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Kristotɔnyenye kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya
Ðe Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse nye mɔxenu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya alo ɖe wòdoe ɖe ŋgɔa? Xlẽ kpeɖodziawo!
Nyati sia ƒe tanyae nye Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya. Aleke Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple eƒe ŋgɔyiyi dzii? Ðe wònye mɔxenu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi alo ɖe wòdoe ɖe ŋgɔa? Ne xexemenyadzɔdzɔgblɔmɔnuwo kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala mawudzimaxɔselawo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo dzi koe wodzro nya sia me la, zi geɖe la, woɖea nukpɔsusu si ame geɖe lɔ̃na le dzre si le xɔse kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya dome la fiana. Wosusui be Mawu dzixɔse kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu eye be Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse nye mɔxenu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi. Le susu sia me la, wosusu be ŋusẽ nɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋu le Hela eye esi, le Numekɔkɔɣia me la, eɖe eɖokui ɖa tso ɖeɖefia ƒe subɔsubɔha gbɔ eye wòdze ŋuɖoɖo ɖe susu kple ŋkuléle ɖe nu ŋu gɔme ko hafi wògawɔ ŋgɔyiyi ake. Wobu Darwin ƒe vevienyenye koŋ be ele vevie na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe xexemenukpɔsusu ƒe aʋadziɖuɖu mamlɛtɔ. Gake nyateƒe kae le nyaa me? Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ƒe nu vevitɔ menye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya wɔwɔ kpɔ o, ke boŋ xɔse le Mawu kple Yesu Kristo ƒe anyinɔnɔ me, amesi dzi woate ŋu ato atsɔ ame sia ame ƒe nuvɔ̃wo ake. Ke hã, esia mefia be Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse mekpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple hadomegbenɔnɔ ƒe ŋgɔyiyi dzi o. Kura o, Yesu kple Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ƒe vevienyenyee nye nu vevitɔ na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe dzidzi kple ŋgɔyiyi. Nukpɔsusu sia nɔ te ɖe nya geɖe dzi, siwo me míato le nya siwo gbɔna me. Míedzea egɔme tso gbegbɔgblɔ kple agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ dzi.
Agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃: nyagɔmeɖegbalẽwo, gbeŋutisewo, ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo. Gbã la, agbalẽ me gbegbɔgblɔwo kple agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ ƒe dzidzi. Amesiame se egɔme be ne dukɔ aɖe mekpɔ eya ŋutɔ ƒe agbalẽŋɔŋlɔ o eye amewo mete ŋu xlẽa nu o la, enye mɔxenu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi, numekuku, nutovɛwo dzidzi kple sidzedze ƒe kaka. Ekema agbalẽ aɖeke meli o, màte ŋu axlẽ wo o, eye sidzedze hã mekakana o. Hadomegbenɔnɔ gakpɔtɔ le nɔnɔme si me tsi mele o me. Ekema aleke Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe agbalẽŋɔŋlɔ ƒe gbegbɔgblɔwo wɔwɔ kple agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ dzii? Afi siae numekula geɖe ƒe ŋku gbã le. Womenya be Kristotɔ mawuvɔ̃lawoe wɔ agbalẽŋɔŋlɔ gbegbɔgblɔwo katã kloe o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le Finland afisia la, Mikael Agricola, si nye Finlandtɔ mawusubɔsubɔ me ɖɔɖɔɖowɔla kple agbalẽwo fofo, ta ABC ƒe agbalẽ gbãtɔ kple Nubabla Yeyea kpakple Biblia ƒe agbalẽ bubuwo ƒe akpa aɖewo. Ameawo srɔ̃ nuxexlẽ to wo dzi. Le Germany la, Martti Luther hã wɔ nu ma ke. Eɖe Biblia gɔme ɖe Germanygbe me kple eya ŋutɔ ƒe gbetagbe. Wowɔ tata alafa geɖe tso eƒe gɔmeɖeɖea me eye gbetagbe si Luther zã la va zu agbalẽŋɔŋlɔgbe le Germanytɔwo dome. Ke England ya ɖe? William Tyndale, amesi ɖe Biblia gɔme ɖe Eŋlisigbe me, wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le ema me. Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖea kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe egbegbe Eŋlisigbea dzidzi dzi. Wonɔ te ɖe Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖea dzi wɔ King James gɔmeɖeɖea emegbe, si nye Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe si xɔ ŋkɔ wu le Eŋlisigbe me. Kpɔɖeŋu ɖekae nye Slav-dukɔwo ƒe ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo, siwo woyɔna be Cyrillic alfabeta. Cyril Kɔkɔe, si nye dutanyanyuigblɔla le Slavtɔwo dome eye wòde dzesii be ŋɔŋlɔdzesi aɖeke mele yewo si o la ƒe ŋkɔe wotsɔ na wo. Cyril to ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo vɛ na wo ale be woate ŋu axlẽ Nya Nyui Gbalẽ si ku ɖe Yesu ŋu. Eyata hafi woadzi nuxexlẽ ƒe ŋutete la, ele be gbe si woŋlɔna nanɔ anyi. Le gɔmesese sia nu la, Kristotɔ dutanyanyuigblɔlawo wɔ akpa vevi aɖe, menye ƒe alafa geɖe enye sia le Ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo me ko o, ke le Afrika kple Asia hã emegbe. Ðewohĩ dutanyanyuigblɔlawo wɔ dɔ ƒe geɖe le gbegbɔgblɔ ŋuti numekuku me. Woawoe wɔ gbeŋutise gbãtɔwo, nyagɔmeɖegbalẽwo kple ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo. Ame mawo dometɔ ɖekae nye Methodisttɔwo ƒe dutanyanyuigblɔla Frank Laubach, amesi dze agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃dɔ aɖe gɔme le xexeame katã. Ekpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe ABC-gbalẽwo wɔwɔ le gbegbɔgblɔ 313 me dzi. Woɖoe be wòanye agbalẽmanyalawo ƒe apostolo. Kpɔɖeŋu siwo gbɔna la ku ɖe nu ɖeka ma ke ŋu, si nye gbegbɔgblɔwo ƒe ŋgɔyiyi. Eɖe dzesi ŋutɔ be gbegbɔgblɔwo abe Hindi, si nye Indiatɔwo ƒe gbe vevitɔ, Urdugbe si le Pakistan, kple Bengaligbe si le Bangladesh gɔ̃ hã ƒe gbeŋutise kple gbegbɔgblɔ ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi nɔ te ɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbededɔwo dzi. Ame miliɔn alafa geɖe doa gbe siawo hezãa wo.
Vishal Mangalwadi: Hindugbe ƒe titinae metsi le Allahabad, si didi tso Kashi gbɔ kilometa 80 kloe, afisi Tulsidas ŋlɔ Ramcharitmanasin , si nye mawusubɔsubɔ ŋuti nyakpakpa ɖedzesitɔ kekeake le Dziehe India. Wogblɔna nam ɣesiaɣi be Hindigbe dzɔ tso nyakpakpa gã sia me. Gake esi mexlẽe la, metɔtɔ, elabena nyemete ŋu se nyagbe ɖeka pɛ hã gɔme tso eme o. Agbalẽŋlɔla ƒe “Hindi” to vovo kura tso tɔnye gbɔ eye medze nyabiasewo biabia gɔme, afisi nye degbe – India dukɔa ƒe gbe si wozãna le se nu – dzɔ tso. ... Hindutɔ agbalẽnyalagãwo hã meto India ƒe dukɔa ƒe gbe si nye Hindi vɛ o. Biblia gɔmeɖelawo abe John Borthwick Gilchrist kple mawunyadɔgbedelawo abe Rev. ... Biblia gɔmeɖelawo kple dutanyanyuigblɔlawo na nu geɖe wu nye degbe Hindigbe. India ƒe agbalẽŋɔŋlɔgbe gbagbewo katã ɖi ɖase le woƒe dɔa ŋu. Le ƒe 2005 me la, Ðɔkta Babu Verghese, si nye numekula tso Mumbai gake wònye Malayalamgbe dola ŋutɔŋutɔ la tsɔ axa 700 ƒe ɖɔkta ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃gbalẽ aɖe ɖo ɖe Nagpur Yunivɛsiti be woagbugbɔ ŋku alé ɖe eŋu. Eɖee fia be Biblia gɔmeɖelawo tsɔ gbetagbe siwo Indiatɔ siwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ menya agbalẽ o dona la wɔ egbegbe agbalẽŋɔŋlɔgbe 73 la. Esiawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye India (Hindi), Pakistan (Urdu) kple Bangladesh (Bengali) dukɔa ƒe gbegbɔgblɔ siwo dziɖuɖua zãna. Bramine ƒe agbalẽnyala atɔ̃ srɔ̃ nu tso Verghes ƒe ɖɔkta ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃gbalẽa ŋu eye wona Xexemenunya ƒe Ðɔkta ƒe dzesideŋkɔe le ƒe 2008. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, wotsɔ susu ɖeka kafui be, ne wotae vɔ la, woaxɔ nusɔsrɔ̃gbalẽa be wòanye nusrɔ̃gbalẽ si wòle be woasrɔ̃ na Indiatɔwo ƒe gbesɔsrɔ̃. (1) .
Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbededɔ nye kpekpeɖeŋunana amewo ƒe nɔnɔme si keke ta ɣesiaɣi, ale be wòdo asi ɖa be yeakpe ɖe dɔnɔwo, nuwɔametɔwo, dɔwuametɔwo, aƒemanɔsitɔwo kple vovototodedeamemetɔwo ŋu. Le Afrika-dukɔ geɖe me la, Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbedelawo tu sukuɖoɖo bliboa ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi le gɔmedzenufiafia kple dɔwɔɖui ƒe hehexɔxɔ gome. Nenema ke mawunyadɔgbedelawo kpe asi ɖe lãmesẽnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ ƒe habɔbɔa ɖoɖo ŋu le mɔ ɖedzesi aɖe nu... Afrikatɔ numekula xɔŋkɔ, Yale Yunivɛsiti nufialagã Lamin Sanneh gblɔ be le Afrika la, mawunyadɔgbedelawo wɔ subɔsubɔdɔ gãtɔ kekeake na nutoa me dekɔnuwo to... gbe si woŋlɔ ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi wɔwɔ. (2) .
Agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ ƒe dɔwo kple agbalẽwo. Abe alesi míegblɔe ene la, gbegbɔgblɔ akpa gãtɔ xɔ woƒe gbeŋutise kple agbalẽŋɔŋlɔ tso Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi me. Menye mawudzimaxɔselawo kple dukɔwoe dze ŋgɔyiyi sia gɔme o, ke boŋ Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse teƒenɔlawoe. Ate ŋu ahe habɔbɔwo ƒe ŋgɔyiyi ɖe megbe ƒe alafa geɖe ne womexɔ Mawu kple Yesu dzi se o. Nuto sia lɔ agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃dɔ siwo wowɔna le Europa kple xexeame ƒe akpa bubuwo ɖe eme. Amewo toa wo dzi srɔ̃a Biblia kple agbalẽ bubuwo xexlẽ hesrɔ̃a nu yeyewo. Ne mènya agbalẽ o la, asesẽ be nàsrɔ̃ nu yeye siwo ŋu ame bubuwo ŋlɔ nu tsoe. Esi Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ɖu agblea dzi to dutanyanyuigbɔgblɔdɔa dzi la, ena dukɔ gbogbo aɖewo ƒe hadome nɔnɔme kple ɖoƒe hã nyo ɖe edzi. Nu mawo nye lãmesẽ ƒe nɔnɔme nyuitɔ, ganyawo ƒe nyonyo, hadome nɔnɔme si li ke wu, nufitifitiwɔwɔ kple ɖeviwo ƒe ku dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ eye le nyateƒe me la, agbalẽnyanya nyuie wu. Ne mawunyadɔgbededɔ kple Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse meli o la, anye ne fukpekpe kple ahedada geɖe wu anɔ xexeame eye amewo manya nuxexlẽ o. Robert Woodberry, si nye nufialagã ƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ le Texas Yunivɛsiti, de dzesi kadodo si le mawunyadɔgbededɔ kple demokrasi dome, amewo ƒe ɖoƒe si nyo ɖe edzi kple agbalẽnyanya dome:
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala: Dutanyanyuigbɔgblɔdɔa he demokrasi vɛ
Robert Woodberry, si nye nufialagã ƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ le Texas Yunivɛsiti gblɔ be ŋusẽ si Protestanttɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbededɔ si wowɔ le ƒe 1800-awo kple ƒe 1900 ƒeawo ƒe gɔmedzedze kpɔ ɖe demokrasi ƒe ŋgɔyiyi dzi la ɖe dzesi wu alesi wosusui gbã. Le esi teƒe be dutanyanyuigblɔlawo nawɔ akpa sue aɖe le demokrasi ƒe ŋgɔyiyi me la, akpa gã aɖe nɔ eme le Afrika kple Asia dukɔ geɖe me. Christianity Today magazine ƒo nu tso nya sia ŋu. Robert Woodberry srɔ̃ nu tso ƒomedodo si le mawunyadɔgbededɔ kple nusiwo kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe demokrasi dzi dome ŋu ƒe 15 kloe enye sia. Le eƒe nya nu la, afimae Protestant dutanyanyuigblɔlawo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe amewo dzi le vevie le. Afimae ganyawo de ŋgɔ wu egbea eye lãmesẽnyawo nyo wu le nuto siwo me mawunyadɔgbedelawo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi le sue wu alo menɔ anyi o la me. Le nuto siwo me mawunyadɔgbedelawo ƒe ŋutinya bɔ me la, ɖeviwo ƒe ku dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ fifia, nufitifitiwɔwɔ mesɔ gbɔ o, agbalẽnyanya bɔ wu eye sukudede le bɔbɔe wu, vevietɔ na nyɔnuwo. Robert Woodberry gblɔ be Protestanttɔ gbugbɔgadzɔ Kristotɔwo koŋ ye kpɔ ŋusẽ nyui ɖe amewo dzi. To vovo na ema la, osɔfo alo Katoliko mawunyadɔgbedela siwo dziɖuɖua xɔ ɖe dɔ me do ŋgɔ na ƒe 1960-awo mekpɔ ŋusẽ ma tɔgbe o. (3) .
Alesi Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ kple agbalẽwo dzi ƒe kpɔɖeŋu nyui aɖee nye be le ƒe 1900 lɔƒo me hafi xexemenuŋlɔɖiwo va xɔ ŋgɔ wu gbɔgbɔmegbalẽwo le nudzadzra me. Biblia kple eƒe nufiafiawo nɔ nɔƒe vevi aɖe ƒe alafa geɖe, va se ɖe esime le ƒe alafa si va yi me la, eƒe vevienyenye megava nɔ vevie le Ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo me o. Ðe wònye nusi dzɔ le vome be le ƒe alafa 20 lia ma ke me, esime woɖe asi le Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ŋu la, wowɔ aʋa gãtɔ kekeake le ŋutinya mea? Kpɔɖeŋu bubue nye England, si nye dukɔ si de ŋgɔ wu le xexeame le ƒe alafa 18 lia kple 19 lia me. Gake nukae nɔ megbe na England ƒe ŋgɔyiyi nyui la? Kakaɖedzitɔe la, nusiwo gbɔ wòtso dometɔ ɖekae nye gbɔgbɔ me gbugbɔgadzɔ siwo me amewo trɔna ɖe Mawu ŋu le. Nu nyui geɖewo do tso eme, abe agbalẽnyanya, kluvinyenye ɖeɖeɖa, kple ame dahewo kple dɔwɔlawo ƒe ɖoƒe ƒe nyonyo ene. John Wesley, amesi wonya be enye Methodist-ha la ƒe mawunyagblɔla vevitɔ kekeake eye amesi dzi gbugbɔgadzɔ gãwo to va England le ƒe alafa 18 lia me la kpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe ŋgɔyiyi sia dzi. Wogblɔ be to eƒe dɔa dzi la, England mekpɔ tɔtrɔ kpata ma tɔgbe si dzɔ le France o. Gake Wesley kple eƒe dɔwɔhatiwo hã kpe asi ɖe nyateƒe si wònye be agbalẽwo va nɔ bɔbɔe na Eŋlisitɔwo. Encyclopedia Britannica gblɔ tso Wesley ŋu le go sia me be "ame bubu aɖeke mewɔ nu geɖe le ƒe alafa 18 lia me tsɔ do agbalẽ nyuiwo xexlẽ ɖe ŋgɔ o, eye wòna agbalẽ geɖe va ɖo ameawo gbɔ le asi si bɔbɔ alea gbegbe nu"... Le England la, le gbugbɔgadzɔwo ta la, wodzi Kwasiɖagbe sukudɔwo hã le ƒe alafa 18 lia me. Le ƒe 1830 lɔƒo la, England vi miliɔn 1.25 ƒe akpa enelia lɔƒo de Kwasiɖagbe suku, afisi wosrɔ̃ nuxexlẽ kple nuŋɔŋlɔ le. England va zu agbalẽnyalawo ƒe habɔbɔ si Mawu ƒe Nya fiaa nu; dziɖuɖua mekpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe edzi o. Ke United States ya ɖe? Nya si gbɔna la ƒo nu tso esia ŋu. John Dewey (ƒe 1859-1952) ye gblɔe, amesi ŋutɔ kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe sukudede ƒe xexemenunya dzi wɔwɔ le United States dzi vevie. Ke hã, eɖe alesi Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ nyui ɖe le kpɔɖeŋu me, na amehawo ƒe hehexɔxɔ kple kluvinyenye ɖeɖeɖa le eƒe dukɔa me be:
Ame siawo (nyanyuigblɔla Kristotɔwo) nye hadomedɔmenyonunana, dunyahehe me dɔwɔna siwo ƒe taɖodzinue nye hadome ɖɔɖɔɖowo, ŋutifafa ƒe nukpɔsusu kple dukɔa ƒe hehenana ƒe megbeƒu. Woɖea dɔmenyonyo fiana eye woɖenɛ fiana ɖe amesiwo le ganyawo ƒe sesẽ me kple ame bubuwo ŋu, vevietɔ ne woɖe ɖetsɔleme suetɔ kekeake gɔ̃ hã fia ɖe dukplɔla ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒomevi aɖe ŋu - - Amewo ƒe akpa sia wɔ nu nyuie ɖe didi be woawɔ nu ɖe wo ŋu le dzɔdzɔenyenye me eye woama amewo sɔsɔe wu la ŋu mɔnukpɔkpɔwo le woawo ŋutɔ ƒe tasɔsɔ ŋuti nukpɔsusu nu. Edze Lincoln ƒe afɔtoƒewo yome le kluvinyenye ɖeɖeɖa me eye wòlɔ̃ ɖe Roosevelt ƒe susuwo dzi esime wòbu fɔ dɔwɔƒe "vɔ̃ɖiwo" kple kesinɔnuwo nuƒoƒoƒu ɖe ame ʋɛwo si me. (4) .
Yunivɛsitiwo. Do ŋgɔ la, wogblɔ alesi Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe gbe siwo woŋlɔ kple agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ wɔwɔ dzi le ƒe alafa siwo va yi me kple fifia. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le Afrika-dukɔwo me la, Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbedelawo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi koŋ mee sukuɖoɖoa nɔ te ɖo le gɔmedzenufiafia kple dɔwɔɖui ƒe hehexɔxɔ gome, abe alesi wòle le lãmesẽnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ me ene. Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi manɔmee la, anye ne habɔbɔwo ƒe ŋgɔyiyi ate ŋu ahe ɖe megbe ƒe alafa geɖe hafi. Nuto ɖekae nye yunivɛsitiwo kple sukuwo. Tsɔ kpe ɖe agbalẽnyanya ŋu la, wole vevie na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi, numekuku, nutovɛwo dzidzi kple nyatakakawo kaka. To wo dzi la, sidzedze kple numekuku yia ŋgɔ va ɖoa ɖoƒe yeye aɖe. Aleke Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe nuto sia dzii? Zi geɖe la, xexemenunyalawo kple mawudzimaxɔselawo ƒe habɔbɔwo menya be Biblia kple Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le go sia me o. Kristotɔ mawuvɔ̃lawo alo to mawunyadɔgbededɔ dzi dze yunivɛsiti alafa geɖe kple suku akpe ewo gɔme. Menye mawudzimaxɔse ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi dzie wodzi wo ɖo o, elabena xexemenunya kple dziɖuɖu ƒe yunivɛsiti aɖeke menɔ anyi o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wonya yunivɛsiti siwo gbɔna nyuie le England kple Amerika: - Oxford kple Cambridge. Sɔlemexɔwo kple sɔlemexɔwo sɔ gbɔ ɖe du eveawo siaa me. Woɖo yunivɛsiti siawo gbã be woatsɔ afia Biblia. - Harvard ƒe dɔwɔƒe. Wotsɔ Bubutɔ John Harvard ƒe ŋkɔ na yunivɛsiti sia. Eƒe nyagbɔgblɔ tso ƒe 1692 mee nye Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae (nyateƒe na Kristo kple Sɔlemeha la) . - Harvard sukuvi tsãtɔ, Puritan nunɔla Cotton Mather ye ɖo Yale Yunivɛsiti. - Princeton Yunivɛsiti (si nye New Jersey Kɔledzi gbã) ƒe zimenɔla gbãtɔ enye Jonathan Edwards, amesi wonya ɖe gbugbɔgadzɔ gã si dzɔ le Amerika le ƒe alafa 18 lia me ta. Eyae nye gbugbɔgadzɔ sia ƒe mawunyagblɔla xɔŋkɔtɔ kekeake, kpakple George Whitefield. - Pennsylvania Yunivɛsiti. George Whitefield, si nye Nyɔnyrɔ̃ Gã la ƒe ŋgɔnɔla bubu, ɖo suku si va zu Pennsylvania Yunivɛsiti emegbe. Whitefield nye ahadzraƒedzikpɔla aɖe ƒe viŋutsu eye wònye John Wesley si míeyɔ va yi la ƒe dɔwɔhati esime wònɔ England. Gbe si nya kpɔ, si ɖina eye ŋusẽ le eŋu si mebɔ o nɔ esi, ale be wòate ŋu aƒo nu na ame akpe ewo le gota kpekpewo me wòase. Ate ŋu aɖe gbeƒã hã kple aɖatsi le nublanuikpɔkpɔ si Mawu nae ɖe amewo ta Ke India ya ɖe? Womenya India ɖe eƒe Kristotɔnyenye ta o. Ke hã, le dukɔ sia me, abe alesi wòle le Afrika ene la, suku akpe geɖe li siwo wotu ɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse dzi. Wodzi yunivɛsiti gbãtɔ siwo le India hã ɖe nu ma ke dzi. Wonya yunivɛsitiwo abe Calcutta, Madras, Bombay kple Serampore yunivɛsiti ene nyuie. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, wonya Allahabad Yunivɛsiti si woɖo le ƒe 1887 me la nyuie. India ƒe Dukplɔlagã adre gbãtɔwo dometɔ atɔ̃ tso du sia me, eye India ƒe dziɖuɖumegã geɖe srɔ̃ nu le Allahabad Yunivɛsiti.
Tɔtrɔ gã aɖe si va le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me. Nyatia dze egɔme tso nukpɔsusu si dzi mawudzimaxɔselawo lɔ̃ ɖo be Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse nye mɔxenu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi. Ke hã, ele bɔbɔe be woake ɖi nukpɔsusu sia, elabena Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi mee wodzi agbalẽŋɔŋlɔ gbegbɔgblɔwo, agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ kple yunivɛsitiwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ. Ke nusi woyɔna be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me tɔtrɔ kpata ya ɖe? Wogblɔna zi geɖe le xexemenunyalawo kple mawudzimaxɔselawo ƒe habɔbɔwo me be ʋunyaʋunyawɔwɔ sia meku ɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ŋu kura o, gake woate ŋu ake ɖi nukpɔsusu sia. Elabena le egbegbe gɔmesese nu la, zi ɖeka koe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya dze egɔme, si fia be le ƒe alafa 16 lia va ɖo 18 lia me Europa, afisi Kristotɔwo ƒe mawusubɔsubɔ xɔ aƒe ɖo. Menye xexemenunyalawo ƒe habɔbɔ mee wòdze egɔme tsoe o, ke boŋ habɔbɔ si me Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ʋã koŋue wòdze egɔme tsoe. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala xɔŋkɔwo katã kloe xɔ nuwɔwɔ dzi se. Wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Blaise Pascal, Michael Faraday, James Clerck Maxwell, John Ray, Louis Pasteur, kple bubuawo Menye Numekɔkɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣia teƒenɔlawoe wonye o ke boŋ Kristotɔwo ƒe mawudzixɔse teƒenɔlawoe wonye.
Ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo kple hadomenunyalawo ƒe dzidzimewo de dzesii be Kristotɔwo, Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse, kple Kristotɔwo ƒe habɔbɔwo kpe asi ɖe nufiafiawo, mɔnuwo, kple ɖoɖo siwo va dzi egbegbe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya mlɔeba(...) Togbɔ be nukpɔsusu vovovowo li hã la ƒe ŋgɔyiyi le mɔ vovovo geɖe nu eƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ŋuti nunyalawo katã kloe lɔ̃ ɖe edzi egbea be Kristotɔnyenye (Katoliko-subɔsubɔ kple Protestanttɔnyenye siaa) de dzi ƒo na nuŋubula geɖe siwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na egbegbe ɣeyiɣia be woaƒo wo ɖokui ɖe dzɔdzɔmenusɔsrɔ̃ ɖe ɖoɖo nu me. Ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo de dzesii hã be nukpɔsusu siwo wodo tso Kristotɔnyenye me la va ge ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numedzodzrowo me eye nu nyuiwo do tso eme. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala aɖewo gblɔna gɔ̃ hã be Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyaŋununya mee dzɔdzɔmeŋutete ƒe dɔwɔwɔ le se aɖewo nu dzɔ tso. (5) .
Nukae nɔ megbe na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me tɔtrɔ kpata? Nusiwo tae dometɔ ɖekae nye, abe alesi míegblɔe le etame ene la, yunivɛsitiawo. Kaka ƒe 1500 naɖo la, wo dometɔ siwo ade blaade nɔ Europa. Menye yunivɛsiti siawoe xexemenunyalawo kple dziɖuɖua léa be na o, ke boŋ titinaɣeyiɣiwo me sɔlemeha la ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu veviedodotɔe do mo ɖa, eye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numekuku kple ɣletiviŋutinunya wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le wo me. Numekuku kple numedzodzro ƒe ablɔɖe geɖe nɔ wo me, eye woda asi ɖe edzi. Sukuvi akpe alafa geɖe nɔ yunivɛsiti siawo me, eye wokpe asi ɖe eŋu wodzra anyigba ɖo na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me tɔtrɔ si ate ŋu ava eme le Europa le ƒe alafa 16 lia va ɖo 18 lia me. Tɔtrɔ kpata sia metso afi aɖeke kpata o, ke boŋ ŋgɔyiyi nyuiwo do ŋgɔ nɛ. Anyigbagã bubuwo mexɔ hehe deŋgɔ kple yunivɛsiti siwo sɔ kple wo nɔewo abe Europa ene o, .
Titinaɣeyiɣiwo na wotu nusi dzi Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo ƒe hadomegbenɔnɔ te ŋu wɔ wu ɖesiaɖe: egbegbe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya. Nya si wogblɔ be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya menɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na “Gbugbɔgadzɔ” la nye nyateƒe o. Esi Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me agbalẽnyalagãwo nya Helatɔwo ƒe blema numekukuwo nyuie vɔ la, woto susuŋutinunya ƒe ɖoɖowo vɛ, si na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya yi ŋgɔ wu sã ne wotsɔe sɔ kple blemaɣeyiɣiwo. Woɖo yunivɛsitiwo, afisi wokpɔa sukudede ƒe ablɔɖe ta tso kplɔlawo ƒe ŋusẽ me le le ƒe 1100-awo me. Dɔwɔƒe siawo naa dedienɔƒe ɣesiaɣi na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numekuku. Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyaŋununya gɔ̃ hã ɖee fia be esɔ etɔxɛe be wòade numekuku le dzɔdzɔmenuwo ŋu, si woxɔ se be enye Mawu ƒe nuwɔwɔ. (6) .
Atikewɔwɔ kple kɔdziwo. Nusiwo dzi Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo dometɔ ɖekae nye atikewɔwɔ kple kɔdziwo dzidzi. Akpa vevi aɖee nye vevietɔ saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo, amesiwo dzra blema atikewɔwɔ ŋuti asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo kple blema blema kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyagbalẽ bubuwo ɖo, ŋlɔ wo heɖe wo gɔme. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, wogato atikewɔwɔ vɛ. Ne menye woƒe dɔwɔnawoe o la, anye ne atikewɔwɔ yi ŋgɔ nenema ke, eye womakpɔ blema nuŋlɔɖi xoxoawo ta be egbegbe dzidzimewo naxlẽ o. Lãmesẽnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ, hadomedɔwo kple dɔmenyohabɔbɔ gbogbo aɖewo (Atitsoga Dzĩ, Ðe Ðeviwo...) hã dze egɔme tso amesiwo gblɔna be Kristotɔwoe gbɔ, elabena Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse lɔ dɔmetɔtrɔ ɖe ame havi ŋu ɖe eme ɣesiaɣi. Esia nɔ te ɖe Yesu ƒe nufiafia kple eƒe kpɔɖeŋu dzi. Ke boŋ mawudzimaxɔselawo kple amegbetɔŋutinunyalawo nye eteƒekpɔlawo le nuto sia me zi geɖe. Eŋlisi nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔla Malcolm Muggeridge (ƒe 1903-1990), si ŋutɔ nye xexemenunyalawo ƒe amegbetɔŋutinunyala, gake eɖi anukware ke hã, de dzesi esia. Elé ŋku ɖe alesi xexemenukpɔsusu kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe dekɔnuwo dzii ŋu:"Menɔ India kple Afrika ƒe geɖe, eye le wo ame evea siaa me la, medo go nuwɔna dzɔdzɔe geɖe siwo dzi Kristotɔ siwo le subɔsubɔha vovovowo me léa be na; gake zi ɖeka pɛ hã la, nyemedo go kɔdzi alo tsyɔ̃eviwo dzikpɔƒe si sosialist habɔbɔ alo anyidɔlélawo ƒe dɔnɔdzikpɔƒe léa be na o." dɔwɔwɔ le amegbetɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu dzi." (7) . Nya siwo gbɔna la gaɖe alesi Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe dɔnɔdzikpɔkpɔ kple nuto bubuwo dzi to dutanyanyuigbɔgblɔdɔa dzi la fia. Wodzi kɔdzi akpa gãtɔ le Afrika kple India to Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbededɔwo kple didi be woana kpekpeɖeŋu me. Europa ƒe kɔdzi gbãtɔwo ƒe akpa gã aɖe hã dzɔ le Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi te. Mawu ate ŋu ada gbe le ame ŋu tẽ, gake ame geɖe xɔ kpekpeɖeŋu to atikewɔwɔ kple kɔdziwo dzi. Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le ema me.
Le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me la, ameawo, siwo nye Benedict Kɔkɔe ƒe Habɔbɔ me tɔwo, kpɔ kɔdzi siwo wu akpe eve dzi le Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa ɖeɖe dzaa. Ƒe alafa 12 lia ɖe dzesi ŋutɔ le go sia me, vevietɔ le afima, afisi Yohanes Kɔkɔe ƒe Habɔbɔa wɔa dɔ le. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woɖo Gbɔgbɔ Kɔkɔe ƒe Kɔdzi gã la le ƒe 1145 me le Montpellier, si va zu atikewɔwɔ ŋuti hehenaƒe kple atikewɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe le Montpellier kabakaba le ƒe 1221. Tsɔ kpe ɖe atikewɔwɔ ŋu la, kɔdzi siawo naa nuɖuɖu dɔwuitɔwo kple ekpɔ ahosiwo kple tsyɔ̃eviwo dzi, eye wòna dɔmenyonunana amesiwo hiã wo. (8) .
Togbɔ be woɖe ɖeklemi Kristo-ha la ŋutɔ le eƒe ŋutinya katã me hã la, egakpɔtɔ nye ŋgɔdola le atikewɔwɔ na ame dahewo me, ekpena ɖe aboyomewo, aƒemanɔsitɔwo alo amesiwo le kukum ŋu eye wòna dɔwɔƒewo nyona ɖe edzi. Le India la, kɔdzi kple hehenaƒe nyuitɔwo kekeake siwo do ƒome kplii la nye Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbededɔ me tsonu, vaseɖe afi si Hindutɔ geɖe zãa kɔdzi siawo wu kɔdzi siwo dziɖuɖua léa be na gɔ̃ hã, elabena wonya be wole beléle nyuitɔ xɔ ge wu afi ma. Wobu akɔnta be esi Xexemeʋa Evelia dze egɔme la, dɔnɔdzikpɔla siwo le India ƒe 90% nye Kristotɔwo, eye wo dometɔ 80% de suku le mawunyadɔgbedelawo ƒe kɔdziwo. (9) .
Le sɔleme la, wokpɔa agbe sia ƒe nyawo gbɔ abe alesi wokpɔa etsɔme agbenɔnɔ ƒe nyawo gbɔe ene; edze abe nusianu si Afrikatɔwo te ŋu wɔna la, dzɔ tso sɔlemeha la ƒe mawunyadɔgbededɔ me ene. (Nelson Mandela le eƒe agbemeŋutinya si nye Long Walk to Freedom me)
Ðe sɔlemeha la ti dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo yomea? Abe alesi míegblɔe ene la, Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me tɔtrɔ kpata ƒe dzidzi dzi. Susu ɖeka si tae nye yunivɛsiti siwo sɔlemeha la ɖo. Eyata nya si mawudzimaxɔselawo lɔ̃a tutuɖo, si nye be Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse anye mɔxenu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi hafi la nye gli gã aɖe. Esia hã dze le nyateƒe si wònye be dukɔ siwo me Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo ɣeyiɣi didi wu la nye mɔɖelawo le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple numekuku me. Ke nukpɔsusu si nye be sɔlemeha la ti dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo yome ya ɖe? Mawumaxɔselawo ƒe habɔbɔwo di be yewoalé nukpɔsusu sia me ɖe asi, gake ŋutinya me numekula geɖe bunɛ be enye ŋutinya ƒe tɔtɔ. Ƒe alafa 19 lia ƒe nuwuwu koe xɔse kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe dzrewɔwɔ ŋuti nukpɔsusu sia dze egɔme, esime agbalẽŋlɔla siwo da asi ɖe Darwin ƒe nufiafia dzi, le kpɔɖeŋu me, Andrew Dickson White kple John William Draper, tsɔe vɛ le woƒe agbalẽwo me. Ke hã, le kpɔɖeŋu me, titinaɣeyiɣiwo me numekula James Hannam gblɔ be:
To vovo na dzixɔse si bɔ la, sɔlemeha la meda asi ɖe anyigba gbadza ƒe nukpɔsusua dzi gbeɖe o, meda asi ɖe ame kukuwo me dzodzro dzi gbeɖe o, eye kakaɖedzitɔe la, metɔ dzo ame aɖeke ɖe ati ŋu le woƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nukpɔsusuwo ta kpɔ o. (10) .
Australiatɔ ɖikela Tim O’Neill tsɔ eƒe nukpɔsusu le nya sia ŋu eye wòɖe alesi amewo menya nu boo aɖeke tso ŋutinya ŋu ŋutɔŋutɔ o fia: "Mesesẽ be woaɖe nya ƒaƒã sia ɖa o, vevietɔ ne ame siwo le nu ƒom tso eŋu la menya naneke tso ŋutinya ŋu o. Ðeko wofɔ susu wɔnuku siawo tso nyatakakadzraɖoƒewo kple agbalẽ xɔŋkɔwo me. Nya siawo gblẽna ne woƒo wo." kpeɖodzi si ŋu womate ŋu ake ɖi le o. Mekpɔnɛ be edzɔa dzi nam be maɖu fewu le nyadzɔdzɔgblɔlawo ŋu bliboe to biabia tso wo si be woayɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala ɖeka - ɖeka ko - si wotɔ dzoe ɖe ati ŋu alo woti wo yome alo wote ɖe anyi le eƒe numekuku le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me ta.Womate ŋu ayɔ ɖeka pɛ hã gbeɖe o ... Le ɣeyiɣi si me meyɔ Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ŋkɔ - Albertus Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, John Peckham, Duns Scotus, Thomas Bradwardine, Walter Burley, William Heytesbury, Richard Swineshead, John Dumbleton, Richard si tso Wallingford, Nicholas Oresme, Jean Buridan, ƒe 1999 me.kple Nicolaus Cusanus—eye mebia be nukatae ŋutsu siawo do Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ɖe ŋgɔ le ŋutifafa katã me evɔ sɔlemeha la meɖe fu na wo o, zi geɖe la, nye tsitretsiɖeŋulawo ƒoa ta kple movidzɔdzɔ, henɔa wo ɖokui biam be nuka tututue gblẽ hã." (11) Ke Galileo Galilei, amesi tsrɔ̃ Helatɔ Ptolemy ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si nɔ te ɖe anyigba dzi si nye ɣe si ƒo xlã anyigba la ya ɖe? Enye nyateƒe be Papa la wɔ nu gbegblẽ ɖe eŋu, gake nya la nye ŋusẽzazã ƒe tɔtɔ, ke menye tsitretsitsi ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋu o. (Ẽ, papawo kple Katoliko-ha la ɖi fɔ le nu bubu geɖewo me, abe Atitsogaʋawo kple Ŋutasẽʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ene. Ke hã, enye nya si nye be woaɖe asi le Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ŋu keŋkeŋ alo womawɔ ɖe Yesu ƒe nufiafiawo dzi o. Ame geɖe mese esia gɔme o vovototo.) Ele vevie hã be míade dzesii be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple xɔse teƒenɔlawo siaa ma le woƒe nɔnɔme ɖe Galileo ƒe nufiafia ŋu me. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala aɖewo nɔ eƒe akpa dzi, bubuwo tsi tre ɖe eŋu. Nenema ke sɔlemeha me tɔ aɖewo tsi tre ɖe eƒe nukpɔsusuwo ŋu, bubuwo hã ʋli wo ta. Aleae wònɔna ɣesiaɣi ne nufiafia yeyewo do. Ekema nukatae Galileo ƒe nu megadze Papa la ŋu o eye wotsɔe de gaxɔ me le eƒe aƒe gã la me? Nusiwo tae dometɔ ɖekae nye Galileo ŋutɔ ƒe nuwɔna. Tsã la, Papa la lɔ̃a Galileo vevie, gake Galileo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ aɖaŋudzedzemanɔmee na nɔnɔmea gasẽ ɖe edzi. Ari Turunen ŋlɔ nu tso nya la ƒe gɔmedzedze ŋu be:
Togbɔ be wobua Galileo Galilei be enye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe xɔsetakukula gãwo dometɔ ɖeka hã la, ele be míaɖo ŋku edzi be eƒe nu medzea ame ŋu boo o. Enye dadala eye wòdoa dziku bɔbɔe, eƒoa ɣli geɖe eye aɖaŋudzedze kple ŋutete menɔ esi be wòawɔ nu ɖe amewo ŋu o.Akpe na eƒe aɖe ɖaɖɛ kple nukokoedoname ta la, futɔwo hã mehiãe o. Galileo ƒe ɣletiviŋutinunyadɔa zã dzeɖoɖo ƒe ɖoɖo aɖe. Agbalẽa ɖe ame aɖe si ƒe tagbɔ mekɔ tututu o si ŋkɔe nye Simplicius fia, amesi tsɔ tsitretsiɖeŋunya siwo nye bometsinya wu la ɖo Galileo ŋkume. Galileo ƒe futɔwo te ŋu na Papa la ka ɖe edzi be Galileo fia Papa la kple eƒe nɔnɔmetata si nye Simplicus. Esia megbe hafi Urban VIII si nye dzodzro eye wòsea veve ɖe ame nu la wɔ afɔɖeɖe ɖe Galileo ŋu... ...Urbanus bu eɖokui ɖɔɖɔɖowɔla eye wòlɔ̃ be yeaƒo nu kple Galileo, gake Galileo ƒe atsyã la sɔ gbɔ akpa na Papa. Galilei ɖadi Papa kple eƒe Simplicus nɔnɔmetata alo menyee o, ŋkɔ tiatia gblẽ ale gbegbe. Galilei metsɔ ɖeke le nuŋɔŋlɔ dzidzedzetɔe ƒe gɔmedzenufiafiawo me o, si ƒe ɖewoe nye bubudede nuxlẽla ŋu. (12) .
Eye ɖe mawudzimaxɔselawo ti dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo yomea? Ne mede ɖeke o la, esia dzɔ le Soviet Union si mexɔ mawudzimaxɔse o, afisi wode dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala geɖe, abe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nunyalawo ene, de gaxɔ me eye wowu wo dometɔ aɖewo le woƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nukpɔsusuwo ta. Nenema ke wowu dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala geɖe le Franseawo ƒe Tɔtrɔ Kpata la me: atikeŋutinunyala Antoine Lavoisier, ɣletiviŋutinunyala Jean Sylvain Bally, tomenuŋutinunyala Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich, ɣletiviŋutinunyala Jean Baptiste Gaspard Bochart de Saron, numiemieŋutinunyala Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes. Ke hã, menye woƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nukpɔsusuwo tae wowu wo ɖo o, ke boŋ le woƒe dunyahehe me nukpɔsusuwo ta. Le afisia hã la, enye ŋusẽzazã ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nu ƒe nya, si me tsonuwo to vovo kura na alesi wowɔ nu ɖe Galileo ŋui.
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe mɔ si mesɔ o: Darwin kplɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya tra mɔ. Nyati sia dze egɔme tso nya si mawudzimaxɔselawo lɔ̃na be Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse nye mɔxenu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi dzi. Wogblɔ be gɔmeɖokpe aɖeke meli si dzi woanɔ te ɖo agblɔ nya sia o, gake Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ƒe vevienyenyee nye nu vevi aɖe le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe dzidzi kple ŋgɔyiyi me. Nukpɔsusu sia nɔ te ɖe nu geɖe dzi abe agbalẽŋɔŋlɔ ƒe gbegbɔgblɔwo dzidzi, agbalẽnyanya, sukuwo kple yunivɛsitiwo, atikewɔwɔ kple kɔdziwo ƒe ŋgɔyiyi, kple nyateƒe si wònye be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me tɔtrɔ kpata la dzɔ le ƒe alafa 16 lia va ɖo 18 lia me le Europa, afisi Kristotɔwo ƒe mawudzixɔse xɔ aƒe ɖo. Tɔtrɔ sia medze egɔme tso xexemenunyalawo ƒe habɔbɔ me o, ke boŋ le habɔbɔ si me Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ʋã me koŋ. Ne Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse nye nu nyui aɖe na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi la, ke afikae nukpɔsusu si nye be woatsi tre ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ŋu la dzɔ tso? Susu siwo ta esia dometɔ ɖekae nye Charles Darwin kple eƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti nufiafiawo le ƒe alafa 19 lia me godoo. Nufiafia sia si wɔ ɖeka kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalae nye nɔnɔmetata sia ƒe fɔɖila vevitɔ. Mawudzimaxɔsela xɔŋkɔ Richard Dawkins hã gblɔ be do ŋgɔ na Darwin ƒe ɣeyiɣia la, asesẽ na ye be yeanye mawudzimaxɔsela: " Togbɔ be mawudzimaxɔse ate ŋu adze abe ɖe wòsɔ le susu me le Darwin ŋkume hã la, Darwin koe ɖo gɔmeɖoanyi na mawudzimaxɔse si ŋu nunya le". (13) . Gake gake. Ne dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo dea bubu Darwin ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple agbagbadzedzewo ŋu la, woƒe akpa aɖe nye nyateƒe, eye woƒe akpa aɖe mesɔ o. Woto nyateƒe be Darwin nye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala bibi aɖe si léa ŋku ɖe dzɔdzɔmenuwo ŋu nyuie, esrɔ̃ nu tso eƒe nyatia ŋu eye wònya alesi wòaŋlɔ nu tso eƒe numekukua ŋu. Ame aɖeke si xlẽ eƒe agbalẽ gã si nye On the Origin of Species mate ŋu agbe nya ma o. Gake woda ƒu esi wolɔ̃ ɖe Darwin ƒe susu si nye be lã ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe ƒe dome tso lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ ɖeka me (si nye lãmenugbagbevi ɖeka yi amegbetɔ gbɔ ƒe nufiafia gbãtɔ) dzi. Susu si tae wòle bɔbɔe: Darwin mete ŋu ɖe tɔtrɔ siwo va le lã ƒomeviwo me ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖeke fia le eƒe agbalẽ si nye On the Origin of Species me o, ke boŋ tɔtrɔ kple tɔtrɔ ɖe nɔnɔmewo ŋu ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo koe. Nu vovovo evee wonye. Vovototo, abe xevi la ƒe nuyi ƒe lolome, aʋala ƒe lolome, alo dɔlékui aɖewo ƒe tsitretsitsi nyuie wu ene, meɖo kpe edzi le mɔ aɖeke nu be lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ ɖeka ma ke mee lã ƒomevi siwo katã li fifia dzɔ tso o. Nya siwo gbɔna la gblɔ nu geɖe tso nyatia ŋu. Ele be Darwin ŋutɔ nalɔ̃ ɖe edzi be tɔtrɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ siwo va lã ƒomeviwo me ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖeke mele ye si o. Le gɔmesese sia nu la, míate ŋu agblɔ be Darwin flu dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya:
Darwin: Le nyateƒe me la, ɖeɖi te ŋunye be magblɔ na amewo be nyemegblɔ be kpeɖodzi aɖeke tẽ le asinye be lã ƒomevi aɖe trɔ zu lã ƒomevi bubu o eye be mexɔe se be nukpɔsusu sia sɔ vevietɔ le esi woate ŋu aƒo nudzɔdzɔ geɖe nu ƒu ɖe hatsotsowo me ahaɖe wo me ɖe edzi ta. (14) .
Encyclopedia Britannica: Ele be míate gbe ɖe edzi be Darwin megblɔ kpɔ be yete ŋu ɖo kpe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ alo lã ƒomeviwo ƒe dzɔtsoƒe dzi o. Egblɔ be ne nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ dzɔ la, woate ŋu aɖe nyateƒenya geɖe siwo womate ŋu aɖe o la me. Eyata kpeɖodzi siwo ɖo kpe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ dzi la mele tẽ o.
"Enye nukokoe ŋutɔ be agbalẽ si xɔ ŋkɔ le lã ƒomeviwo ƒe dzɔtsoƒe me ɖeɖe me meɖe eme le mɔ aɖeke nu o." (Christopher Booker, Times ƒe nuŋlɔla si nɔ nu ƒom tso Darwin ƒe agbalẽ gã si nye On the Origin of Species ) (15)
Ne ɖe Darwin fia nu le mɔ aɖe nu be le esi teƒe be ƒome ƒe ati ɖeka (nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu, si tsɔe be lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ ma ke mee nu gbagbe siwo li fifia dzɔ tso) la, anye ne ƒome ƒe ati alafa geɖe anɔ anyi, eye be alɔwo le ati ɖesiaɖe si kple bifurcations, anye ne ete ɖe nyateƒea ŋu wu. Vovototo dzɔna ya, abe alesi Darwin ɖo kpe edzii ene, gake le lã ƒomevi veviawo me koe. Nusiwo wokpɔ la sɔ nyuie wu kple nuwɔwɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋua wu kpɔɖeŋu si me fifia agbe ƒomevi siwo dzɔ tso lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ ɖeka me, si nye ke ƒe nɔnɔme ɖeka me:
Ðeko míate ŋu asusu nu tso nusiwo ʋã dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo va xɔ tɔgbui ɖeka ƒe nukpɔsusua ɖeklemimaɖemaɖee alea ŋu. Ðikekemanɔmee la, Darwin-nufiafia ƒe aʋadziɖuɖu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ƒe bubu dzi ɖe edzi, eye nusi dzɔna le eɖokui si ƒe nukpɔsusua sɔ kple ɣeyiɣia ƒe gbɔgbɔ ale gbegbe be subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo gɔ̃ hã do alɔ nufiafiaa wòwɔ nuku ŋutɔ. Aleke kee wòɖale o, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo lɔ̃ ɖe nufiafiaa dzi hafi wodoe kpɔ vevie, eye emegbe wozã woƒe ŋusẽ tsɔ na amehawo katã ka ɖe edzi be dzɔdzɔmenuwɔnawo sɔ gbɔ be woatsɔ awɔ amegbetɔ tso dɔlékui aɖe me kple dɔlékui aɖe tso atike siwo wotsaka me. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya te kpeɖodzi siwo ɖo kpe edzi la didi eye wòte numeɖeɖe siwo ana kpeɖodzi gbegblẽawo nazu dzodzro la toto vɛ. (16) .
Tomenukulawo ƒe nuŋlɔɖi hã ɖo kpe Darwin ƒe nufiafia dzi. Wonya ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia be womate ŋu akpɔ ŋgɔyiyi vivivi aɖeke le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo me o, togbɔ be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti nufiafia bia be sidzenuwo, ŋutinuwo kple lã ƒomevi yeyewo nado to esia me hã. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Steven M. Stanley gblɔ be: “Kpɔɖeŋu ɖeka pɛ hã meli le tomenu siwo wonya me si me xɔtuɖaŋu yeye vevi aɖe le ŋgɔ yim le na lã ƒomevi sia o (17) .” Blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala xɔŋkɔ geɖe lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala xɔŋkɔ geɖe lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be womewɔa ŋgɔyiyi vivivi o. Tomenuwo alo egbegbe lã ƒomeviwo meɖe alesi Darwin ƒe nufiafiaa bia be wole ŋgɔ yim vivivi la ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo o. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒewo teƒenɔlawo ƒe nya aɖewo le ete. Ele be kpeɖodzi nyuitɔ kekeake nanɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒewo na nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ, gake womewɔe nenema o. Gbã la, Stephen Jay Gould, ɖewohĩ blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala xɔŋkɔtɔ kekeake le míaƒe ɣeyiɣia me (Amerika Blemanudzraɖoƒe) ƒe nya aɖe. Egbe be blemanuwo ƒe ŋgɔyiyi vivivi la gbe be:
Stephen Jay Gould: Nyemedi le mɔ aɖeke nu be mabu ŋutete si ate ŋu anɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ vivivi ƒe nukpɔsusua ŋu la nu tsɛe o. Ðeko medi be made dzesii be ‘womekpɔe’ le kpewo me kpɔ o. (Panda ƒe Asibidɛ, 1988, axa 182,183).
Ðɔkta Etheridge, Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea dzikpɔla xɔŋkɔ le xexeame katã: Le blemanudzraɖoƒe blibo sia me la, nu suetɔ kekeake gɔ̃ hã meli si aɖo kpe lã ƒomevi siwo tso domedomenuwo me ƒe dzɔtsoƒe dzi o. Menye nusiwo wokpɔ kple nyateƒenyawo dzie wotu nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia ɖo o. Le nuƒoƒo tso ameƒomea ƒe ƒexɔxɔ ŋu gome la, nɔnɔmea le nenema ke. Kpeɖodziwo yɔ blemanudzraɖoƒe sia fũ si ɖe alesi gbegbe nukpɔsusu siawo me susu mele o fia. (18) .
Amegã siwo le blemanudzraɖoƒe gã atɔ̃ me dometɔ aɖeke mate ŋu atsɔ nugbagbe aɖe si woate ŋu abu be enye kpeɖodzi be etrɔ vivivi tso lã ƒomevi ɖeka me yi bubu me ƒe kpɔɖeŋu bɔbɔe ɖeka gɔ̃ hã o. (Ðɔkta Luther Sunderland ƒe nya kpui aɖe le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Darwin’s enigma . Ebia gbe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒewo teƒenɔla geɖe hena agbalẽ sia eye wòŋlɔ agbalẽ na wo kple taɖodzinu be yeanya kpeɖodzi ƒomevi si le wo si atsɔ aɖo kpe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ dzi. [19])
Nya si gbɔna la yi edzi le nya ma ke ŋu. Ðɔkta Colin Patterson si megali o nye blemanuwo ŋuti nunyalagã kple anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata ŋuti nunyala le Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe (Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya). Eŋlɔ agbalẽ aɖe tso nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋu - gake esi ame aɖe biae be nukatae eƒe agbalẽa me nɔnɔmetata aɖeke mele domedome nɔnɔmewo (nu gbagbe siwo le tɔtrɔm) ŋu o la, eŋlɔ ŋuɖoɖo si gbɔna. Le eƒe ŋuɖoɖoa me la, eƒo nu tso Stephen J. Gould, ɖewohĩ blemanuŋutinunyala xɔŋkɔtɔ kekeake le xexeame ŋu (woŋlɔe kple bold):
Melɔ̃ ɖe wò nukpɔsusu dzi bliboe ku ɖe nɔnɔmetata siwo mele nye agbalẽ si ku ɖe nugbagbe siwo le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ me le tɔtrɔ ƒe afɔɖeɖea me ŋu o. Ne ɖe menɔ ŋudzɔ ɖe nu mawo tɔgbe aɖe ŋu, le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata aɖe ŋu alo le nu gbagbe aɖe ŋu la, anye ne melɔ̃ faa tsɔ wo de nye agbalẽa me . Miedo susua ɖa be mazã nutala aɖe atsɔ awɔ domedome nɔnɔme mawo tɔgbe ƒe nɔnɔmetata gake afikae wòakpɔ nyatakaka tsoe na eƒe nutatawo tsoe? Le nyateƒe me la, nyemate ŋu atsɔ nyatakaka sia anae o, eye ne ele be magblẽ nyaa ɖe nutala aɖe si la, ɖe makplɔ nuxlẽla la tra mɔ oa? Meŋlɔ nye agbalẽa ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ene enye sia [le agbalẽa me la, egblɔ be yexɔ domedome ƒomevi aɖewo dzi se]. Ne ɖe maŋlɔe fifia la, mesusu be agbalẽa ato vovo vie. Vivivi (si trɔna vivivi) nye nukpɔsusu si dzi mexɔ se. Menye le bubu si le Darwin ŋu ta ko o, ke boŋ le esi wòdze abe nye domenyiŋusẽfianu gɔmesese biae ene. Gake esesẽ be woagblɔ nya ɖe [tomenunyala xɔŋkɔ Stephen J.] Gould kple Amerikatɔwo ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒea me tɔ bubuwo ŋu ne wogblɔ be domedome ƒomevi aɖeke meli o . Esi menye blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala ta la, mewɔa dɔ geɖe le xexemenunya me kuxiwo ŋu ne mele blema nugbagbe ƒomeviwo de dzesi tso tomenu siwo wofɔ me. Ègblɔ be ele be ‘matsɔ anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata aɖe hã, si me nugbagbewo ƒe hatsotso aɖe dzɔ tsoe’ ya teti. Meƒoa nu tẽ – anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata aɖeke meli si anye kpeɖodzi si me tsi mate ŋu age ɖo o . (20) .
Nukae míate ŋu aƒo nya ta tso nya siwo míegblɔ va yi me? Míate ŋu ade bubu Darwin ŋu be enye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala nyui, gake mele be míalɔ̃ ɖe eƒe susu si ku ɖe lã ƒomeviwo ƒe domenyinyi tso lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ ɖeka me dzi o. Edze ƒã be kpeɖodziawo sɔ na nuwɔwɔ wu ale be Mawu dzra nusianu ɖo enumake. Vovototo dzɔna ya, eye woate ŋu atrɔ asi le lã ƒomeviwo ŋu vaseɖe afi aɖe to vidzidzi me, gake seɖoƒe li na esiawo katã si gbɔ woaɖo kpuie. Nyataƒoƒoae nye be Darwin kplɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya tra mɔ, eye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala mawudzimaxɔselawo hã dze eyome. Susu le eme wu sã be míaɖo ŋu ɖe ŋutinya me nukpɔsusu si nye be Mawue wɔ nusianu ale be wòagadzɔ le eɖokui si o la ŋu. Nyateƒe si wònye be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo menya alesi agbe ate ŋu ado le eɖokui si ƒe egbɔkpɔnu o hã ɖo kpe nukpɔsusu sia dzi. Gɔmesese le esia ŋu elabena enye nusi mate ŋu adzɔ o. Agbe koe ate ŋu awɔ agbe, eye womekpɔ se sia si to vovo na ema o. Le agbe ƒomevi gbãtɔwo gome la, esia fia kɔte be Mawue:
- (Mose 1:1) Le gɔmedzedzea me la, Mawu wɔ dziƒo kple anyigba.
- (Rom 1:19,20) Elabena nusi woate ŋu anya tso Mawu gbɔ la dzena le wo me; elabena Mawu ɖee fia wo. 20 Elabena nu makpɔmakpɔ siwo le esi tso xexea wɔwɔ me la dzena kɔte, eye wosea nu siwo wowɔ, si nye eƒe ŋusẽ mavɔ kple Mawunyenye gɔme; ale be taflatsedodo aɖeke mele wo ŋu o :
- (Nyaɖ 4:11) Oo Aƒetɔ, èdze be nàxɔ ŋutikɔkɔe kple bubu kple ŋusẽ, elabena wòe wɔ nuwo katã, eye wowɔ wo le wò dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ ta eye wowɔ wo .
References:
1. Vishal Mangalwadi: Kirja, joka muutti maailmasi (The Book that Made Your World), p. 181,182,186 2. Usko, toivo ja terveys, p. 143, Article by Risto A. Ahonen 3. Matti Korhonen, Uusi tie 6.2.2014, p. 5. 4. John Dewey: ”The American Intellectual Frontier” New Republic, 10.5.1922, vol. 30, p. 303. Republic Publishing 1922 5. Noah J. Efron: Myytti 9: Kristinusko synnytti modernin luonnontieteen, p. 82,83 in book Galileo tyrmässä ja muita myyttejä tieteestä ja uskonnosta (Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion) 6. James Hannam: The Genesis of Science: How the Christian Middle Ages Launched the Scientific Revolution 7. Malcolm Muggeridge: Jesus Rediscovered. Pyramid 1969. 8. David Bentley Hart: Ateismin harhat (Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and its Fashionable Enemies), p. 65 9. Lennart Saari: Haavoittunut planeetta, p. 104 10. James Hannam: The Genesis of Science: How the Christian Middle Ages Launched the Scientific Revolution 11. O'Neill, T., The Dark Age Myth: An atheist reviews God's Philosophers, strangenotions.com, 17 October 2009 12. Ari Turunen: Ei onnistu, p. 201,202 13. Richard Dawkins: Sokea kelloseppä, p. 20 14. Darwin, F & Seward A. C. toim. (1903, 1: 184): More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 15. Christopher Booker: “The Evolution of a Theory”, The Star, Johannesburg, 20.4.1982, p. 19 16. Philip E. Johnson: Darwin on Trial, p. 152 17. Steven M. Stanley: Macroevolution: Pattern and Process. San Francisco: W.M. Freeman and Co. 1979, p. 39 18. Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva rengas, p. 94 19. Sit. kirjasta "Taustaa tekijänoikeudesta maailmaan", Kimmo Pälikkö ja Markku Särelä, p. 19. 20. Carl Wieland: Kiviä ja luita (Stones and Bones), p. 15,16
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Ƒe miliɔn geɖe / dinosaur / amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ?
Biblia ƒe Ŋutinya
Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse: dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya, amegbetɔ ƒe gomenɔamesiwo Kristotɔnyenye kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kple amegbetɔ ƒe gomenɔamesiwo
Ɣedzeƒe subɔsubɔhawo / Ɣeyiɣi Yeye Buddha, Buddha-subɔsubɔ alo Yesu?
Islam-subɔsubɔ Muhammad ƒe ɖeɖefiawo kple agbenɔnɔ Trɔ̃subɔsubɔ le Islam kple Mecca Ðe woate ŋu aka ɖe Koran la dzia?
Agbenɔnɔ ŋuti nyabiasewo Mivo tso ŋutsu kple ŋutsu alo nyɔnu kple nyɔnu ƒe gbɔdɔdɔ me Srɔ̃ɖeɖe si me ŋutsu alo nyɔnu nyenye mele o Amewuwu kple ɣeyiɣia ƒe dzesiwo
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