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CHAPTER 7–

Why the leading fossil method is wrong?

 

 

 

 

Next, we are going to study the leading fossil method. It is a method based on the idea that there are special fossils, so-called leading fossils. They lived only for a short period of time and were widespread. A geological time scale or so-called geological column was compiled with these fossils. Location in this column should indicate when they existed. According to this theory, the trilobites, the dinosaurs, and humans existed in the following periods:

 

 - Trilobites should always be at least 200 million years old, because they are believed to have become extinct at that time. It is believed that trilobites lived 570- to 200 million years ago.

 

 - Bones and fossils of dinosaurs should always be 65- to 120 million years old, because it is believed that they lived at that time.

 

 - A stratum including human fossils may not be older than a couple of million years, since it is believed that people have inhabited the Earth for this period of time.

 

HUMANS LIVED BEFORE DINOSAURS?

 

Even though the leading fossil theory states that trilobites lived tens of millions of years before the dinosaurs, and dinosaurs lived tens of millions of years before humans, not all findings support these axioms of the theory of evolution. On the contrary, according to some findings, humans lived long before dinosaurs, i.e., at the same time as the trilobites. We already discussed in the previous chapters how Lady Guadeloupe and the Calaveras skull were found in strata that are 25- to 28 million years old, but human remains referring to periods ten times as long have also been found. Let’s study some of these findings and other findings connected to this issue:

 

The footprints of humans on rocks 250 million years old. Human footprints on rocks found in Mexico, Arizona, Illinois, New Mexico, Kentucky, and some other states are very puzzling findings. These rocks are supposed to be as old as 250 million years. Either the leading fossil method is faulty, or the coal period occurred only a couple of thousand years ago. Regarding these findings, Albert C. Ingallis commented:

 

If man (...) existed in any form as early on as in the carboniferous period, geological science is so completely wrong that all geologists should give up their jobs and take up truck driving. So, at least for the present, science rejects the tempting alternative of a man having left those footprints. (The Carboniferous Mystery, Scientific Monthly, vol. 162, Jan 1940, p.14)

 

The following text dating back to the year 1938 also depicts footprints, resembling those of a human that were found in strata “more than 200 million years old” or dating back to long before the supposed era of the dinosaurs. Researchers have had difficulties trying to understand how these prints can even exist in strata that “old”. The conclusion from the text is that humans must have lived already in the Carboniferous period 250 million years ago, or that the geological time chart with its reflection of hundreds of millions of years is wrong. Certainly the last alternative is more probable because nobody believes that humans have been around so long ago. Conclusions such as these can be made if we stick tightly to the geological time chart and the millions of years:

 

Human-like prints on rock are a mystery to scientists. They cannot belong to a man, since they are too old – but what kind of an odd, two-footed, amphibious animal could have made them?

   What is this animal that lived 250 million years ago and walked on its hind legs that had human-like feet?

   (...) This is a mystery of science to which the answer is yet to be found. Not that science would stop trying. (...) But for now, all that has been seen are 12 footprints that peculiarly resemble those left by human feet, each 9 ½ " long and 6" wide at the widest point, where the toes spread. The prints were found in a sandstone formation about 12 miles from Berea that is known to date back to the Carboniferous period. These prints were uncovered by Dr. G. Wilbur, a professor of geology in the University of Berea, and Mr. William Finnell.

   A few men from the Kentucky mountains recently visited Professor Burroughs. They took him into their hills and showed him another place where there were many footprints. This mountain seems to have been an "old Kentucky home" for an entire family of mysterious animals, since Professor Burroughs tells that the prints varied in size from small 4½" long ones to the previously described footprints that were almost 10" long. (...)

   These footprints are extremely peculiar. They are just the right size to be human – being nine or ten inches in length – and almost the right shape. Almost anyone seeing them will at first think that they have been made by human feet and it is almost impossible to try to convince anyone to the contrary. (...)

   But even the boldest estimations regarding the appearance of man on the Earth refer to a million years – and these prints are 250 times as old. (...)

   Such is the mystery. A quarter of a billion years ago this animal, walking like a man, left footprints on the widespread sand that hardened into rock over time. Then he disappeared. And now the scientists are scratching their heads." (Science News Letter 34, 278, 1938)

 

Trilobites and man. According to the present idea, trilobites lived long before dinosaurs, not to mention humans. However, findings referring to humans and the trilobites existing on the Earth at the same time have been made. According to the evolutionary view, such findings are not possible. They indicate again the unreliability of the leading fossil method, and how humans, the trilobites and other organisms can have lived at the same time, but in different ecological zones. Sometimes they are found buried in the same strata, even though they have appeared in different zones:

 

William Meister made a surprising finding on 1 June 1968 in Utah. He found several trilobite fossils inside a fossilized sandal print! However, based on the geological stratigraphic sequence, arranged according to the evolutionary periods, the trilobites became extinct approximately 230 million years before the appearance of man!

   (…) Geologist, Doctor Clifford Burdick found evidence to support the idea about humans and the trilobites living at the same time. He found barefooted footprints of a child, one of which contained a flattened trilobite. (34)

 

Human objects in strata dating back 300 million years. A gold chain, an iron pot, and other objects that belonged to a human have been found in strata dating back to the coal period. Human fossils have also been found in similar strata (Glashouver, W. J. J., So entstand die Welt, Hänssler, 1980, pp. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men-Fact or Fallacy? Sovereign Publications, 1981; Barnes, F.A., The Case of the Bones in Stone, Desert/February, 1975, p. 36-39). In addition to this, skeletons have been found from a stratum that was classified as dating back to the cretaceous period, "65 million years old" in Moab of Utah. These findings indicate that humans must have lived during those times, or then the periods in question occurred only a couple of thousand years ago.

 

Footprints of humans and dinosaurs and a charred branch. In Glenn Ross,Texas, distinct footprints of both dinosaurs and humans were found in the same chalk layer; and as the clay was moved away, the human footprints were found to continue below the ground level. (It is true that all researchers do not accept these findings, but this may be because of their preconceptions.) Roland T. Bird, a representative of the American Museum of Natural History, commented about these human footprints: "They were the most remarkable thing I have ever seen: on the ground there were footprints that looked like that of a human, perfect to every detail."  These were not the last findings, however. Only 200 meters from the footprints mentioned above, a two meters long charred branch was found inside a chalkstone and by means of radiocarbon dating, this branch was determined to be only 12,800 years old! If we draw a conclusion based on the charred branch, it means that the Cretaceous period when the dinosaurs lived occurred in the immediate past, only a couple of thousand years ago.

 

4,000 year-old pollen in a Precambrian stratum. The oldest period or the Precambrian period should have existed on the Earth only 7/8 of the entire time the Earth has been in existence, i.e., we are talking about an era that took place 4,500- to 600 million years ago. At that time, there should have been only the very simplest of life in the seas. However, coal (Manusco, J.J., Seavoy, R.E., Precambrian Coal or Anthraxolite: A Source for Graphite in High-Grade Schists and Gneisses, Economic Geology, 76:951,1981), pollen from conifers and broad-leaved trees as well as wood have been found from the very same stratum. The wood has been dated at 4,000 years old by means of radiocarbon dating. This proves that the oldest of all the strata is only some millennia old.

 

Findings of the Cambrian period. It is believed that during the Cambrian period (that started “600 million years ago”) there was life only in the seas. Nevertheless, representatives of almost all forms of life that live nowadays have been found in the strata of the Cambrian period. In addition to this, spores of over 60 tree species, pollen, and pieces of wood have been found in the lowest parts of the Cambrian strata. These findings indicate that life was versatile on the ground and not just in seas during the Cambrian period. This should not be possible according to the geological time chart but hundreds of similar findings suggest that the whole chart is wrong.

   All these forms of life certainly existed simultaneously, though in different ecological niches. Furthermore, they appeared only a few thousand years ago, because radiocarbon was found in the lowest and oldest strata. This clearly indicates that the strata are only a couple of thousand years old.

 

An illustration of a lizard bird. A bird that very much resembles an Archaeopteryx or a lizard bird was found in an ancient Maya relief. According to the traditional point of view, this bird and humans could not have lived at the same time on the Earth, because the lizard bird is deemed a contemporary of the dinosaurs.

 

Living fossils

 

When referring to the extinction of the dinosaurs and other species, the period of time usually mentioned is tens of millions of years. This is said even though several species disappeared from the Earth during the last centuries. Extinction is quite common.

   In any case, one good example of how it is possible to err by tens of millions of years when determining the extinction times of some organisms are the so-called living fossils that still exist on the Earth. They are species that were supposed to have become extinct ages ago, but that still live on the Earth in the very same form as their fossilized forefathers. These animals prove that the geological chart with its millions of years and the common view of evolution are not necessarily true. They also indicate that these species, like the already extinct species – such as the trilobites and the dinosaurs – may have lived only a couple of thousand years ago. It is indeed probable that several of these species were destroyed in the Flood mentioned in the Bible that piled up the strata of the Earth's crust and at the same time trapped them to be fossilized in the ground.

   Next, we will study some fossils that still live today, even though they were supposed to have become extinct way back in the past. They prove how one can err by tens of millions of years:

 

Lobed-finned fish coelacanth, deemed one of the important links in evolution, was believed to have become extinct as early as 70 million years ago. However, living specimens quite similar to their fossilized progenitors have been discovered. The newspaper article below discusses this issue:

 

Ancient Fish Spotted on Coast of South Africa

 

On Friday, South African divers told about having seen a 400 million year-old fish species, coelacanth that is a member of the crossopterygians or lobed-finned bony fish, on the east coast of South Africa. This fish, a "living fossil," was thought to have become extinct a long time ago until one was caught in a fishnet in the South African coast in 1938.

   Diver Pieter Venter told about having seen three coelacanths in October near Sodwana Bay at a depth of 104 meters. Venter is the first diver not inside a diving bell to see a coelacanth in its natural environment.

   Last Monday, Venter's diving team came across three coelacanth again 115 meters below the surface, and this time they were able to capture the fish on film. "After the first time, I felt like I’d seen a UFO and neglected to take a photo," said Venter.

   One of the divers, 34-year-old Dennis Harding, died after having come to the surface, apparently because of a clot in his brain resulting from insufficient pressure balancing. Apparently he had assisted another diver, who had lost his consciousness, back to the surface. (Newspaper Etelä-Suomen Sanomat, 2 December 2000)

 

Tuatara, a saurischian lizard that can grow up to half a meter tall, was believed to have become extinct 135 million years ago. However, this lizard still lives in New Zealand and looks the same as before.

 

A mollusk called Neopalina galathea was believed to have become extinct 280 million years ago. Yet, the mollusk has been alive all this time in the waters of Central America.

 

Sea lily. In 1986, a living sea lily was found in the waters of New Caledonia. It was believed that this plant became extinct 140 million years ago, but it has also remained the same all these "140 million years."

 

Five-toed llamas were believed to have become extinct 30 million years ago. However, ceramics in which five-toed llamas are depicted have been discovered. Their skeletons have also been found amidst the remains of the Tiahuanaco culture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jari Iivanainen

 

 

 

 

 

 





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