻike ai i kona mau makahiki. Ehia makahiki o ka pohaku? He 2.8 miliona makahiki ia! Hōʻike kēia i ka hewa o ka hoʻoholo makahiki. Ua loaʻa i ka hāpana nā mea kaikamahine, no laila hiki ke hana like i nā pōhaku ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ka makahiki maoli o nā pōhaku.

• ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ia nā pōhaku ʻāʻī (mauna ʻo Ngauruhoe ma New Zealand) i ʻike ʻia ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka pele mai 25-50 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma muli o ka lua pele. No laila, aia ma hope o ka nānā ʻana o ka poʻe ʻike maka.

      Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā laʻana o kēia mau pōhaku no ka launa pū ʻana me kekahi o nā hale hana hoʻopaʻa ʻoihana kaulana loa (Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts). He aha nā hopena? Ma ke ʻano potassium-argon, ʻokoʻa ka makahiki o nā laʻana ma waena o 270,000 a 3.5 miliona mau makahiki, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ua ʻike ʻia nā pōhaku mai ka pele mai 25-50 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka isochron alakaʻi alakaʻi i hāʻawi i ka makahiki o 3.9 biliona makahiki, ʻo ka rubidium-strontium isochron 133 miliona mau makahiki, a me ka samarium-neodymium isochron 197 miliona mau makahiki. Hōʻike ka laʻana i ka hilinaʻi ʻole o nā ʻano radioactive a pehea e loaʻa ai i nā pōhaku nā mea kaikamahine mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana.

• I ka pili ana i na mea e pili ana i ke kanaka, pili kekahi o ia mau mea ma ke ano o ka potassium-argon. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka makahiki potassium-argon ma ka pōhaku kokoke i ka mōʻalihaku, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka makahiki o ka mōʻalihaku kanaka mai ia mea.

    Eia naʻe, hōʻike ka laʻana ma lalo nei i ka hilinaʻi ʻole o kēia ʻano hana. ʻO ka hāʻina pōhaku mua i hāʻawi i ka hopena o ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 220 miliona mau makahiki. No laila ke hoʻoholo ʻia kekahi mau mōʻalihaku kanaka i manaʻo ʻia he ʻelemakule me kēia ʻano hana, pono e nīnau ʻia kēia mau makahiki. Ua hōʻike pū ka laʻana mua i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā makahiki o nā pōhaku hou e hele hewa i nā miliona mau makahiki i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i kēia ʻano.

Ma ke kumukānāwai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano potassium-argon e pili ana i nā pōhaku ʻōpio, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano no ka pili ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku iā lākou iho. ʻO ka "1470 Man" kahiko i ʻike ʻia e Richard Leakey ua hoʻoholo ʻia he 2.6 miliona mau makahiki ma kēia ʻano. Ua haʻi ʻo Polofesa ET Hall, nāna i hoʻoholo i ka makahiki, ʻo ka loiloi mua o ka hāpana pōhaku i hāʻawi i ka hopena hiki ʻole o 220 miliona mau makahiki. Ua hōʻole ʻia kēia hopena, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ia i kūpono i ke kumumanaʻo evolution, a no laila ua kālailai ʻia kekahi laʻana. ʻO ka hopena o ka nānā ʻana ʻelua he "kūpono" 2.6 miliona mau makahiki. Ua ʻokoʻa nā makahiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā laʻana o ia ʻike ma hope aku ma waena o 290,000 a me 19,500,000 mau makahiki. No laila, ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi nui ʻia ke ʻano potassium-argon, a ʻaʻole hoʻi i ke ʻano o nā mea noiʻi o ka evolution e wehewehe i nā hopena. (5)

Ke kūʻē nā ʻano hana me kekahi . E like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana, hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ana i lawe ʻia mai nā pōhaku. ʻO kahi hoʻomaka ʻana no kēia, ʻo ia nā ana i hana ʻia i nā pōhaku hou, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ana i ʻike ʻia ai ka manawa maoli o ka crystallization o nā pōhaku. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona mua ʻaʻole maikaʻi kēia mau ʻano i kēia hoʻokolohua. Ua hāʻawi nā pōhaku hou a maikaʻi paha i nā makahiki he miliona, ʻoiai he mau piliona makahiki, no laila ua kuhi hewa nā ʻano hana.

    ʻO kekahi kumu hoʻomaka no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ana i hana ʻia mai nā pōhaku ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā lākou me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ke ʻano radiocarbon. He mau hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o kēia, ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa. Hōʻike ia i kahi lāʻau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka radiocarbon he mau kaukani makahiki wale nō, akā ʻo ka pōhaku a puni ia ua helu ʻia a hiki i 250 miliona mau makahiki. Aia naʻe ka lāʻau i loko o ka pōhaku, no laila ma mua o ka hoʻokalakupua ʻana o ka pōhaku. Pono ka lāʻau i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pōhaku i hoʻopuni ʻia a puni. Pehea e hiki ai kēia? ʻO ka mea hiki wale nō ke kuhi hewa loa nā ʻano radioactivity, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ana i hana ʻia mai nā pōhaku. ʻAʻohe koho ʻē aʻe:

Ua paʻi mākou i nā hōʻike kikoʻī i loaʻa i kahi lāʻau i loko o kahi pōhaku "250 miliona mau makahiki" a i ʻole ma kahi pōhaku lua pele "mau ʻumi miliona mau makahiki" i loaʻa i nā kaukani makahiki wale nō i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka makahiki radiocarbon. I ka ... Geologists lawe laʻana o ka lua pele pōhaku, i ikeia ua hū mai ka lua pele i loko o ka mōʻaukala manawa, a hoouna aku ia lakou i prestigious radiometric makahiki hooholo laboratories, ka "makahiki hooholo" kokoke invariably haawi i ka hopena o na miliona makahiki. Hōʻike ikaika kēia ʻaʻole pololei nā manaʻo i lalo o ka hoʻoholo makahiki. (6)

Ke hoʻomau nei kekahi laʻana ma ke kumuhana like. He lāʻau i kanu ʻia i loko o ke kahawai pele. ʻO ka lāʻau a me ka basalt a puni ia i loaʻa i nā makahiki ʻokoʻa:

Ma Australia, ua kanu ʻia kahi kumulāʻau i loaʻa ma Tertiary basalt i loko o ke kahe pele i hana ʻia e ka basalt, no ka mea, ua ʻā ia ma ka pili ʻana me ka pele ahi. ʻO ka lāʻau i "kau ʻia" e ka radiocarbon analysis ma kahi o 45,000 mau makahiki, akā ʻo ka basalt i "hōʻike ʻia" e ka potassium-argon method i 45 miliona mau makahiki. (7)

2. Stratification rate - lohi a wikiwiki paha? ʻO kekahi manaʻo hope ma hope o nā miliona mau makahiki, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā papa o ka honua ma luna o kekahi i kekahi i nā kaʻina hana e mau ana no nā miliona mau makahiki. Ua hāpai ʻia kēia manaʻo e Charles Lyell i ke kenekulia 19. No ka laʻana, hilinaʻi ʻo Darwin i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia e Lyell. No laila, ma kāna puke On the Origin of Species, ua kākau ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o Lyell iā ia (p. 422): "ʻO ka mea ʻae ʻole i ka lōʻihi ʻole o nā au i hala ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i ka hana kupanaha a Sir Charles Lyell 'Principles of Geology' - ʻo ia ka mea. E ʻike maoli ana nā mea kākau moʻolelo i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kahua o ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe - pono ʻo ia e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia puke aʻu i ka manawa hoʻokahi".

    Akā, ua hoʻokumu mālie ʻia ka papa? I ka wā i hoʻopuka ai ʻo Charles Lyell i ka manaʻo ʻo ka strata ka hopena o nā kaʻina lohi, ʻōlelo kūʻē kekahi mau kumu. Eia kekahi mau laʻana

ʻO nā mōʻalihaku kanaka a me nā waiwai . ʻO kekahi mea hoihoi loa, ʻo ia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku kanaka a me nā waiwai i loko o nā pōhaku a me nā ʻāpana kalapona (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt, Hänssler, 1980, pp. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men-Fact or Fallacy Sovereign Publications, 1981 / Barnes, FA, The Case of the Bones in Stone, Desert/February, 1975, p. 36-39). Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia nā waiwai kanaka e like me nā dams ma nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he lanahu. Ma kāna puke ʻo Time Upside Down (1981), ua helu ʻo Erich A. von Frange i nā mea hou aku i loaʻa i ka lanahu. ʻO kēia mau mea he pahu kila liʻiliʻi, he hamare hao, he mea hao, he kui, he pahu metala bele, he bele, iwi āwae o ke keiki, he iwi poʻo kanaka, ʻelua mola kanaka, he wāwae kanaka fossilized.

   He aha ke ʻano o kēia? Hōʻike ia he mau millennia wale nō ka ʻāpana i manaʻo ʻia he kahiko a ʻaʻole hiki ke lōʻihi ka hana ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki ke paʻa ka manaʻo o Lyell no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā strata ma luna o kekahi i kekahi i nā miliona mau makahiki. He mea kūpono ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau strata, i manaʻo ʻia he mau haneli miliona mau makahiki, ua hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o kahi pōʻino e like me ke Kahinaliʻi i ka wikiwiki a he mau millennia wale nō i hala. ʻAʻole manaʻoʻiʻo ka poʻe Evolutionists ua ola nā kānaka he ʻumi a mau haneli miliona mau makahiki i hala.

ʻAʻohe erosion . Ke nānā nei ʻoe i ka Grand Canyon a me nā wahi kūlohelohe nui ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻāpana ma luna o kekahi. Akā, i ka wā e nui ai nā ʻāwīwī ma Grand Canyon a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia ka ʻāiʻi ʻana ma waena o kēia mau ʻāpana?

    Ua maopopo ka pane: ʻaʻole. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka erosion ma Grand Canyon a i ʻole ma kahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia ua pili like ka strata i kekahi i kekahi a ua hana lākou ma luna o kekahi me ka ʻole o ka haki. Pono e ʻoi aʻe ka ʻāʻī ʻana o nā ʻāpana o nā papa i nā wahi a pau inā i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka ʻāʻī ʻana i nā manawa lōʻihi, akā ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia. No ka laʻana, hiki i hoʻokahi ua nui ke hana i nā awāwa hohonu ma nā ʻili o nā waihona, ʻaʻole e haʻi i nā miliona mau makahiki o ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻino.

    ʻO ka wehewehe maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā waihona ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka manawa pōkole, he mau lā a he mau pule wale nō ka nui. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻoiaʻiʻo nā miliona makahiki. ʻOiai i kēia wā hou, ua ʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hana ʻia kahi papa pōhaku ʻeleʻele mika-mika ma 30 a 60 mau minuke. Nā mea hou aʻe e pili ana i ke kumuhana ma ka ʻōlelo aʻe:

   (…) Akā he aha kā mākou e ʻike ai?

    'O ka pilikia o kēia mau āwaha palahalaha no nā makahiki honua lō'ihi, 'o ia ka nele o ka hili 'ana o ka mea lalo i mana'o 'ia ma kēia mau āpau. I loko o nā miliona miliona o nā makahiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no kēia mau āpau, manaʻo ʻoe i ka haʻi ʻole ʻana o ka ʻili ʻana, a ʻaʻole pono e palahalaha nā āpau.

  (…) Ua wehewehe hou ʻo Dr Roth penei:

    ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ʻano pālahalaha o nā papa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻo o lalo o nā paraconforities he nui, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka topography i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia o ka ʻili o kēia manawa, e hōʻike ana i ka pilikia o kēia mau āpau no nā makahiki geologic lōʻihi. Inā ua kū maoli nā miliona o nā makahiki, no ke aha ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā poʻo o nā mea lalo e like me ke ʻano o ka topography o kēia manawa? Me he mea lā ʻaʻole i hiki mai nā miliona makahiki i manaʻo ʻia no ke kolamu geologic. Eia kekahi, inā ua nalowale ka manawa honua ma kahi wahi, a laila ua nalowale a puni ka honua holoʻokoʻa.' (8)

Hoʻokumu koke ʻia ʻo Strata i kēia manawa . I ka wā i manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻokumu mālie ʻia ka strata i nā miliona mau makahiki e like me ke aʻo ʻana a Charles Lyell, aia kekahi mau ʻike kūpono e kūʻē iā ia, kahi i hoʻokumu koke ʻia ai ka strata. No ka laʻana, e pili ana i ka pele ʻana o ka lua pele ʻo St. Helena i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi moʻo o nā ʻāpana o luna me ka mānoanoa o hoʻokahi haneli mika, a i loko o nā pule wale nō. ʻAʻole i mau miliona mau makahiki, akā i loko o kekahi mau lā, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā strata ma luna o kekahi. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha hoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi canyon ma ia wahi hoʻokahi, a hoʻomaka ka wai e kahe i loko. ʻAʻole naʻe kēia kaʻina hana i mau miliona mau makahiki, e like me ka manaʻo o ka poʻe loea evolution, akā ua hana nā mea āpau i loko o kekahi mau pule. E manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka Grand Canyon a me nā ʻano hana kūlohelohe nui ʻē aʻe i hoʻomaka mai i nā kaʻina wikiwiki like.

    ʻO Surtsey Island kekahi hihia like. Ua hānau ʻia kēia mokupuni ma muli o ka lua pele ma lalo o ka wai i ka makahiki 1963. I Ianuali 2006, ua haʻi ka New Scientist magazine i ka puka ʻana o nā canyons, gorges a me nā ʻano ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma kēia mokupuni ma lalo o ʻumi makahiki. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā miliona a i ʻole mau tausani makahiki:

ʻO nā awāwa, nā awāwa a me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina, kahi mau ʻumi tausani a i ʻole miliona mau makahiki e hoʻokumu ai, ua kāhāhā nā mea noiʻi honua no ka mea ua hana ʻia lākou ma lalo o ʻumi makahiki. (9)

ʻO nā mōʻalihaku kumu lāʻau lōʻihi, nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur a me nā mōʻalihaku ʻē aʻe i loko o ka strata kekahi ʻāpana o ka hōʻike kūʻē i kēlā manaʻo ua hoʻokumu mālie ʻia ka strata a ma luna o nā miliona mau makahiki. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mōʻalihaʻi kumu lāʻau mai nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua, e hoʻonui ana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Hōʻike ʻia kahi kiʻi kahiko o ka lua lanahu o Saint-Etienne ma Palani i ke komo ʻana o ʻelima mau kumu lāʻau petrified i kēlā me kēia ma kahi o ʻumi papa a ʻoi aku paha. Pēlā nō, ua loaʻa kahi kumu lāʻau he 24 mika ka lōʻihi ma kahi kokoke i Edinburgh, i hala ma mua o ʻumi mau papa, a ʻo nā mea a pau e hōʻike ana ua lawe koke ʻia ke kumu i kona wahi. Wahi a ka manaʻo evolutionary, pono ka strata i miliona mau makahiki, akā ʻoiai nā mea āpau, hoʻonui nā kumu lāʻau i kēia mau "miliona makahiki" kahiko.

    Hōʻike kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka pilikia o ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka stratification i nā miliona mau makahiki. Ua kanu koke ʻia nā kumulāʻau, inā ʻaʻole hiki ke ola ko lākou mau mōʻalihaku i kēia lā. Pēlā nō i nā mōʻalihaʻi ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ma ka lepo:

Hoʻonaʻauao ʻia ʻo ia i ka uniformitarianism ʻo Lyell, ua wehewehe ʻo Derek ager, polopeka emeritus o geology ma Swansea University College, i kekahi mau kumu lāʻau fossil multilayer i kāna puke me nā hiʻohiʻona. "Inā ʻo ka nui o ka mānoanoa o ka waihona lanahu o ka British Coal Measures i manaʻo ʻia ma 1000 mika, a ua hana ʻia ma kahi o 10 miliona mau makahiki, a laila ʻo ke kanu ʻana i kahi kumulāʻau he 10 mika ka lōʻihi he 100,000 mau makahiki, me ka manaʻo ʻana ʻO ka stratification i loaʻa i ka manawa mau. He mea ʻakaʻaka kēlā. ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, inā kanu ʻia kahi kumulāʻau 10 mika ka lōʻihi i 10 mau makahiki, ʻo ia ke ʻano he 1000 kilomita i loko o hoʻokahi miliona makahiki a i ʻole 10 000 kilomita i 10 miliona mau makahiki. he ʻakaʻaka, a ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke pale i ka hele ʻana i ka hopena ua hiki koke ka stratification i kekahi manawa ... (10)

He aha ke ʻano o ka puka wikiwiki ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku kumu lāʻau a me nā mōʻalihaku ʻē aʻe? ʻO ka wehewehe maikaʻi loa ʻo ia ka pōʻino hikiwawe, e wehewehe ana i ka puka wikiwiki ʻana o nā waihona a me nā mōʻalihaku i loko o ia mau mea. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia, no ka laʻana, i ke Kaʻina. He mea hoihoi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kekahi mau ʻepekema e ʻae i nā pōʻino i ka wā i hala, a ʻaʻole i manaʻo hou ʻia ua hana ʻia nā mea āpau i ka manawa mau i nā miliona mau makahiki. ʻOi aku ke kākoʻo o nā hōʻike i nā pōʻino ma mua o nā kaʻina lohi. ʻO Stephen Jay Gould, he kanaka paleontologist atheist kaulana i kuhikuhi i ka noiʻi a Lyell:

He loio ʻo Charles Lyell ma ka ʻoihana… [a] ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ʻelua mau ʻano maalea e hoʻokumu i kāna mau manaʻo like ʻole ʻo ia wale nō ka geology maoli. ʻO ka mua, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i kahi mannequin mauʻu i mea e hoʻopau ai ʻo ia… ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka hoʻokolohua ʻana o ka poʻe kākoʻo o ka pōʻino ma mua o Lyell. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻike ʻia nā mea pili honua i nā pōʻino kūlohelohe: ua ʻāpana a wili nā pōhaku; ua holoi ʻia nā kino holoʻokoʻa. No ka haʻalele ʻana i kēia hōʻike maoli, ua hoʻololi ʻo Lyell i nā hōʻike me kāna noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka like ʻana o Lyell he hui pū o nā ʻōlelo…

 ... ʻAʻole ʻo Lyell he naita maʻemaʻe o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka hana maʻamau, akā he mea hoʻolaha noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i kahi manaʻo hoʻokalakupua a ʻano ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kūlana paʻa o ka pōʻai o ka manawa. Me kona mākaukau ʻōlelo, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻohālikelike i kona manaʻo me ka noʻonoʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. (11)

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻo ke ala ʻē aʻe no ka hānau ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā strata he pōʻino e like me ke Kaʻina. ʻO ka mea i wehewehe ʻia i loko o ka palapala honua e nā miliona mau makahiki, a i ʻole nā ​​pōʻino he nui paha, hiki i nā mea āpau ke hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pōʻino hoʻokahi: ʻo ke Kaʻina. Hiki iā ia ke wehewehe i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā dinosaur, ke ola ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe he nui i ʻike ʻia ma ka lepo.

    No ka laʻana, loaʻa pinepine nā dinosaurs i loko o nā pōhaku paʻakikī, a he mau makahiki paha ka lawe ʻana i hoʻokahi mōʻalihaku mai ka pōhaku. Akā, pehea lākou i komo ai i loko o nā pōhaku paʻakikī? ʻO ka wehewehe kūpono wale nō, ua kau ka lepo palupalu ma luna o lākou a paʻakikī. ʻAʻole hiki kēia ʻano mea ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe i kēia lā, akā i loko o kahi pōʻino e like me ke kahe ʻana, ua hiki. He mea nui ia ma kahi o 500 mau moʻolelo kahiko i loaʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e like me ka mea i loaʻa ai ke Kahinaliʻi ma ka Honua.

     ʻO nā kumu maikaʻi no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pōʻino i ke Kaiakahinaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea maʻamau ka sediment moana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o kēia mau ʻōlelo. ʻO ka mua o nā manaʻo mai kahi puke a James Hutton, ka makua kāne o ka geology, mai 200 mau makahiki aku nei:

Pono mākou e hoʻoholo ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana āpau o ka honua (...) e ke one a me nā ʻiliʻili e ahu ana ma ke kai, nā pūpū crustacean a me nā mea koʻa, ka lepo a me ka pālolo. (J. Hutton, Theory of the Earth l, 26. 1785)

JS Shelton: Ma nā ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā pōhaku sedimentary moana ma mua o nā pōhaku sedimentary ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia. ʻO kēia kekahi o kēlā mau ʻoiaʻiʻo maʻalahi e koi ana i ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo ia ka puʻuwai o nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kanaka e hoʻomaopopo i ka loli ʻana o ka palapala honua i hala. (JS Shelton: Geology illustrated)

ʻO kekahi hōʻailona o ke Kaiakahinaʻi, ʻo ia ka noho ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku moana ma nā mauna kiʻekiʻe e like me ka Himalayas, nā Alps a me nā Andes. Eia kekahi mau laʻana mai nā puke ponoʻī a ka poʻe ʻepekema a me nā mea kālaihonua.

ʻOiai ʻo Darwin e huakaʻi ana ma ka Beagle, ua loaʻa iā ia nā pūpū kai fossilized mai luna mai ma nā mauna ʻo Andean. Hōʻike ʻia ka mea i kēia manawa he mauna i lalo o ka wai. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [No ke aha he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka evolution], p. 127)

Aia ke kumu e nānā pono ai i ke ʻano kumu o nā pōhaku ma nā pae mauna. ʻIke maikaʻi ʻia ia ma nā Alps, ma ka lime Alps o ka ʻākau, i kapa ʻia ʻo Helvetian zone. ʻO ka limestone ka mea pōhaku nui. Ke nānā kākou i ka pōhaku ma nā pali pali a i ʻole ka piko o ke kuahiwi - inā loaʻa iā mākou ka ikaika e piʻi i laila - e ʻike mākou i nā koena holoholona fossilized, nā mōʻalihaku holoholona, ​​​​i loko. Hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia lākou akā hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻike ʻia. ʻO kēlā mau mōʻalihaku āpau he ʻili lime a i ʻole iwi iwi o nā mea kai. Aia ma waena o lākou he mau ammonites spiral-threaded, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā clams ʻāpana ʻelua. (…) E noʻonoʻo paha ka mea heluhelu i ke ʻano o ka paʻa ʻana o nā pae mauna i nā sediment he nui loa, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ke kai. (p. 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Esekola)

Ua noiʻi ʻo Harutaka Sakai mai ke Kulanui ʻo Iapana ma Kyushu no nā makahiki he nui i kēia mau mōʻalihaku moana ma nā mauna Himalayan. Ua papa inoa ʻo ia a me kāna hui i kahi aquarium holoʻokoʻa mai ka wā Mesozoic. Loaʻa nā lilia liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, pili i nā urchins kai a me nā hōkū i kēia manawa, ma nā pā pōhaku ma mua o ʻekolu mau kilomita ma mua o ka ʻilikai. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻAmoni, nā belemnites, nā ʻaʻa a me nā plankton ma ke ʻano he mōʻalihaku i loko o nā pōhaku o nā mauna (…)

   Ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ʻelua mau kilomita, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe kālaihonua kahi ala i waiho ʻia e ke kai ponoʻī. ʻO kona ʻili pōhaku e like me ka nalu e pili ana i nā ʻano i koe i ke one mai nā nalu haʻahaʻa. Mai ka piko o Everest, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana melemele o ka limestone, i kū mai ma lalo o ka wai mai nā koena o nā holoholona moana he nui. ("Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta", p. 55)

Pehea ʻoe e hōʻoia ai i ke ola ʻana o ke ola ma ka Honua no nā miliona mau makahiki?

ʻElua mau mea i hāpai ʻia ma luna aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻoia i nā manawa miliona o nā makahiki: nā ana o nā pōhaku radioactive a me ka wikiwiki o ka stratification. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole kekahi o lākou i hōʻoia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ka pilikia me nā ana i hana ʻia ma luna o nā pōhaku ʻo ia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pōhaku hou loa i nā mea kaikamahine a no laila ke nānā aku nei nā mea kahiko. ʻAʻole hoʻi e pili ana nā strata i nā miliona makahiki no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia nā waiwai kanaka, ʻo nā koena fossil kanaka, i nā ʻāpana i manaʻo ʻia he kahiko, a no ka mea aia nā hōʻike i kēia lā o ka hōʻiliʻili wikiwiki ʻana o nā strata ma luna o kekahi. He mau miliona makahiki maʻalahi ke nīnau ma muli o kēia mau ʻike.

    Pehea ke ano o ke ola ma ka honua? Ua haʻi pinepine ʻia mākou ma nā papahana kūlohelohe, nā puke kula a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe ua ola ke ola paʻakikī ma ka honua no nā haneli miliona mau makahiki. Pono anei kēia manaʻo e hilinaʻi? I kēia mea, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i kēia mau mea:

ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i ka makahiki o nā mōʻalihaku . ʻO ka mea mua, pono e nānā i nā mōʻalihaku. ʻO lākou wale nō ke koena o ke ola i hala, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa iā mākou.

     Akā, hiki anei ke ʻike mai nā mōʻalihaku i ko lākou mau makahiki pololei? Hiki paha ke ʻike he ʻoi aku ka ʻelemakule a i ʻole ka ʻōpio ʻē aʻe ma mua o kekahi? Akaka ka pane: ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i kēia. Inā ʻeli ʻia kekahi mōʻalihaʻi mai loko mai o ka lepo, e laʻa me ka iwi dinosaur a i ʻole ka mōʻalihaku trilobite, ʻaʻohe moʻolelo o kona mau makahiki a i kona wā i ola ai ma ka honua. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kēlā ʻike mai ia mea. Hiki i ka mea e ʻohi i ka mōʻalihaku ke ʻike i kēia. (Pēlā nō me nā kiʻi kiʻi ana. Manaʻo paha kekahi poʻe noiʻi he ʻumi kaukani makahiki ko lākou, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hōʻike i nā hōʻailona like. He mau kaukani makahiki wale nō paha lākou.)

    ʻOiai ʻo nā mea a pau, ʻo kahi manaʻo kumu i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution e hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau makahiki. ʻOiai ʻaʻole haʻi a hōʻike paha nā mōʻalihaku i kekahi ʻike, nui ka poʻe evolutionists e ʻōlelo nei ua ʻike lākou i ko lākou wā i noho ai (ʻo ka papa kuhikuhi fossil i kapa ʻia). Manaʻo lākou he ʻike maopopo lākou e pili ana i nā pae kikoʻī o nā ammonites, trilobites, dinosaurs, mammals, a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe ma ka Honua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i kekahi mea like mai nā mōʻalihaku a me ko lākou wahi noho.

ʻAʻohe kanaka ma kēia Honua i lawa ka ʻike e pili ana i nā pōhaku a me nā mōʻalihaku e hiki ai ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo ma kekahi ʻano he ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aʻe o kahi ʻano mōʻalihaku ma mua o kekahi ʻano. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe mea nāna e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka trilobite mai ka wā Cambrian ma mua o kahi dinosaur mai ka wā Cretaceous a i ʻole he mammal mai ka wā Tertiary. He ʻepekema pololei wale nō ka Geology. (12)

Ke ʻeli ʻia nā mōʻalihaku mai ka lepo, pili ka pilikia like i nā mōʻalihaku mammoth a me nā dinosaur. Pehea la e hoaponoia ai ko lakou mau ano like ole ma ka honua, ina ua maikai na moolelo o ia mau mea elua a kokoke i ka ili o ka honua, e like me ka loaa pinepine ana? Pehea e hiki ai i kekahi ke ʻōlelo he 65 miliona mau makahiki ka ʻoi o ka mōʻalihaku dinosaur ma mua o ka mammoth a i ʻole ka mōʻalihaku kanaka inā ua like ka maikaʻi o nā mea ʻelua? ʻO ka pane, ʻaʻohe kanaka i loaʻa ia ʻike. ʻO ka mea ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe e hele i ka ʻaoʻao o ka noʻonoʻo.

     No laila, no ke aha i manaʻoʻiʻo ai ka poʻe ʻepekema atheist he 65 miliona mau makahiki ka nui o ka mōʻalihaku dinosaur ma mua o ka mōʻalihaku mammoth? ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia ka papa kuhikuhi manawa honua, i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ke kenekulia 19, ʻo ia hoʻi ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano radiocarbon a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana radioactivity ʻē aʻe. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka makahiki o nā mōʻalihaku ma ke kumu o kēia pakuhi manawa, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia ua pololei ka manaʻo o Darwin a ua ʻike ʻia nā hui like ʻole ma ka Honua i nā manawa like ʻole. No laila, manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻomaka ke ola i loko o ke kai, no laila i ka wā mua he cell primitive maʻalahi, a laila ʻike ʻia nā holoholona o ke kai, a laila iʻa, a laila nā rana e noho ana ma ka lihi o ka wai, a laila nā mea kolo a hope nā manu a me nā mammals. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua holomua ʻo Evolution ma kēia ʻano. a ua huki ʻia ka pakuhi manawa honua i ke kenekulia 19 no kēia kumu, a hiki i kēia lā ke hoʻoholo i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā makahiki o nā mōʻalihaku e nā ʻepekema hoʻomaloka. ʻAʻohe o lākou kumu ʻē aʻe no ka makahiki o nā mōʻalihaku.

   Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pakuhi manawa geological i ka manaʻo o ka evolution gradual, ʻo ia kahi kumu mua no ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution. ʻO ka pilikia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi lohi ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku e hōʻoia i ka pololei o ka papa ʻāina. Ua ʻae ʻo Richard Dawkins i ka mea hoʻomaloka kaulana i ka mea like ma kāna puke ʻo Sokea Kelloseppä (s. 240,241, The Blind Watchmaker): “ Mai Darwin mai, ua ʻike ka poʻe evolutionist ʻaʻole nā ​​moʻo mōʻalihaku i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka hoʻonohonoho manawa. ʻike ʻia nā loli. " Pēlā hoʻi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Stephen Jay Gould, ʻo ka paleontologist atheist kaulana: "ʻAʻole au makemake i kekahi ʻano e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hiki ke kūpono o ka ʻike evolution lohi. Makemake au e ʻōlelo ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā pōhaku. (13).

   He aha ka mea hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia mai ka mea i luna? Inā ʻaʻohe ulu mālie, hiki ke nīnau ʻia nā helu makahiki o ka pakuhi manawa honua a me ka manaʻo ua ʻike ʻia nā hui like ʻole ma ka Honua i nā manawa like ʻole. ʻAʻohe kumu o ia manaʻo. Akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manaʻo ʻana ua noho mua nā hui āpau o nā ʻano i ka honua i ka manawa hoʻokahi, akā i loko o nā keʻena kaiaola ʻē aʻe, no ka mea, ʻo kekahi o lākou he holoholona moana, ʻo nā holoholona ʻāina ʻē aʻe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma waena. Eia kekahi, ua pau kekahi mau ʻano e like me nā dinosaurs a me nā trilobites, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua i manaʻo ʻia he mōʻalihaku kuhikuhi. ʻAʻohe kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai ʻoi aku ka ʻelemakule a i ʻole ka ʻōpio o kekahi mau ʻano. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke kumu o nā mōʻalihaku.

    ʻO nā mōʻalihaku ola - nā mea ola i make i mau miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, akā ua ʻike ʻia e ola nei i kēia lā - ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hōʻoia ʻaʻole pono e hilinaʻi ʻia nā miliona mau makahiki. He mau haneli o ia mau mōʻalihaʻi. ʻO ka hale hōʻikeʻike ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Dr Joachim Scheven he 500 mau hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano fossil ola. ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ia ka coelacanth, i manaʻo ʻia ua make i 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka manawa like me nā dinosaurs. Eia naʻe, ua ʻike ola ʻia kēia iʻa i kēia manawa, no laila ma hea kahi i peʻe ai no 65 miliona mau makahiki? ʻO kekahi, a ʻoi aku paha, ʻo ke koho ʻaʻole i loaʻa mau miliona mau makahiki.

No ke aha i ola ʻole ai nā dinosaur i mau miliona makahiki i hala ? Ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā paukū mua ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i ka makahiki pololei o nā mōʻalihaku. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia he ʻokoʻa ka makahiki o nā mōʻalihaku o nā trilobites, dinosaurs a i ʻole mammoths. ʻAʻohe hōʻike ʻepekema no kēia, akā ua noho like paha kēia mau ʻano ma ka honua, akā i loko o nā keʻena kaiaola like ʻole, e like me nā wahi moana, marsh, uka a me nā mauna me kā lākou holoholona a me nā mea kanu.

    Pehea e pili ana i ke ola ma ka honua no nā miliona makahiki, e like me ka haʻi pinepine ʻana iā mākou ma nā papahana kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā ​​​​punahele ʻē aʻe? Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia kēia pilikia ma o ke ʻano radiocarbon no ka mea hiki iā ia ke ana i ka makahiki o nā laʻana organik. Hana ʻia nā ana ʻē aʻe e nā ʻano radioactive mai nā pōhaku, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano radiocarbon e hana pololei mai nā mōʻalihaku. ʻO ka hapalua o ke ola o kēia mea he 5730 mau makahiki, no laila ʻaʻole pono ia e hana ma hope o 100,000 mau makahiki.

    Pehea nā dinosaur? ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui loa ma kēia wahi e pili ana i nā dinosaur. Me he mea lā ua hoihoi lākou i nā kānaka, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e lākou e hōʻoia i nā miliona mau makahiki ma ka honua. He poʻe euanelio lākou o nā evolutionists a lākou e lawe mai ai i ka wā e pono ai i ka wā e hiki mai ai i nā miliona makahiki.

   Akā, akā. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nā makahiki o nā dinosaur ma kahi palapala manawa geological i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i nā makahiki 1800, i ʻike ʻia he hewa i nā manawa he nui. ʻAʻohe hōʻike ʻepekema ʻoi aku ka ʻelemakule o nā dinosaur ma mua o ka laʻana, nā mammoths a me nā holoholona make ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi mau ʻike maʻalahi e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i pau nā dinosaurs no nā miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ua nui nā ʻano mea hou i ola i ka manawa like me lākou.

• Ua ola nā ʻano ʻano hou i ka manawa like me nā dinosaur. Ke kamaʻilio mau nei ka poʻe evolutionary theorists e pili ana i ke au o nā dinosaurs no ka mea, e like me ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, manaʻo lākou ua ʻike ʻia nā hui like ʻole o nā holoholona ma ka Honua i nā manawa like ʻole. Manaʻo lākou, no ka laʻana, ua hele mai nā manu mai nā dinosaur, a no laila ua ʻike ʻia nā dinosaur ma ka honua ma mua o nā manu. Pēlā nō, manaʻo lākou ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā mammals mua ma ka honua a hiki i ka hopena o ke au dinosaur.

    Eia nō naʻe, ke kuhi hewa nei ka huaʻōlelo o ka dinosaur no ka mea, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka dinosaur e like me ka wā hou: honu, crocodile, king boa, squirrel, beaver, badger, hedgehog, shark, water beak, cockroach, bee, mussel, ʻākoʻakoʻa, alligator, kaimana, manu hou, mammals. No ka laʻana, manaʻo ʻia nā manu mai nā dinosaur mai, akā ua ʻike ʻia nā manu like ma ka papa dinosaur e like me ia i kēia mau lā: nā ʻaka, nā ʻeke, nā drake, nā loon, nā flamingo, nā pueo, nā penguins, nā manu kahakai, nā albatrosses, nā cormorants, a me nā avocets. I ka makahiki 2000, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau mōʻalihaku manu ʻokoʻa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia mai Cretaceous strata. ʻO kēia mau mea i ʻike ʻia, ua haʻi ʻia ma ka puke a Carl Werner "Living Fossils". No nā makahiki 14, ua hana ʻo ia i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku mai ka wā o ka dinosaur, ua kamaʻāina ʻo ia i ka palapala ʻoihana paleontological, a kipa aku i 60 mau hale hōʻikeʻike ʻepekema kūlohelohe a puni ka honua, e lawe ana ma kahi o 60,000 mau kiʻi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Dr Werner:"ʻAʻole hōʻike nā hale hōʻikeʻike i kēia mau mōʻalihaku manu o kēia wā, ʻaʻole hoʻi e huki iā lākou i nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā kaiapuni dinosaur. He hewa ia. ʻO kēia mau manu hou hou i loaʻa i loko o ka papa hoʻokahi me nā dinosaurs, pono e hōʻike ʻia. Akā ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu. kaka?”

   He aha ka mea e hiki ke unuhi mai ka luna? Ua ola maoli nā manu i ka manawa like me nā dinosaur, a ʻaʻohe kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai he ʻumi miliona mau makahiki.

    Pehea e pili ana i nā mammals? Wahi a kekahi mau manaʻo, ua ʻike ʻia ma kahi o 432 mau ʻano mammal e noho pū me nā dinosaurs ( Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Kielan, Cifelli, RL, a me Luo, ZX, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution and Structure, Columbia University Press, NY, 2004) . Pēlā nō, ua loaʻa nā iwi dinosaur i waena o nā iwi e like me nā iwi lio, bipi, a me nā hipa (Anderson, A., Tourism falls victim to tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus make quietly after all, 1984, New Scientist, 104, 9.) , no laila ua ola nā dinosaur a me nā mammals i ka manawa like.

   Eia kekahi, ma kahi ninaninau wikiō me Carl Werner, ka mea nāna e mālama i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka Prehistory o Utah, ʻo Kauka Donald Burge, ua wehewehe ʻo ia: " Loaʻa mākou i nā mōʻalihaku mammal ma kahi kokoke i kā mākou ʻeli dinosaur. Loaʻa iā mākou he ʻumi mau tona o ka pālolo bentonite i loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku mammal, a ke hana nei mākou e hāʻawi iā lākou i nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole no ka mea ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike nui iā lākou, akā no ka pōkole o ke ola, ʻaʻole wau i loea i nā mammals: ua loea wau i nā mea kolo a me nā dinosaurs”. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻano o ka nānā ʻana ua noho like nā ʻano o nā hui holoholona a pau i nā manawa a pau, akā i loko o nā keʻena kaiaola like ʻole. Ua pau kekahi o nā ʻano, e like me nā dinosaur. ʻOiai i kēia lā, e make ana nā ʻano ʻano.

• ʻO nā ʻiʻo palupalu e pili ana i nā manawa pōkole . Ua ʻōlelo mua ʻia ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā dinosaur i hoʻokumu nui ʻia ma kahi palapala manawa honua honua i ke kenekulia 19 kahi i manaʻo ʻia ua pau nā dinosaurs 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

   Hiki i nā mōʻalihaku dinosaur ke honi i ka popopo. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Jack Horner, he kanaka ʻepekema i manaʻoʻiʻo i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, e pili ana i kahi kahua ʻike mōʻalihaʻi dinosaur nui "ua pilau nā iwi a pau o Hell Creek." Pehea e honi ai nā iwi ma hope o nā ʻumi miliona makahiki? Inā ua ʻelemakule lākou, ʻoiaʻiʻo ua pau ke ʻala o lākou i kēia manawa.

    He aha nā mea e hana ai nā mea noiʻi? ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka pakuhi manawa honua i kaha ʻia i ke kenekulia 19 a nānā pono i nā mōʻalihaku. Inā he mau ʻiʻo palupalu, protein, DNA a me radiocarbon i waiho ʻia i loko o lākou, ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo i nīnau no nā miliona mau makahiki. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau mea i loko o nā mōʻalihaku e hōʻike ana i nā wā pōkole. He mau metric maikaʻi kēia no ka helu ʻana i ka makahiki o nā mōʻalihaku.

• Nā wehewehe ʻana o nā ʻīlio hae. He nui ka poʻe i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole i ola ke kanaka i ka manawa like me nā dinosaurs. Eia nō naʻe, nui nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i nā ʻīlio ma ka moʻomeheu kanaka. Ua haku ʻia ka inoa dinosaur e Richard Owen, ka mea hou o Darwin, i ka makahiki 1841, akā ua haʻi ʻia nā ʻīlio hae no nā kenekulia. Eia kekahi mau manaʻo no kēia kumuhana:

ʻO nā ʻīlio hae i loko o nā kaʻao, he mea kupanaha, e like me nā holoholona maoli i noho i ka wā ma mua. Ua like lākou me nā mea kolo nui (dinosaurs) i noho aliʻi ma ka ʻāina ma mua o ka wā i manaʻo ʻia ai ke kū ʻana o ke kanaka. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻīlio he ʻino a me ka luku. Ua kuhikuhi kēlā me kēia lāhui iā lākou i kā lākou moʻolelo. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, 1973, s. 265)

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻaukala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻīlio ma nā wahi āpau: i ka moʻolelo mua o ʻAsuria a me Babulona no ka ulu ʻana o ka moʻomeheu, i ka mōʻaukala Iudaio o ke Kauoha Kahiko, i nā kikokikona kahiko o Kina a me Iapana, i ka moʻolelo o Helene, Roma. a me na Kalikiano mua, ma na olelo hoohalike o Amerika kahiko, ma na moolelo o Aferika a me Inia. He mea paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hui ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo i nā ʻīlio hae i loko o kāna moʻolelo kaʻao… Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Aristotle, Pliny a me nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe o ka wā kahiko, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā moʻolelo deragona i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a ʻaʻole i ka noʻonoʻo. (14)

Ua haʻi pinepine ka Baibala i ka inoa deragona (eg Job 30:29: He kaikaina wau no nā ʻīlio, a he hoa aloha no nā pueo). Ma kēia ʻano, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ʻōlelo hoihoi e pili ana i ke kumuhana mai ka mea ʻepekema atheist ʻo Stephen Jay Gould. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka wā e kamaʻilio ai ka puke o Ioba e pili ana iā Behemoth, ʻo ka holoholona wale nō i kūpono i kēia wehewehe ʻana ʻo ka dinosaur ( Pandans Tumme , s. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Ma ke ʻano he evolutionist, ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua loaʻa i ka mea kākau o ka puke o Ioba kona ʻike no nā mōʻalihaku i ʻike ʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻo kēia kekahi o nā puke kahiko loa ma ka Baibala e pili ana i kahi holoholona ola (Ioba 40:15 Aia hoʻi ʻo Behemoth, ka mea aʻu i hana ai me ʻoe; ʻai ʻo ia i ka mauʻu e like me ka bipi…).

   Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻīlio hae ma ke kiʻi (www.dinoglyphs.fi). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi o nā ʻīlio hae, no ka laʻana, ma nā pale kaua (Sutton Hoo) a me nā mea hoʻonani pā o nā hale pule (e like me SS Mary a me Hardulph, ʻEnelani). Ma ka puka pā o ʻIsetar ma ke kūlanakauhale kahiko o Babulona, ​​ma kahi o nā bipi kāne a me nā liona, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻīlio. I ka mua o Mesopotamia cylinder sila, nā deragona me ka huelo kokoke e like me ka lōʻihi o nā 'ā'ī (Moortgat, A., The art of ancient Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, pp. 1,9,10 and Plate A.). ʻO ka puke a Vance Nelson ʻo Dire Dragonshaʻi i nā laʻana hou aku. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha e pili ana i kēia puke, ʻo ia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi kahiko e pili ana i nā ʻīlio hihiu/dinosaurs, a me nā kiʻi i kaha ʻia e ka poʻe evolutionist hou ma muli o nā iwi dinosaur. Hiki i ka poʻe heluhelu ke hoʻohālikelike i ka like o nā hana kahiko, a me nā kiʻi i kaha ʻia ma ke kumu o nā iwi. Akaka loa ko lakou like.

   Pehea e pili ana i ka zodiac Kina? ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka lilo ʻana o nā dinosaur i nā ʻīlio, ʻo ia ka horoscope, i ʻike ʻia he mau kenekulia. No laila ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka zodiac Kina ma nā hōʻailona holoholona 12 e hana hou ana i nā pōʻai 12-makahiki, aia he 12 mau holoholona. He 11 o lakou i kamaaina i keia mau la: iole, bipi, tiger, hare, nahesa, lio, hipa, monkey, moa, ilio a me ka puaa.. Akā, ʻo ka holoholona 12 he deragona, ʻaʻole ia i kēia lā. ʻO ka nīnau maikaʻi, inā he holoholona maoli nā holoholona he 11, no ke aha e lilo ai ka deragona i mea ʻokoʻa a he mea moʻokalaleo? ʻAʻole anei ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manaʻo ʻana ua ola ia i ka manawa like me ke kanaka, akā ua pau e like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe? He mea maikaʻi e hoʻomanaʻo hou i ka huaʻōlelo dinosaur i haku wale ʻia i ke kenekulia 19 e Richard Owen. Ma mua o kēlā, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka inoa deragona no nā kenekulia. 

Pehea ʻoe e hōʻoia ai i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution?

ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution ke kū'ē loa i ka hana a ke Akua i hana ai. ʻO kēia kumumanaʻo, i hoʻopuka ʻia e Darwin, manaʻo ʻo ia i hoʻomaka me kahi puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a laila ulu aʻe i nā miliona mau makahiki i nā ʻano paʻakikī.

   Akā, he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka manaʻo o Darwin? Hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia ma o nā hōʻike kūpono. Eia kekahi mau mea nui.

1. Aole i hooiaioia ka hanau ana o ke ola . Ma mua o ka ulu ʻana o ke ola, pono ke ola. Akā, eia ka pilikia mua o ka manaʻo o Darwin. ʻAʻohe kumu o ke kumumanaʻo holoʻokoʻa, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ke ola ke kū wale, e like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia. ʻO ke ola wale nō ka mea hiki ke ola, a ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia lula. Loaʻa kēia pilikia inā pili kekahi i kahi kumu hoʻohālike atheistic o ka wehewehe ʻana mai ka hoʻomaka a i ka hopena. 

2. Hōʻole ka Radiocarbon i nā manaʻo no ka manawa lōʻihi . ʻO kekahi pilikia ʻo ka radiocarbon aia i loko o nā mōʻalihaku a me ka lanahu o nā au a pau, i manaʻo ʻia he mau miliona mau makahiki (Lowe, DC, Nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he kumu 14C manuahi ʻole, Radiocarbon 31 (2): 117 -120, 1989). ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka radiocarbon e pili ana i nā kaukani makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻohe manawa i koe no ka hoʻomohala ʻana. He pilikia nui kēia no ka manaʻo o Darwin no ka mea, manaʻoʻiʻo ka poʻe evolutionist i ka pono o nā miliona makahiki.

3. Hōʻole ka pahū ʻana o Cambrian i ka evolution . Ma mua, ua hōʻike ʻia pehea ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Cambrian explosion e hōʻole i ka lāʻau o ka evolution (ka manaʻo ua lilo ke ʻano maʻalahi i nā ʻano ola hou). A i ʻole kēia lāʻau i luna. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili mōʻalihaku mai kinohi mai, pili ka paʻakikī a me ka waiwai o nā ʻano. Ua kūpono kēia me ke kumu hoʻohālike.

4. ʻAʻohe manaʻo semi-developed a me nā kino . Inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka manaʻo o ka evolution, pono e loaʻa nā miliona o nā manaʻo hou, nā lima, nā wāwae, a i ʻole nā ​​​​hoʻomaka ʻē aʻe o nā ʻāpana kino i ke ʻano. Akā, ua mākaukau kēia mau ʻāpana kino. ʻOiai ʻo Richard Dawkins, ka mea hoʻomaloka kaulana, ʻae ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻano a me kēlā me kēia ʻano o kēlā me kēia ʻano i aʻo ʻia i kēia manawa ua maikaʻi i kāna hana. ʻAʻole kūpono kēlā ʻike i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, akā maikaʻi i ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka hana ʻana:

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma muli o ka nānā ʻana, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻano a me kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o kahi ʻano i nānā ʻia i kēia manawa ua maikaʻi i kāna hana. He maikaʻi nā ʻēheu o nā manu, nā pi a me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa no ka lele ʻana. Maikaʻi nā maka i ka ʻike. Maikaʻi nā lau i ka photosynthesis. Noho mākou ma ka honua, kahi e hoʻopuni ʻia ai mākou e ʻumi miliona mau ʻano, kahi e hōʻike kūʻokoʻa ai i kahi hoʻopunipuni ikaika o ka hoʻolālā ʻike. Ua kūpono kēlā me kēia ʻano i kona ʻano nohona kūikawā. (15)

Ma kāna ʻōlelo mua, ua ʻae ʻo Dawkins i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā naʻauao, ʻoiai ʻo ia e hōʻole ʻole. Eia naʻe, hōʻike maopopo nā hōʻike i ke ola o ka hoʻolālā naʻauao. ʻO ka nīnau pili; He hana anei? ʻO ia hoʻi, inā hana nā mea a pau, he mea ia o kahi hoʻolālā hana a me ka hoʻolālā naʻauao, a ʻaʻole hiki i ke ʻano ke kū wale.

    He mea kupanaha ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kiʻi o ka mea pôpeku Jari Litmanen ma Lahti, no ka laʻana, ʻae nā poʻe atheist āpau i ka hoʻolālā naʻauao ma hope o ia. ʻAʻole lākou i manaʻoʻiʻo ua hānau ʻia kēia kiʻi iā lākou iho, akā manaʻoʻiʻo i ka hoʻolālā naʻauao i kāna hana hānau. Akā naʻe, pāpā lākou i ka hoʻolālā naʻauao i nā mea ola i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a hiki ke neʻe, hoʻonui, ʻai, hāʻule i ke aloha, a me nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole kēia he kumu kūpono loa.

5. Hōʻole nā ​​mōʻalihaku i ka hoʻololi ʻana . Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ʻaʻohe ulu mālie o nā mōʻalihaku. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Stephen Jay Gould, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe: "ʻAʻole wau makemake i kekahi ʻano e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hiki ke kūpono o ka nānā ʻana i ka ulu ʻana. Makemake au e ʻōlelo ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā pōhaku. (16). Pēlā nō, ua ʻae kekahi poʻe paleontologists koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi mālie ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku, ʻoiai he kumu kumu ia o ka manaʻo o Darwin. ʻAʻole hiki ke kāhea hou ʻia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻaʻole i piha ka moʻolelo mōʻalihaku. ʻAʻole ia, no ka mea, ua ʻeli ʻia ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli miliona mau mōʻalihaku mai ka honua aku. Inā ʻaʻohe hoʻomohala lohi a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano waena i kēia mea, ʻaʻole i loko o ka mea i waiho ʻia ma ka honua. Hōʻike kēia mau manaʻo i ka nalowale ʻana o nā puka waena:

He mea kupanaha ka like ole o na hakahaka o ka waiwai kahiko ma kekahi ano: nalo mai na wahi ko'iko'i a pau. (Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe , 1982, p. 19)

No ka lōʻihi o ka wā i hala aku nei mākou i ka moʻo o nā mōʻalihaku o kēlā mau holoholona i noho mua ma ka honua, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kahi ʻano o nā ʻano holoholona e lilo i mau ʻano waena ma waena o nā hui nui a me nā phyla... ʻO nā hui nui loa. ʻaʻole e hui pū kekahi i kekahi. Ua like lākou a ua like lākou mai kinohi mai... ʻAʻohe holoholona hiki ʻole ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kāna phylum a i ʻole kahi hui nui i loaʻa mai nā ʻano pōhaku stratified mua loa. hiki ke unuhi ʻia nā holoholona ma ke ʻano hoʻokahi wale nō ... Inā makemake mākou e lawe i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e like me lākou, pono mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻano waena; ʻo ia hoʻi, ua pili like kēia mau hui nui i kekahi i kekahi mai kinohi mai.(Austin H. Clark, The New Evolution, p. 189)

He aha ka mea e hiki ke unuhi mai ka luna? Pono kākou e hōʻole i ka manaʻo o Darwin ma ke kumu o nā mōʻalihaku, e like me kā Darwin i ʻōlelo ai ma ke kumu o ka ʻikepili mōʻalihaku i loaʻa i kēlā manawa: "ʻO ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo he ʻoi aʻe ka piha o ka moʻolelo honua, e hōʻole lākou i koʻu manaʻo" (17 ).

6. ʻAʻole hana hou ka koho kūlohelohe a me ka hānau ʻana . Ma kāna puke On the Origin of Species, ua hāpai ʻo Darwin i ka manaʻo ʻo ke koho kūlohelohe ma hope o ka evolution. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i laʻana i ka koho i hana ʻia e ke kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hānau ʻana, a pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o nā holoholona ma o ia.

    Eia naʻe, ʻo ka pilikia me ke koho kūlohelohe a me ke koho kanaka ʻaʻole lākou e hana i kahi mea hou. Koho wale lākou mai ka mea i loaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea kahiko . Hiki ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe a ola kekahi mau ʻano, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ke ola wale nō e hoʻopuka i ka ʻike hou. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi hou i kahi mea ola i kekahi.

   Pēlā nō, hiki ke loli, akā i loko o kekahi mau palena. Hiki kēia no ka mea ua hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu me ka hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻoulu. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hānau ʻana ke hoʻopili i ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae o ka ʻīlio a i ʻole ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā mea kanu, akā i kekahi manawa e ʻike ʻoe i kahi palena a ʻaʻole e hele ma mua o kēlā. ʻAʻohe mea hou e puka mai ana a ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o ka ʻike hou.

ʻIke pinepine nā Breeders ma hope o kekahi mau hanauna o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, ua hiki i kahi palena nui loa: ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe ma mua o kēia wahi, a ʻaʻohe mea i hana ʻia. (…) No laila, hoʻopau nā hoʻāʻo hānau ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution ma mua o ke kākoʻo ʻana. (Ma ke Kahea, 3.7.1972, p. 8,9)

ʻO kekahi pilikia ʻo ia ka ʻilihune genetic. Ke hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia, nalowale kekahi o nā hoʻoilina genetic waiwai i loaʻa i nā kūpuna mua. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea ola, no ka laʻana ma muli o ka hānau ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻokoʻa ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka lumi no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ke kaʻaahi evolutionary e hele i ke ala hewa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa. Ua ʻilihune ka hoʻoilina genetic, akā ʻaʻohe ʻano kumu hou e puka mai ana.

7. ʻAʻole loaʻa ka ʻike hou a me nā ʻano ʻano hou o nā ʻōkana . E pili ana i ka evolution, pololei ka poʻe evolutionists e hiki mai ana. He mea wale nō ia o ka manaʻo o ka evolution. Inā he nīnau no ka hoʻololi maʻamau a me ka hoʻololi ʻana, kūpono loa ka poʻe evolutionists i ka nānā ʻana. Aia nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ia mea i loko o nā puke ponoʻī a ka poʻe evolutionists. Akā, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo primordial cell -to-human he manaʻo i hōʻoia ʻole ʻia ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o kēia wā a i ʻole nā ​​moʻo.

    ʻOiai nā mea a pau, hoʻāʻo ka poʻe evolutionist e ʻimi i kahi mīkini e wehewehe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana mai kahi cell primitive maʻalahi i nā ʻano paʻakikī. Ua hoʻohana lākou i nā mutations e kōkua i kēia.

    Eia naʻe, alakaʻi nā mutations i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, lawe i ka hoʻomohala i lalo. Inā lākou e neʻe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i mua, pono nā mea noiʻi e hōʻike i nā kaukani o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike a me ka ulu ʻana i luna, akā ʻaʻole hiki kēia. Hiki ke hoʻololi - nā ʻēheu a me nā lālā deformed, nalowale o ka puaʻa ... - akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona maopopo o ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ma o nā hoʻokolohua mutation i hana mua ʻia nā mutants i loaʻa ma mua. Hoʻololi hou ʻia nā hoʻololi like i nā hoʻokolohua.

   ʻOiaʻiʻo, he ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau hoʻololi ʻana, no ka laʻana, kahi ʻona ʻona a i ʻole kahi kaiapuni me ka nui o nā lāʻau antibiotic, akā i ka wā e hoʻi ai nā kūlana i ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole ola ka poʻe me ka mutation ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau. ʻO kekahi laʻana he sickle cell anemia. Hiki i nā poʻe me kēia hoʻololi ke hana maikaʻi i nā wahi malaria, akā he maʻi koʻikoʻi ia ma kahi wahi ʻole. Inā hoʻoili ʻia kēia hoʻololi ʻana mai nā mākua ʻelua, ua make ka maʻi. Pēlā nō, hiki i nā iʻa i nalowale i ko lākou mau maka ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana ke ola ma nā ana ʻeleʻele akā ʻaʻole ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau. A i ʻole nā ​​pīkī i nalowale i ko lākou mau ʻēheu ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokele ma nā mokupuni makani no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e lele maʻalahi i ke kai, akā ma kahi ʻē aʻe, pilikia lākou.

    Ua hōʻole kekahi mau mea noiʻi i kamaʻāina i ka wahi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā loli nui a i ʻole e hana i nā mea hou. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e laʻa me nā ʻumi makahiki o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻololi ʻana me nā nalo maiʻa a me ka bacteria. Eia kekahi mau manaʻo mai ka poʻe noiʻi e pili ana i ke kumuhana:

ʻOiai ua nānā ʻia nā tausani o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ko mākou manawa, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i kahi hihia maopopo e hoʻololi ai ka mutation i kahi holoholona i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, hana i kahi ʻano hou, a i ʻole e hoʻololi i kahi hoʻololi hou. (RD Clark, Darwin: Ma mua a ma hope , p. 131)

ʻO nā hoʻololi a mākou i ʻike ai - i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i ke ao ola - ma ke ʻano maʻamau ʻo ia ka nalo ʻana o kahi okana, nalo (nalo o ka puaʻa, nalowale o kahi mea hoʻopili), a i ʻole nā ​​​​hoʻololi hou ʻana o kahi okana e noho nei. ʻAʻole lākou e hana i kekahi mea hou maoli a i ʻole hoʻokahi i ka ʻōnaehana organik, kekahi mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kumu o kahi okana hou a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi hana hou. (Jean Rostand, The Orion Book of Evolution , 1961, p. 79)

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ʻenehana pane a nui loa ka poʻe ʻepekema no ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻike. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā geneticists e wehe i ko lākou mau maka no lākou. - - Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo iaʻu aia hoʻokahi hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻololi ʻana i hana ʻole i ka ʻike. (Sanford, J., Genetic Entropy and the Mystery of the Genome, Ivan Press, New York, p. 17).

ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mutations ke lilo i ka ʻenekini o ka evolution, ʻaʻole hiki ke koho kūlohelohe, no ka mea ʻaʻole i hana i ka ʻike hou a me nā hale paʻakikī hou e koi ʻia e ka "mai ka cell primordial i ke kanaka" -theory. He mau laʻana maikaʻi nā wehewehe a pau i loko o ka palapala evolutionary, akā he mau laʻana wale nō o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana e like me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria, ka nui o ka nuku manu, ke kūʻē ʻana o nā pepeke i nā lāʻau lāʻau, nā loli i ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa ma muli o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele a me nā kala māmā o ka mote pepa a me nā loli. ma muli o nā pale ʻāina. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau he mau laʻana o ka pane ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i nā loli o ke kaiapuni, akā mau ke ʻano kumu i nā manawa āpau a ʻaʻole e loli i nā mea ʻē aʻe. Noho ka ma'i bacteria ma ke ano he bacteria, he ilio he ilio, he popoki he popoki, a pela aku.

   He mea koʻikoʻi ia ma kāna puke On the Origin of Species , ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻo Darwin i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā loli ʻano, akā he mau hiʻohiʻona wale nō o ka hoʻololi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i loko o nā hui kumu. He mau laʻana maikaʻi lākou, ʻaʻole naʻe. ʻAʻole lākou e hōʻoia "mai ka cell primordial i ke kanaka" -theory ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Darwin iā ia iho i loko o kahi leka: "Ua luhi wau i ka haʻi ʻana i ka poʻe ʻaʻole wau e ʻōlelo he hōʻike pololei o kahi ʻano i hoʻololi ʻia i ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe a ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au ua pololei kēia manaʻo no ka mea he nui nā ʻano mea hiki ke hui pū ʻia a wehewehe. ma luna o ia mea" (18). Pēlā nō, ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻōlelo ma lalo nei ma ka puke a Darwin On the Origin of Species ʻaʻole he mau hiʻohiʻona maoli o nā loli ʻano.

"He mea hoʻohenehene ka puke i kaulana no ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu o nā ʻano ʻano ʻaʻole i wehewehe i kekahi ʻano." (Christopher Booker, Times columnist e pili ana i ka magnum opus a Darwin, On the Origin of Species) (19)

Pehea ʻoe e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka iho ʻana o ke kanaka mai nā mea like me ka ʻape?

ʻO ka manaʻo kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo nā ʻano ʻano āpau o kēia manawa he ʻano kumu like: he pūlima maʻalahi. Pela no ke kanaka hou. Ke aʻo mai nei ka poʻe Evolutionists ua hele mai mākou mai loko mai o ka cell primordial hoʻokahi, ka mea i ulu mua i nā ʻano o ke ola kai, a ma ke ʻano he hana hope loa, ma mua o ke kanaka i nā kūpuna kanaka e like me ka ape. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka poʻe evolutionists e manaʻoʻiʻo ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi lohi ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku.

     Akā, he ʻoiaʻiʻo anei ka ʻike evolutionist i ke kumu o ke kanaka? E hōʻike mākou i nā kumu koʻikoʻi ʻelua e hōʻike ana i ka mea ʻē aʻe:

ʻO nā koena o ke kanaka hou i nā papa kahiko e hōʻole i ka evoltution . He mea maʻalahi ke kumu mua a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua ʻike ʻia nā koena o nā kānaka o kēia wā ma ka liʻiliʻi loa e like me nā ʻāpana kahiko a ʻoi aku paha e like me nā koena o ko lākou manaʻo ʻia he mau kūpuna, ʻoiai ʻo ke koena kanaka o kēia wā aia ma nā ʻāpana kahiko ma mua o ko lākou mau kūpuna i manaʻo ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia nā koena a me nā waiwai o ke kanaka hou i nā ʻāpana lanahu i manaʻo ʻia he mau haneli miliona mau makahiki.

    He aha ke ʻano o kēia? ʻO ia hoʻi, ua ʻike ʻia ke kanaka hou i ka manawa like ma ka honua a i ʻole ma mua o kona mau kūpuna i manaʻo ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki ke hana ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke ola ka hua ma mua o ko lākou mau kūpuna. Eia kahi kūʻē aʻe e hōʻole ana i ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kumu o ke kanaka.

   ʻO nā huaʻōlelo ma lalo nei e haʻi hou aku iā ʻoe e pili ana i kēia. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe ʻepekema kaulana i ka ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻana o nā koena o ke kanaka o kēia wā ma nā ʻāpana kahiko, akā ua hōʻole ʻia lākou no ka mea ʻoi loa ka maikaʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia he mau haneli o nā mea like:

LBS Leakey: "ʻAʻohe oʻu kānalua i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koena kanaka no kēia mau moʻomeheu [Acheul lāua ʻo Chelles], ua ʻike pinepine ʻia (...) Homo sapiens ʻano, a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he ʻelemakule. (20)

RS Lull: … Ua ʻike hou ʻia kēlā mau koena o nā iwi. (…) ʻO kēlā me kēia o lākou, ʻoiai ua hoʻokō lākou i nā koi ʻē aʻe o ka wā ʻelemakule - kanu ʻia i nā papa kahiko, ʻike ʻia nā koena holoholona i waena o lākou a me ka pae fossilization like, etc. no ka mea, ʻaʻohe o lākou mau hiʻohiʻona o ke kino i loaʻa ʻole i nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i kēia mau lā. (21)

Ua kākau ʻo Marvin L. Lubenow ma ke kumuhana like ma kāna puke Myytti apinaihmisistä (Iwi o ka hakakā) . I loko o kēia puke, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo ia i nā helu makahiki ponoʻī o ka poʻe evolutionists no nā mōʻalihaku i loaʻa iā lākou . Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻike a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma nā palapala evolutionist.

    ʻO ka pilikia hoʻokahi ke ala mai nei i kēia mau makahiki o ka poʻe evolutionists: loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku ma nā ʻāpana o ka honua i hui pū ʻia a ʻaʻohe kauoha evolutionary i kuhikuhi ʻia. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano i koi ʻia e ka evolution. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kanaka mai nā kūpuna like ape.

    Ma kāna puke, ʻōlelo ʻo Lubenow:

   (…) I ka hopena, ua hiki mai ka "La Fossil" o kā mākou papa. Ua haʻi nā haumāna i kā lākou hōʻike i kā lākou mau hoa papa a hoʻonohonoho i kā lākou mōʻalihaku ma kahi papahana ma muli o nā makahiki a me nā helu i hāʻawi ʻia e ka poʻe evolutionists. I ka paʻa mālie ʻana o nā ʻāpana, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā haumāna ʻaʻole i hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka.

   Inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka, e kau ʻia nā mōʻalihaku ma ka laina manawa mai ke ape Hema, ma o kekahi ʻano o Homo habilis , Homo erectus a me Homo sapiens mua , a hiki i ka Homo sapiens hou.(ʻo mākou ia, nā mea nui a nani). Akā, e waiho ʻia nā mōʻalihaku ma ʻaneʻi a ma ʻaneʻi me ka ʻole o ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana. ʻOiai ua hoʻohana nā haumāna i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka poʻe evolutionist iā lākou iho, ua maopopo iā lākou ʻo ka mea mōʻalihaku e hoʻopau i ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka. ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa nā haʻiʻōlelo a i ʻole nā ​​moʻolelo aʻu e like me ke aʻo ʻana a nā haumāna iā lākou iho. ʻAʻohe mea aʻu i ʻōlelo ai he hopena nui ia i nā haumāna e like me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻōlohelohe e pili ana i nā mea mōʻalihaku kanaka ponoʻī. (22)

I loko o nā mōʻalihaku ʻelua wale nō pūʻulu: nā ʻoki maʻamau a me nā kānaka hou . E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻo ke kumu kumu o ka manaʻo o ka evolution ʻo ia ka mea i hele mai ke kanaka mai nā mea like ʻole, no laila i ka wā o ka mōʻaukala i hele mai ai nā kānaka paʻakikī i ka honua. ʻO kēia manaʻo ka manaʻo o Darwin a me kona mau hoa, ʻoiai he mea liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia i nā kūpuna kanaka i manaʻo ʻia i ke kenekulia 19. ʻO Darwin a me kāna mau hoa pili wale nō i ka manaʻoʻiʻo a me ka manaʻolana e loaʻa iā lākou ma hope o ka lepo.

   ʻO ia ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka huli ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku kanaka i kēia mau lā. No ka manaʻoʻiʻo o ka poʻe i ka manaʻo o ka evolution, ʻimi lākou i nā kūpuna i manaʻo ʻia o ke kanaka. Hoʻopili ka manaʻoʻiʻo i nā mea a pau a lākou e hana ai. A inā ʻaʻohe o lākou manaʻoʻiʻo i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka mai nā kūpuna like ʻole, ʻaʻole lawa ko lākou manaʻo e ʻimi.

    He aha nā mea i ʻike ʻia? ʻAʻole lākou e ʻoluʻolu i ka poʻe kākoʻo o ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution. ʻAʻole lākou i ʻae i nā mea i ʻike ʻia, a eia kekahi, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona akaka ma nā mea i loaʻa: ʻo ka hopena, ʻelua wale nō pūʻulu: ʻo nā mea like ape a me nā kānaka maʻamau. Hoʻomaka kēia māhele ma ke ʻano o nā ʻoki hema (Australopithecus), e like me ka inoa i hōʻike ʻia ai, nā ʻoki maʻamau, e like me Ardi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka lolo ma mua o nā ʻoki hema. (He papa pohihihi ka Homo Habilis i hui pū ʻia paha o nā hui like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o kona mau hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike ana ua ʻoi aku ka like me ka ʻope ma mua o ka ʻoki hema). Akā, ʻo Homo Erectus a me ke kanaka Neanderthal, he ʻano like me kekahi, he poʻe maʻamau.

    No ke aha i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai i ʻelua ʻano wale nō? Ua ʻae kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ponoʻī ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo nā ʻoki hema i mau kūpuna kanaka, akā, he ʻape maʻamau, he ʻano mea i pau. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia manaʻo no ka mea, ua like ko lākou kino me ka ʻape a ʻo ka nui o ka lolo he hapakolu wale nō ka nui o ka lolo o ke kanaka hou. Eia kekahi mau manaʻo:

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka iwi poʻo o ke kanaka a me ka anthropoid, ʻoi aku ka like o ka iwi poʻo o kahi Australopithecus me ka iwi poʻo o kahi anthropoid. ʻO ke koi ʻana inā ʻaʻole e like ia me ka ʻōlelo ʻana he keʻokeʻo ka ʻeleʻele. (23)

ʻAʻole i kanalua kā mākou mau mea i ʻike ai, ʻaʻole like ka Australopithecus me ka Homo sapiens ; akā, ua like ia me nā guenons hou a me nā anthropoids. (24)

Pehea e pili ana iā Homo erectus a me ke kanaka Neanderthal, ua like loa lāua me ka nui o ka lolo a me ke kino e hoʻomanaʻo nei i nā kānaka hou? Ua loaʻa nā hōʻike kūpono o ke kanaka ʻelua i kēia lā. Ua hiki iā Homo erectus ke komo i ka hoʻokele a hana pū i nā mea hana no laila ua ʻōlelo ʻo evolutionist Dr Alan Thorne i ka makahiki 1993: "ʻAʻole lākou ʻo Homo erectus (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono lākou e kapa ʻia ma kēia inoa). He kanaka lākou" (The Australian, 19 ʻAukake 1993). Pēlā nō, ua ulu nui ka poʻe ʻepekema o kēia wā i ka manaʻo e hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ke kanaka Neanderthal he kanaka maoli. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻolālā kino, ʻo nā kumu he nui nā ʻike moʻomeheu a me nā noiʻi DNA hou.(Donald Johnson / James Shreeve: Ke Keiki a Lucy, p. 49).

   Ma waena o nā mea noiʻi i manaʻo e hoʻokomo i ka Homo erectus a me Neandertal i ka papa Homo sapiens e laʻa me Milford Wolpoff. He aha ka mea nui o kēia ʻōlelo a kahi paleontologist evolutionary ʻo ia ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ua ʻike ʻo ia ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā mea mōʻalihaku mua o nā hominides. Pēlā nō, ʻo Bernard Wood, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke alakaʻi alakaʻi ma nā moʻopuna evolutionary, a ua ʻōlelo ʻo M. Collard i kekahi mau hominides putative ua aneane like me ke kanaka a i ʻole ʻaneʻane like me ka ʻoki hema (Science 284 (5411): 65-71, 1999).

    He aha ka mea e hiki ke unuhi mai ka luna? He mea ole ke kama'ilio e pili ana i ka apeman, no ka mea, he kanaka a me ka ape wale no. Aia kēia mau pūʻulu ʻelua, e like me ka ʻōlelo a kekahi mau mea noiʻi alakaʻi ma kēia wahi.

   Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i ka wā e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke kanaka ma ka honua, ʻaʻohe kumu maopopo o ke kanaka i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua ma mua o ka mea a ka Baibala i hōʻike ai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 6,000 mau makahiki i hala. No ke aha? ʻO ke kumu, ʻaʻohe hōʻike maopopo no ka manawa lōʻihi. He 4000-5000 makahiki wale nō ka moʻolelo i ʻike ʻia, i ka wā i ʻike koke ʻia ai nā mea e like me ke kākau ʻana, ke kūkulu hale, nā kūlanakauhale, ka mahiʻai, ka moʻomeheu, ka makemakika paʻakikī, ka ipu lepo, ka hana ʻana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano o ke kanaka. Nui ka poʻe evolutionists e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka wā prehistoric a me ka mōʻaukala, akā ʻaʻohe hōʻike kūpono e ola ana ka manawa prehistoric, no ka laʻana, 10,000 a 20,000 mau makahiki aku nei, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻike maopopo ʻia nā hale a me nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna mai ia manawa.

   Eia kekahi, he mea kupanaha loa ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka i ʻelua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, akā ua hū koke kāna moʻomeheu a puni ka honua i kekahi mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kahi wehewehe maikaʻi aʻe, he mau millennia wale nō ka noho ʻana o ke kanaka, a no laila ua puka wale nā ​​hale, nā kūlanakauhale, nā mākau ʻōlelo, a me ka moʻomeheu i ia manawa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka puke ʻo Genesis. 

Mai noho ma waho o ke aupuni o ke Akua!

ʻO ka hope, e ka mea heluhelu maikaʻi! Ua aloha ke Akua iā ʻoe a makemake iā ʻoe i kona aupuni mau loa. ʻOiai inā he mea hoʻomāʻewaʻewa a he ʻenemi ʻoe no ke Akua, he hoʻolālā maikaʻi ko ke Akua no ʻoe. E hoomaopopo i keia mau pauku e pili ana i ke aloha o ke Akua i kanaka. Ua hai mai lakou i ka hiki ana mai o Iesu i ke ao nei i loaa i na kanaka a pau ke ola mau loa a me ke kala ana i na hala. Hiki i kēlā me kēia kanaka o ka honua ke ʻike i kēia:

- (Ioane 3:16) No ka mea, ua aloha nui ke Akua i ko ke ao nei, ua haawi mai oia i kana Keiki hiwahiwa, i ole e make ka mea manaoio ia ia, aka, e loaa ia ia ke ola mau loa.

- (1 Ioane 4:10) Eia ke aloha, aole i aloha kakou i ke Akua, aka, ua aloha mai oia ia kakou, a ua hoouna mai i kana Keiki i kalahala no ko kakou hewa.

Akā, loaʻa anei i ke kanaka kahi pilina me ke Akua a me ke kala ʻana i ka hewa? ʻAʻole, pono e huli ke kanaka i ke Akua e haʻi ana i kāna mau hewa. He manaʻoʻiʻo wale nō paha ka poʻe he nui e paʻa ai i nā mea a pau i kākau ʻia ma ka Baibala, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hana i kēia kaʻina e huli ai lākou i ke Akua a hāʻawi i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa i ke Akua.

    ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka mihi, ʻo ia ke aʻo ʻana a Iesu i ke keiki hoʻopau. Ua noho keia keiki iloko o ka hewa hohonu, aka, huli ae la oia i kona makuakane a hai aku i kana mau hewa. Ua kala mai kona makuakāne iā ia.

- (Luuk 15:11-20) Pea naʻá ne pehē, Ko ha tangata ʻe toko ua ʻo e ngaahi foha.

12 Olelo aku la ke kaikaina i kona makuakane, E ka makua, e haawi mai oe ia'u i ko'u puu o ka waiwai. A mahele iho la ia i kona waiwai no laua.

13 Aole nui na la mahope iho, houluulu ke keiki pokii i na mea a pau, a hele aku la i ka aina loihi aku, malaila i hoomaunauna aku ai i kana waiwai e noho uhauha .

14 A pau kāna mau mea a pau, hiki mai ka wi nui ma ia ʻāina; a hoomaka iho la ia e nele.

15 Hele aku la ia a hoopili aku i kekahi kamaaina o ia aina; a hoouna aku la oia ia ia i kona aina e hanai puaa.

16 Makemake iho la ia e hoopiha i kona opu i na ai a na puaa i ai ai, aole nae i haawi mai ia ia.

17 A loaa ia ia kona manao, i iho la ia, He nui ka poe paaua a ko'u makuakane, he ai lakou e maona ai, a e make ana au i ka pololi!

18 E ku au a e hele i ko'u makuakane, a e olelo aku au ia ia, E ka makua, ua hana hewa aku au i ka lani, a ia oe ;

19 Aole au e pono ke kapa hou ia mai he keiki nau: e hoohalike oe ia'u me kekahi o kau poe paaua.

20 Ala aʻela ia, a hele i kona makua kāne. Aka, ia ia i kahi mamao aku, ike aku la kona makuakane ia ia, hu ae la kona aloha , holo aku la ia, apo iho la ma kona ai, a honi aku la ia ia.

Ke huli ke kanaka i ke Akua, pono e hookipa ia Iesu i Haku o kona ola. No ka mea, ma o Iesu la wale no e hiki ai ke hookokoke aku i ke Akua a loaa ke kala ana i na hewa e like me ka hoike ana mai o na pauku. No laila, e kāhea aku ʻoe iā Iesū i Haku no kou ola, a e kala ʻia ʻoe i ka hala a me ke ola mau loa.

- (Ioane 14:6) I mai la o Iesu ia ia, Owau no ke ala, a me ka oiaio, a me ke ola;

- (Ioane 5:40) Aole oukou e hele mai io'u nei, i loaa'i ia oukou ke ola .

- (Nā Hana 10:43) Hōʻike ka poʻe kāula a pau iā ia , ma kona inoa e loaʻa ai ke kala ʻia o nā hala i ka mea e manaʻoʻiʻo iā ia .

- (Acts 13: 38, 39) 38 No ia mea, e ʻike ʻoukou, e nā kāne a me nā hoahānau, ma o kēia kanaka ke haʻi ʻia aku iā ʻoukou i ke kala ʻia o ka hala .

39 A ma ona la, ua hoaponoia mai na mea a pau i manaoio ole ia oukou ma ke kanawai o Mose.

Ina ua hookipa oe ia Iesu iloko o kou ola ana a kau i kou manaoio, oia hoi kou hilinai i ka mea e ola'i, ia ia (Acts 16:31). kou hale."), hiki iā ʻoe ke pule, no ka laʻana, penei: 

Ka pule e ola'i : E ka Haku, e Iesu, ke huli aku nei au ia oe. Ke haʻi aku nei au ua hana hewa wau iā ʻoe a ʻaʻole au i noho e like me kou makemake. Akā naʻe, makemake wau e haʻalele i kaʻu mau hewa a hahai iā ʻoe me koʻu naʻau a pau. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei hoʻi au ua kala ʻia koʻu mau hewa ma o kāu kalahala ʻana a ua loaʻa iaʻu ke ola mau loa ma o ʻoe lā. Mahalo au iā ʻoe no ke ola āu i hāʻawi mai ai iaʻu. Amene.

REFERENCES:

1. Andy Knoll (2004) PBS Nova interview, 3. May 2004,  sit. Antony Flew & Roy Varghese (2007) There is A God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne

2. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley

3. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

4. Stephen Jay Gould: Hirmulisko heinäsuovassa (Dinosaur in a Haystack), p. 115,116,141

5. Sylvia Baker: Kehitysoppi ja Raamatun arvovalta, p. 104,105

6. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 34

7. Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia luomisesta (The Creation Answers Book, Don Batten, David Catchpoole, Jonathan Sarfati, Carl Wieland), p. 84

8. Jonathan Sarfati: Puuttuvat vuosimiljoonat, Luominen-magazine, number 7, p. 29,30,

http://creation.com/ariel-roth-interview-flat-gaps

9. Pearce, F., The Fire-eater’s island, New Scientist 189 (2536):

11.  Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115.

12. George Mc Cready Price: New Geology, lainaus A.M Rehnwinkelin kirjasta Flood, p. 267, 278

13. (The Panda’s Thumb, 1988, p. 182,183)

14. Francis Hitching: Arvoitukselliset tapahtumat (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159

15. Richard Dawkins: Jumalharha (The God Delusion), p. 153

16. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

17. Charles Darwin: Lajien synty (The origin of species), p. 457

18. Darwin, F & Seward A. C. toim. (1903, 1: 184): More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray.

19. Christopher Booker: “The Evolution of a Theory”, The Star, Johannesburg, 20.4.1982, p. 19

20. L.B.S. Leakey: "Adam's Ancestors", p. 230

21. R.S. Lull: The Antiquity of Man”, The Evolution of Earth and Man, p. 156

22. Marvin L. Lubenow: Myytti apinaihmisestä (Bones of Contention), p. 20-22

23. Journal of the royal college of surgeons of Edinburgh, tammikuu 1966, p. 93 – citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?", p. 93,94.

24. Solly Zuckerman: Beyond the ivory tower, 1970, p. 90 - citation from: "Elämä maan päällä - kehityksen vai luomisen tulos?". p. 94.