Tsiɖɔɖɔa

1. Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe Kpeɖodziwo

Wobu Tsiɖɔɖɔa zi geɖe be enye glitoto dzro aɖe ko. Vevietɔ ame mawo, siwo xɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia dzi se la mexɔe se be Tsiɖɔɖɔa dzɔ kpɔ o. Wosusu be manya wɔ be tsi xɔ anyigba bliboa dzi tsã o. 

   Gake ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔa dzɔ nyateƒea? Ne míelé ŋku ɖe anyigba, anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo kple amegbetɔwo ƒe kɔnyinyiwo ŋu ŋutɔŋutɔ la, woƒo nu tso Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu. Woɖee fia be tsɔtsrɔ̃ gã la dzɔ le Anyigba dzi ɣeaɖeɣi. Le nya siwo kplɔe ɖo me la, míadzro kpeɖodzi siwo fia be afɔku gã sia dzɔ la me le mɔ si le abe xexlẽdzesiwo ene nu.

Lãwo ƒe yɔdo gbogboawo

• Wobu akɔnta be ƒumelã siwo ƒe akɔta le abe biliɔn 800 ene ye woɖi ɖe Karroo nutoa me le South Africa (Robert Broom ƒe nyati si dze le Science me, January 1959). Alesi ameɖiƒe sia loloe ɖee fia be nudzɔdzɔ aɖe si mele dzɔdzɔme nu o dzɔ. Anɔ eme be woɖi lãawo kaba ŋutɔ. Zi geɖe la, woate ŋu aɖe nudzɔdzɔ sia ƒomevi me nyuie wu to tsɔtsrɔ̃ gã aɖe abe Tsiɖɔɖɔ ene, si ate ŋu aƒo anyigba ƒe ƒuƒoƒo kabakaba ɖe lãawo tame.

• Lãwo ƒe ƒu tɔn miliɔn geɖe le Alaska kple Siberia ƒe tsikpe si nɔa anyi ɖaa la me. Eɖe dzesi be lã siawo dometɔ geɖe nye lã gã siwo naa no wo viwo siwo mate ŋu anɔ agbe le vuvɔ me o eye womate ŋu aɖi wo ɖokui o. Numeɖeɖe si tso agbalẽ si nye Maailman Luonto me gblɔe tso eŋu. Eɖe alesi wokpɔ lã gã siawo le anyigba ƒe gogloƒe kpe ɖe numiemie vovovowo ŋu fia:

Nusi me wotsɔ ɖe le vevie le afisiae nye nyateƒe si wònye be ƒu kple lã gbogbo aɖewo siwo ɖe dzesi, kple numiemie siwo gblẽ afã kple nugbagbewo ƒe akpa bubu siwo susɔ ate ŋu anɔ tsikpe si nɔa anyi ɖaa le Alaska kple Siberia. Le teƒe aɖewo la, esiawo kpena ɖe anyigba ƒe akpa ɖedzesi aɖe ŋu. Nusiwo susɔ ƒe akpa gã aɖe tso lã gãwo gbɔ, abe akpɔkplɔ siwo ŋu fu le, dzata gãwo, beaverwo, nyitsuwo, musk, nyitsuwo, mammoths, kple sɔ siwo ŋu fu le, siwo tsrɔ̃... Esia tae wòdze ƒã be yame ƒe nɔnɔme si le Alaska la tsrɔ̃ dzoxɔxɔ geɖe wu hafi wòva xɔ dzo.

• Kpeɖodzi siwo li be woɖi ame gbogbo aɖewoe nye gbetedziwo, tedziwo, gbemelãwo kple lã bubu manyaxlẽ siwo wokpɔ le Agate Spring, Nebraska, ƒe kukuawo. Le eŋutinunyalawo ƒe akɔntabubu nu la, lã gã siwo wu 9,000 ƒe kuku le nutoa me.

• Le ƒe 1845 me la, woku lãwo ƒe kuku le teƒe si gogo Odessa le Russia, eye wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye dzata siwo wu 100 ƒe ƒuwo, kpakple sɔwo, dzatawo, lãklewo, gbetedziwo, bison, elk, amegãxi, gbetedzi, nudzodzoevi ɖula vovovowo, lãklewo, . otters, martens kple akpɔkplɔwo. Esiawo nye esiwo wotsaka kple numiemiewo ƒe kuku, xeviwo kple tɔmelãwo (!) gɔ̃ hã. Edze abe tɔmelãwo ƒe anyinɔnɔ le anyigbadzilãwo dome nye nuƒoƒo tso Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu kɔte ene. Aleke tɔmelãwo ate ŋu anɔ hatsotso ɖeka me kple anyigbadzilãwo?

• Woke ɖe togbɛ siwo dzi tɔmelã ƒe ƒu gbogbo aɖewo le ŋu le Palermo, Italy. Esi wònye be tɔmelã viwo ƒe ƒuwo hã le nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo dome ta la, womate ŋu aku le dzɔdzɔme nu hafi o. Akpɔkplɔvi siawo ƒe anyinɔnɔ fia Tsiɖɔɖɔa kɔte.

• Woke ɖe agadowo ŋu, le kpɔɖeŋu me, le Yorkshire le England, China, le USA ƒe ɣedzeƒeƒuta kple le Alaska, afisi wokpɔ gbeɖuɖɔ kple lãɖula vovovo gbogbo aɖewo ƒe ƒunukpeƒewo le le agado mawo ke me. Le Yorkshire, England, la, woke ɖe sɔ, sisiblisi, tɔmelã, sɔ, gbetedzi, amegãxi, dzata, amegãxi, sɔ, akpɔkplɔ, avugbɔ̃e, avugbɔ̃e, kpakple xevi geɖewo ƒe ƒuwo ŋu le stalactite-doawo dometɔ ɖeka me. Abe se ene la, lã siawo siwo ɖua wo nɔewo le go aɖeke me la manɔ wo nɔewo gbɔ o.

• Wogakpɔ yɔdo gã bubu le France, afisi wokpɔ sɔwo ƒe ƒunukpeƒe siwo wu 10,000 le.

• Woke ɖe nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo le dinosaur yɔdo gãwo hã me. Woke ɖe dinosaur sue alafa geɖe, akpe geɖe gɔ̃ hã ƒe ƒuwo ŋu le Belgium le anyikpe aɖe si goglo abe meta 300 ene me. Woke ɖe dadi ʋetsuvi siwo ade 10,000 ƒe ƒuwo ŋu le nuto sue aɖe me le Montana, U.S.A., eye woke ɖe gbetedziwo ƒe yɔdo gbogbo siwo ƒe ta le alafa me ŋu le Alberta, Canada. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, wowɔ yɔdo sue bubu siwo ŋu woke ɖo siwo do ƒome kple dinosaurwo le xexeame ƒe akpa vovovowo. Anɔ eme be lã siawo hã kpɔ gome le tsɔtsrɔ̃ ma ke si dzɔ ɖe xexeame dzi le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la me.

   Kpɔɖeŋu ɖeka dze le agbalẽ si nye The Age of Dinosaur si nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala xɔŋkɔ Björn Kurten ŋlɔ hã me. Eƒo nu tso alesi woke ɖe dinosaur ƒe kpememe geɖe ŋu le tsiƒuƒu ƒe nɔnɔme me eye woƒe ta trɔ ɖe megbe, abe ɖe wole ku ƒe avu wɔm ene.

Atiwo ƒe ke ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo, siwo dometɔ geɖe tɔtɔ eye wotro . Do ŋgɔ la, wogblɔ alesi woke ɖe atiwo ƒe kewo ƒe kpememewo ŋu tso xexeame ƒe akpa vovovowo, siwo le anyigba me eye wokeke to ƒuƒoƒo vovovo geɖe me. Zi geɖe ŋutɔ la, atikutsetse kple ati siawo nyea tɔtɔ gã ɖeka si woƒo ƒu kple ʋuʋudedi, ƒuwo kple anyikpe. Woƒe kewo hã ate ŋu atrɔ, si nye kpeɖodzi be nudzɔdzɔ gblẽnu aɖe dzɔ. Be woateŋu adzi ati ƒe ke ƒe kpememewo ahakpɔ wo ta la, ele be woaɖi wo ɖe anyigba ƒe ƒuƒoƒo siwo ƒo xlã wo me kaba ŋutɔ - ne menye nenema o la, anye ne kpememe aɖeke manɔ wo me o.

Afisi anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo dzɔ tso . Kpememe siwo le anyigba me nye Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe kpeɖodzi sẽŋuwo. Nyateƒe si wònye be anyigbaʋuʋuwo ɖi numiemie kple lã gbagbe aɖewo alo esiwo ku nyitsɔ laa kabakaba ŋutɔ koe ate ŋu aɖe afisi anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo le anyigba me la dzɔ tso. Ne ɖe esia medzɔ kabakaba o la, anye ne womate ŋu awɔ anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetataawo o, elabena ne menye nenema o la, anye ne dɔlékuiwo kple gbeɖuɖɔwo agblẽ wo le ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ko me. Enyo be míade dzesii be egbea la, womewɔa anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo o. Nordenskiöld si nye anyigbayeyedila xɔŋkɔ la de dzesii be ele bɔbɔe be woake ɖe akpɔkplɔ gãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒe xoxowo ŋu le Spitzbergen wu nutrenu siwo woɖi nyitsɔ laa tɔ, togbɔ be nutrenu miliɔn geɖe le nuto ma me hã.

    Eyata enye kuxi gã aɖe be míadze agbagba aɖe alesi woate ŋu aɖi lã gãwo abe mammoth, dinosaur, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, sɔwo kple lã gã bubuwo ɖe anyikpe kple anyigba ƒe ƒuƒoƒo te hafi ne ame mexɔ Tsiɖɔɖɔa dzi se o la me. Wobu akɔnta be mammoth ɖeɖe dzaa ade ame ɖekaɖeka siwo ade miliɔn 5 siwo woɖi ɖe anyigba me. Le nɔnɔme siwo li fifia nu la, womaɖi lã mawo ɖe anyigba o, ke boŋ woagblẽ kabakaba le anyigba alo lãɖulawo aɖu wo enumake. Numeɖeɖe si gbɔna (James D. Dana: "Manual of Geology", axa 141) ɖe alesi wòhiã be woaɖi ame kabakaba hafi woate ŋu awɔ tomenuwoe fia:

Lã siwo ƒe akɔta le abe tɔmelãwo, lã siwo tana kple bubuawo ene, gblẽna ne woɖe woƒe akpa falɛfalɛwo ɖa. Ele be woaɖi wo kaba le ku megbe be woagagblẽ o eye lã bubuwo nagaɖu wo o.

WOÐE WÒ AGBEGBE . Tomenukuƒe geɖe na kpeɖodzi si me kɔ ŋutɔ be woɖi wo kaba.

    Tsɔ kpe ɖe lãwo ɖiɖi kabakaba ŋu la, kpeɖodzi geɖe li be lãawo gakpɔtɔ nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi si me woɖi wo. Kpɔɖeŋu aɖewoe nye esi:

Tɔmelãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo. Woke ɖe tɔmelã gbogbo aɖewo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo ŋu eye dzesiwo le wo ŋu be woɖi wo agbagbee eye woɖi wo kabakaba.

   Gbã la, woke ɖe tɔmelã ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo ŋu siwo ɖu nu le edzi yim: tɔmelã sue bubu aɖe va nɔ woƒe nu me esime woɖi wo ɖe anyigba gbogbo aɖewo te zi ɖeka. Ne míagblɔe bubui la, ne tɔmelã aɖe le eƒe nuɖuɖu ɖum la, ke mele ku si sɔ me tom o, ke boŋ enɔ agbe si sɔ vaseɖe esime woɖii kaba.

    Evelia, wokpɔ tɔmelã gbogbo aɖewo siwo ƒe kpememewo katã le wo nɔƒe, woƒe nu ʋu eye woƒe asikewo katã kaka. Ɣesiaɣi si wokpɔ dzesi mawo tɔgbe le tɔmelãwo ŋu la, efia be woanya nɔ agbe henɔ avu wɔm kple woƒe dzɔgbevɔ̃e vaseɖe esime woɖi wo zi ɖeka. Le tsiɖɔɖɔ me la, ɖiɖi kabakaba alea le anyikpe te anye mɔ si dzi tɔmelãwo ato aku wu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, aʋawɔnu tɔmelã siwo wokpɔna le sandstone dzĩ xoxowo me ƒe 9/10 lɔƒo le nɔnɔme sia tɔgbe me - wodo woƒe dzo eveawo ɖe dzi le dzogoe dzɔdzɔe dzi ɖe woƒe ta ƒe ƒu gbadzɛa ŋu abe afɔku ƒe dzesi ene - si ɖee fia be woto eme ameɖiɖi kabakaba.

    Gawu la, womateŋu awɔ tɔmelã ƒe kpememewo le mɔ bubu aɖeke nu o – negbe le mɔ si míeyɔ va yi nu ko – elabena le nɔnɔme siwo sɔ me la, tɔmelãwo gblẽna kabakaba ŋutɔ alo lã bubuwo ɖua wo. Gake le teƒe siwo woɖia tɔmelãwo le la, woate ŋu akpɔ tɔmelã mawo tɔgbe miliɔn geɖe.

Bivalve mussels kple oysters. Wokpɔ ƒumelã eve kple ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be oysters le teƒe si wotu, si fia be woɖi wo agbagbee. Zi geɖe la, ne lã siawo ku la, lãmeka si léa woƒe gowo ɖe te la ɖea dzi ɖi si wɔnɛ be ke kple anyi gena ɖe eme.Gake zi geɖe la, wokpɔa kpememe siawo siwo wotu sesĩe eye ke alo anyi aɖeke mele goawo dome o. Esi wònye be wotu aŋɔ siawo sesĩe ta la, efia be woɖi lã siawo esime wogakpɔtɔ nɔ agbe.

Mammoth-wo. Woke ɖe lã gã bubu geɖewo ŋu tsɔ kpe ɖe lã bubu geɖewo ŋu. Wobu akɔnta be lã gã siwo ade miliɔn 5 anɔ anyigba la me. Woɖe woƒe kukuawo, vevietɔ aɖuwo, do goe le anyigba le tɔn me, eye wozã wo gɔ̃ hã abe nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa nyiɖudɔwɔƒea ene, eyata míate ŋu aƒo nu tso agbɔsɔsɔ sue aɖeke si ŋu woke ɖo ŋu o.

    Nusi ɖe dzesi le nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo le mammoth siawo ŋue nye be wokpɔ mammoth-awo be wodzra wo ɖo le nɔnɔme nyui aɖe ŋutɔ me. Wokpɔ wo dometɔ aɖewo le tsitrenu (!), bubuwo gakpɔtɔ le nuɖuɖu siwo womeɖu o ƒe nu kple dɔgbo me. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, wokpɔ wo dometɔ aɖewo keŋkeŋ eye womegblẽ nu le wo ŋu o.

    Ne woke ɖe nu mawo tɔgbe ŋu le teƒe gãwo la, eɖenɛ fiana be womewu wo le tsiɖɔɖɔ si dzɔ le kele me le nutoa me, to dɔwuame ƒe ku vivivi me, alo ku dzro aɖeke abe alesi woɖe eme ene o. Ðekawɔwɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu agbɔsɔsɔme aɖeke mate ŋu aɖe lã akpe alafa geɖe ƒe ku le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ me kple alesi woɖi wo ɖe tsikpe kple anyigba ƒe ƒuƒoƒo me o. Le Tsiɖɔɖɔa me la, ema ate ŋu adzɔ.

ƑUDZƆDZƆMEŊUTINUNYAWO KPLEE WO ƑE AKPAWO SIWO WOKPƆ LE TOWO KPLEE Anyigba KUSIWO DZI .

- (1Mo 7:19) Eye tsiwo xɔ aƒe ɖe anyigba dzi ale gbegbe; eye togbɛ kɔkɔ siwo katã le dziƒo blibo la te la tsyɔ.

- (2 Pet 3:6) ... Eya ta xexe si nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi, esi tsi yɔ fũu la, tsrɔ̃

Ðewohĩ xexeame katã ƒe Tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe kpeɖodzi nyuitɔ kekeakee nye nyateƒe si wònye be míate ŋu ake ɖe ƒumelãwo ƒe kukuawo ŋu le towo kple anyigba ƒuƒuiwo dzi. (Míate ŋu akpɔ kpɔɖeŋu mawo tɔgbe le dzɔdzɔmenuwɔna siwo wowɔna le television dzi me.) Kakaɖedzitɔe la, nusiwo susɔ siawo mate ŋu anɔ teƒe siwo wole fifia o ne ɖe atsiaƒua mexɔ teƒe siawo ɣeaɖeɣi o.

• Ƒe 500 do ŋgɔ na egbegbe ɣletigbalẽa ƒe gɔmedzedze la, Pythagoras ke ɖe ƒumelãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo ŋu le towo dzi. (axa 11 Planeetta maa (“Ɣletinyigba”)).

• Ƒe alafa ɖeka megbe la, Helatɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔla Herodotus ŋlɔ bena woƒo ƒumelãwo nu ƒu tso gbedadaƒo le Egipte. Eƒo nya ta be atsiaƒua anya ɖo keke gbedadaƒo ke (axa 11 "Planeetta maa"). Woke ɖe ƒumelã gãwo ƒe kukuawo hã ŋu le Afrika ƒe dzogbe gã siwo dzi ke le.

• Xenofanes ke ɖe ƒumelãwo ƒe kpememewo ŋu le anyigba me nuto siwo didi tso atsiaƒu gbɔ le abe ƒe 500 D.M.Ŋ. Eƒo nya ta be atsiaƒu xɔ nuto siawo do ŋgɔ (axa 17 Nils Edelman - Viisaita ja veijareita anyigbaŋutinunyala maailmassa).

• Charles Darwin hã ƒu du va do go ƒumelã kukuwo esime wòke ɖe tɔmelã aɖe si woyɔna be whale ƒe ƒunukpeƒe ŋu le Peru ƒe tonyigbawo dzi.

• Albaro Alonzo Barba, si nye tomenukulawo ƒe dɔdzikpɔla le Petos, ƒo nu tso eŋu le eƒe agbalẽ si wòŋlɔ le ƒe 1640 me me be yekpɔ kpe gbadzɛ wɔnukuwo le agakpe siwo le Potos kple Oroneste dome le Bolivia, siwo kɔkɔ meta 3,000 tso atsiaƒu dzi (axa 54 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja veijareita anyigbaŋutinunyala maailmassa ) .

• Germanytɔwo ƒe PS Pallas le ƒe 1700-awo me ke ɖe limestone kple anyikpe gbadzɛ siwo woɖo ɖe hatsotsowo me ŋu le Ural kple Altai towo dzi – wo ame evea siaa le Russia – siwo me ƒumelãwo kple numiemiewo ƒe susɔewo nɔ (axa 125 Nils Edelman: Viisaita ja veijareita anyigbaŋutinunyala maailmassa) .

• Wokpɔ ƒumelã geɖe abe ƒumelãwo, ammonites, belemnites, (ammonites kple belemnites nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple dinosaurwo) , ƒumelãwo, ƒumelãwo, koral kple plankton ƒe kpememewo kple ƒumelã siwo li fifia ƒe ƒometɔwo kple ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be starfishes le kilometa geɖe tso atsiaƒu dzi le Himalaya-towo dzi. Agbalẽ si nye Maapallo Ihmeiden Planeetta ( axa 55) ƒo nu tso nusiwo susɔ siawo ŋu ale:

Harutaka Sakai si tso Japan Yunivɛsiti le Kyushu wɔ numekuku ƒe geɖe tso ƒumelã siawo siwo wokpɔ le Himalaya Towo dzi ŋu. Woa kple eƒe ƒuƒoƒoa ŋlɔ lãwo ƒe lãkpɔ blibo aɖe si nɔ anyi le Mesozoic ɣeyiɣia me la ɖi. Ƒumelã siwo mebɔbɔ o, siwo sɔ kple ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be sea urchins kple starfish siwo li fifia la, le agakpewo ƒe gli siwo didi wu kilometa etɔ̃ tso atsiaƒu dzi la me. Wokpɔa Ammonites, belemnites, corals kple plankton abe kpe gbadzɛwo ene le towo ƒe kpewo me (...)

   Le teƒe si kɔkɔ kilometa eve la, anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ke ɖe dzesi aɖe si atsiaƒua ŋutɔ gblẽ ɖi ŋu. Eƒe kpe si le abe ƒutsotsoe ene la sɔ kple nɔnɔme siwo susɔ ɖe kea me tso ƒutsotsoe siwo me tsi mele o gbɔ. Wokpɔa limestone ɣi siwo do le tsi te tso ƒumelã manyaxlẽwo ƒe susɔewo me tso Everest-toa tame gɔ̃ hã.

• Tsɔ kpe ɖe Himalaya-towo ŋu la, woke ɖe nu geɖe ŋu le Alps, Andes kple Rocky Towo dzi. Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo siawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be mussels, crustaceans, ammonites, kpakple streaks kple clay shale deposits siwo me ƒumelãwo ƒe kpememewo le. Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo dometɔ aɖewo le kilometa geɖe ƒe kɔkɔme. Alps-towo ŋuti numeɖeɖe si gbɔna ɖee fia be ƒumelãwo ƒe kpememewo li:

Susu aɖe li si tae wòle be míalé ŋku ɖe agakpe siwo le togbɛwo dzi ƒe nɔnɔme gbãtɔ ŋu nyuie. Wokpɔnɛ nyuie wu le Alps-towo dzi, le Lime Alps-to siwo le anyiehe, afisi woyɔna be Helvetian-nutowo me. Limestone ye nye kpe vevitɔ si wotsɔ wɔa kpewoe. Ne míelé ŋku ɖe agakpe si le afisia le togbɛ siwo dzi ʋuʋudedi le alo to aɖe tame ŋu - ne ŋusẽ nɔ mía si be míalia afima - míava ke ɖe lãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo, lãwo ƒe kpememewo, ŋu mlɔeba. Zi geɖe la, wogblẽna vevie gake anya wɔ be woakpɔ kakɛ siwo woate ŋu ade dzesii. Kpememe mawo katã nye lime-kplu alo ƒumelãwo ƒe ƒunukpeƒewo. Wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye ammonites siwo wotsɔ ka ƒo xlãe, eye vevietɔ la, lãkle siwo ƒe gowo le eve la sɔ gbɔ ŋutɔ. (...) Nuxlẽla ate ŋu abia eɖokui le ɣeyiɣi sia me be nukae wòfia be togbɛwo léa tsi gbogbo aɖewo ɖe wo me, siwo hã woate ŋu akpɔ le ƒugɔme.(axa 236,237, Pentti Eskola, Muuttuva maa)

• Limestone siwo xɔ China ƒe akpa enelia kloe la lɔ koral siwo dzɔ tso atsiaƒu me ƒe susɔewo ɖe eme (axa 97,100-106 “Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta”). Nuto mawo tɔgbe le Yugoslavia kple Alps-towo hã me.

• Le kpekuƒe aɖe si woɖea kpe gbadzɛwo le le Snowdon Towo dzi le England la, kpe gbadzɛ kple ke gã siwo yɔ fũ kple ƒuta ƒumelãwo ƒe gowo le afisi kɔkɔ abe afɔ 1,400 tso atsiaƒu dzi ene.

• Woke ɖe tɔmelã ʋetsuviwo alo Ichthyosaur siwo ate ŋu adidi meta geɖe ŋu le England kple Germany siwo woɖi ɖe anyikpewo me kple woƒe ƒuwo kple lãgbalẽwo. Woke ɖe ƒunukpeƒe siwo wodzra ɖo ɖe Helsinki Yunivɛsiti ƒe Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Nudzraɖoƒe ƒe nudzraɖoƒe la dometɔ ɖeka ŋu le anyikpe aɖe me le Holzmaden si le Wurttenberg. Edidi meta 2.5 eye wodzrae ɖo nyuie ŋutɔ. (axa 371 "Muttuva maa”, Pentti Eskola)

• Le France titina (Saint-Laon, Vienne) la, wokpɔ amonite ƒe gowo le limestone-kpeawo me. (axa 365 "Muuttuva maa”, Pentti Eskola)

• Xevi ʋetsuvi (Archaeopteryx) ƒe kpeƒekpeƒe eve le limestone nuto si le Solnhofen le Bavaria. Woke ɖe kpe bubu siwo wokpɔ ta na nyuie, abe nudzodzoewo, medusas, crayfish, belemnites, kple tɔmelãwo hã ŋu tso limestone nuto ma ke me. (axa 372, "Muttuva maa”, Pentti Eskola)

• Nuto aɖewo le London, Paris, kple Vienna siwo nye atsiaƒu gɔme tsã. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, mollusk-kpe siwo tso atsiaƒu xɔdzowo me koŋue le limestone-kpewo ƒe nuto aɖewo me. (axa 377 "Muuttuva maa”, Pentti Eskola)

• Le Berlin ƒe nutowo me la, tsikpe siwo ƒe titrime nye meta geɖe la dometɔ aɖewoe nye gastropod ( Paludina diluviana ) si tsrɔ̃ ƒe gowo, kple pikes ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo. (axa 410 "muuttuva maa, Pentti Eskola)

• Nutowo abe Siria, Arabia, Israel si li fifia, kple Egipte ene nye atsiaƒu gɔme. (axa 401, 402 "Muttuva maa”, Pentti Eskola)

• Woke ɖe ƒumelã xoxowo ƒe kpememewo ŋu le Tunisia, si te ɖe Tozeur dugã ŋu. (axa 90 Björn Kurten, Kuinka Mammutti ƒe nudzraɖoƒe )

• Le Faijum dzogbe si didi kilometa 60 tso Cairo ƒe dzigbeɣetoɖoƒe gome la, wokpɔ tɔmelã siwo woyɔna be whale kple ƒumelã dzatawo ƒe kuku le Djebel Qatran ƒe togbɛ kɔkɔ aɖe ƒe togbɛwo dzi. (axa 23 Björn Kurten, Jääkausi, [Tsikpeɣia])

• Woke ɖe tɔmelãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo ŋu tso xexeame ƒe akpa vovovo geɖe siwo me tɔmelã akpe alafa alo miliɔn geɖe le. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le Herring ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo le California la, wobu akɔnta be tɔmelã biliɔn ɖeka le teƒe si ƒe lolome nye kilometa ewo le dzogoe ene me. Nuto siwo tso Germany va ɖo Caspian-ƒua dzi, Italy, Scotland, Denmark (le Steven’s Klint ƒe agakpe si wotsɔ chalk wɔe ) kple Spain ƒe Anyiehe (Caravaca togbɛwo) la nye tɔmelã miliɔn geɖe ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo. Anɔ eme be atsiaƒua xɔ anyigba ƒuƒu siawo katã dzi ne menye nenema o la, tɔmelã siawo siwo ŋu woke ɖo la manya wɔ o.

• Anyigba ƒe kpe gbadzɛ siwo wonya nyuie le Burgess, siwo ŋu woke ɖo le Rocky Towo dzi le ƒe 1909 me la, ƒe kpeƒekpeƒe akpe ewo siwo wokpɔ tso blema atsiaƒu gɔme, siwo ƒe kɔkɔme wu meta 2,000 tso atsiaƒu dzi egbea la le.

• Woate ŋu akpɔ koral kple tɔmelã ƒe kpememewo tso Australia ƒe dzieheɣetoɖoƒekpa dzi (axa 96 Maapallo ihmeiden planeetta) kple New Guinea.

• Woke ɖe tɔmelã siwo woyɔna be whale ƒe kukuawo ŋu tso Dziehe Amerika-nyigba gã dzi le adzɔge ʋĩ tso atsiaƒua gbɔ. Woke ɖe nusiawo ŋu le kpɔɖeŋu me le Ontario Ta, le Vermont, Quebec, kple St. Lawrence. Eyata atsiaƒu anya xɔ teƒe siawo ɣeaɖeɣi va yi.

• Teƒe kɔkɔ geɖe siwo le xexeame godoo – Himalaya-towo kple to kɔkɔ bubuwo – ɖea blema ƒuta kple ƒutsotsoewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dzesiwo fiana. Wokpɔ nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo siawo hã le New Guinea, Italy, Sicily, England, Ireland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Novaja-Semlja, Franz Joseph ƒe Anyigba, Greenland, le nuto gãwo me le Dziehe kple Anyiehe Amerika, Algeria, Spain ... xexlẽdzesiawo yi edzi yi edzi kple edzi. (Nyatakakaawo tso Maanpinnan muodot ja niiden synty , axa 99,100 / si Iivari Leiviskä ŋlɔ me koŋ).      

   Wokpɔ blema ƒutawo hã le Finland kple nuto siwo te ɖe eŋu me. Kpɔɖeŋu ɖekae nye Pyhätunturi, afisi kpe siwo dzi ƒutsotsoewo ƒe dzesiwo le. Woate ŋu akpɔ blema ƒutawo ƒe dzesiwo hã le togbɛ geɖewo ƒe togbɛwo dzi. Le Finland ƒe dzigbe gome la, teƒe mawo tɔgbee nye Korppoo, Jurmo, Kanissaaunissaari le Pyhtää kple Virttaankangas le Säkylä, kpakple le dziehe gome wu, le kpɔɖeŋu me Lauhanvuori, Rokua kple Aavasaksa. (Etso agbalẽ si nye Jokamiehen geologia , axa 96 / si Kalle Taipale, Jouko.T. Parviainen ŋlɔ me)

• Wokpɔ tsidzadza le Ararat towo dzi le afisi kɔkɔ meta 4,500 tso atsiaƒu dzi, eye dzoto siwo wó le tsi te me koe ate ŋu anye (Molen, M., Vårt ursprung?, 1991, axa 246)

• Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe dzesi ɖekae nye ƒumekpe siwo le ƒumelãwo me. Wobɔ sã wu kpe bubu ɖesiaɖe si wotsɔ ƒo ƒui. James Hutton, si wobu be eyae nye anyigbaŋutinunya fofo, ƒo nu tso ŋkuléleɖenuŋu sia ŋu xoxo ƒe alafa eve kple edzivɔe nye sia be:

Ele be míaƒo nya ta be ke kple kpe gbadzɛ siwo ƒo ƒu ɖe atsiaƒu gɔme, ƒumelãwo ƒe gowo kple koral-nuwo, anyigba kple anyie ye wɔ anyigba ƒe ƒuƒoƒoawo katã (...). (J. Hutton, Anyigba ƒe Nufiafia l, 26. 1785)

NUSIWO WOKPƆNA LE KƆKƆEWO ME KPLEE TSIɖɔɖɔa . Mehiã be míadi nyatakakawo tso Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu le dzɔdzɔmenuwo me ko o; míekpɔa eƒe kpeɖodzi le dukɔ vovovowo ƒe kɔnyinyiwo me. Wobu akɔnta be ŋutinya siawo dometɔ alafa atɔ̃ kloe ye dekɔnuwo gblɔ le xexeame godoo. Ŋutinya siawo dometɔ geɖe trɔ (le dzɔdzɔme nu) ne ɣeyiɣiawo va le yiyim, gake nu ɖeka le wo katã me be woyɔ tsi be eyae gblẽa nu. Ŋutinya siawo dometɔ geɖe ƒo nu tso ɣeyiɣi nyui siwo va yi hã ŋu, Amegbetɔ ƒe anyidzedze kple gbegbɔgblɔwo ƒe tɔtɔ si dzɔ le Babel (Babilon) – nudzɔdzɔ siwo katã Biblia hã ƒo nu tsoe.

   Wokpɔ ŋutinyaawo le dukɔ vovovo me tɔwo dome: Babilontɔwo, Australia dukɔmeviwo, Chinatɔwo ƒe Miaotɔwo, Afrika Efetɔwo, Hopi Indiatɔ siwo le Amerika le Dziehe Amerika Padago to me, kple dukɔ bubu geɖe. Alesi Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋuti nuŋlɔɖiwo le xexeame katãe ɖe alesi nudzɔdzɔ sia nye ŋutinya me tɔwoe fia: 

Ne ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔ si dzɔ le xexeame katã menye nu ŋutɔŋutɔ o la, anye ne dukɔ aɖewo aɖe eme be dzotowo ƒe wów dziŋɔ, sno ƒe ahom gãwo, kuɖiɖi (...) tsrɔ̃ wo tɔgbui vɔ̃ɖiwo. Eyata Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe ŋutinyaa ƒe xexeame katã tɔ nye eƒe nyateƒenyenye ƒe kpeɖodzi nyuitɔwo dometɔ ɖeka. Míate ŋu agbe gli siawo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe be enye xotutu ɖekaɖekawo eye míasusu be susu me koe wònye, gake ne wotsɔ wo katã ƒo ƒui, le xexeame katã ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, womate ŋu ake ɖi wo o kloe. (Anyigba) .

Eyome, nyati ma ke ŋu nya geɖe wu. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla siwo nɔ anyi va yi yɔ Tsiɖɔɖɔa be enye ŋutinya me nudzɔdzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ. Egbegbe ŋutinya gbugbɔgaŋlɔ di boŋ be yeatrɔ amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutinya si va yi to gbegbe tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe afɔku gã sia kple ƒe akpe alafa geɖe kple miliɔn geɖe tsɔtsɔ kpe ɖe ŋutinya ŋu si ŋu kpeɖodzi si ŋu kakaɖedzi le boo o.

• Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Josephus kple Babilontɔ Berosus ƒo nu tso Noa ƒe aɖakaʋua ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo ŋu

• Helatɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔla Herodotus ƒo nu tso Skitetɔwo ŋu le eƒe Ŋutinya ƒe akpa atɔ̃lia me. Eyɔ wo be wonye Yafet (Noa vi) ƒe dzidzimeviwo (1Mo 10:1,2: Azɔ esiawoe nye Noa, Sem, Ham kple Yafet viwo ƒe dzidzimewo: eye wodzi viwo na wo le tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe Yafet, Gomer, Magog, Madai, Yawan, Tubal, Mesex kple Tiras.

• Le Gilgamesh ƒe ŋutinya me la, wode se na Utnapisthim be wòatu meli: “Oo Shuruppak ŋutsu, Ubar-Tutu vi. Mumu wò aƒe eye nàtu meli, ɖe asi le kesinɔnuwo ŋu, di agbe le ku megbe, do vlo kesinɔnuwo, xɔ wò agbe. Tsɔ agbagbeawo katã ƒe nuku yi tɔdziʋu si nètu la me. Dzidze eƒe didimewo nyuie.”

• Le Asiriatɔwo ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ ŋuti nuŋlɔɖia me la, woƒo nu tso tɔdziʋua wɔwɔ ŋu:

Wɔ meli le esia nu -- - .

- - Matsrɔ̃ nuvɔ̃wɔla kple agbe.

- - Na agbe ƒe nuku nage ɖe eme, wo katã, .

yi melia titina, yi tɔdziʋu si nèwɔ gbɔ.

Eƒe didime nye abɔklugui alafa ade

eye eƒe kekeme kple kɔkɔme abɔklugui blaade.

- - Na wòayi goglo. – .

Mexɔ sededea eye megblɔ na Hea, nye Aƒetɔ be:

Ne mewu enu la

tɔdziʋuwɔwɔ si nègblɔ nam be mawɔ, .

eyata ɖeviwo kple tsitsiawo ɖua fewu le ŋunye. (5) .

• Aztektɔwo ƒo nu tso Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu be:

Esi xexeame nɔ anyi ƒe 1716 la, Tsiɖɔɖɔa va: “Ameƒomea katã bu, eye wonyrɔ, eye

wode dzesii be yewotrɔ zu tɔmelãwo. Nusianu bu le ŋkeke ɖeka dzi”. Nata kple srɔ̃a Nana koe woɖe, elabena Titlachauantɔwo ƒe mawu gblɔ na wo be woatsɔ sipresti awɔ tɔdziʋu. (6) .

• Woke ɖe anyikpe aɖe ŋu tso Babilon-du aɖe si nye Nippur me le ƒe 1890-awo me, eye kpe gbadzɛa do xoxo wu Gilgamesh ƒe Ŋutinya . Anyigbakpe gbadzɛa nɔ anyi tso ƒe 2100 D.M.Ŋ.

Ale si woɖee fia la sɔ kple esi le Mose I, ƒe Agbalẽa me ŋutɔ. Eƒo nu tso Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe vava ŋu eye wòɖo aɖaŋu be woatu nugo gã aɖe atsɔ akpɔ esiwo susɔ la ta. Asiria ŋuti nunyala bibi aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Herman Hilprecht ye ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ si le kpe gbadzɛa dzi gɔme. Womate ŋu akpɔ nya siwo le axadzinuŋɔŋlɔ me le nuŋlɔɖia me o, gake Hilprecht nɔ te ɖe nya siwo ƒo xlãe dzi tsɔ wo de eme:

(2) ... [dziƒo kple anyigba ƒe liƒowo meɖe] ɖa

(3) ... [Mahe tsiɖɔɖɔ vɛ, eye] atutu ameawo katã ɖa zi ɖeka;

(4) ... [gake di agbe hafi tsiɖɔɖɔa nava;

(5).......[Elabena ɖe nu gbagbewo katã dzi], amesiwo katã li la, mahe amemumu, tsɔtsrɔ̃, tsɔtsrɔ̃ vɛ

(6) ...Wɔ meli gã aɖe eye

(7) ...na kɔkɔme bliboa nanye eƒe wɔwɔme

(8) ...na wòanye aƒemetɔdziʋu si atsɔ agbetsilawo.

(9) ...kple nutsyɔnu sesẽ aɖe (eya).

(10) ... [Na meli] si nèwɔna

(11) ... [tsɔ anyigba dzi lãwo, dziƒoxewo, .

(12) ... [kple anyigba dzi nu gbagbe siwo le tsatsam, wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒe eve] ɖe ameha aɖe teƒe, .

(13) ...kple ƒome... (7) .

LƐTAŊKƆWO ƑE DZESIWO . Le Biblia ƒe nya nu la, esi Noa yi Aɖakaʋua me la, ame adre bubuwo koe nɔ eŋu; le wo katã me la, ame enyie nɔ Aɖaka la me (1 Mose 7:7 kple Petro I, 3:20).

   Gake ewɔ nuku be xexlẽdzesi enyi ma ke kple Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋuti nya si me kɔ la dze le ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo ƒe dzesiwo gɔ̃ hã me, vevietɔ le Chinatɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɖoɖoa me. Le Chinatɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɖoɖoa me la, tɔdziʋu ƒe dzesi enye tɔdziʋu si me ame enyi le, si ƒe xexlẽme sɔ kple esi le Noa ƒe Aɖakaʋua me! Xexlẽdzesi enyi hã le dzesi si wozãna na nya “tsiɖɔɖɔ” la ŋu! Mate ŋu anye nusi dzɔ le vome ko be xexlẽme ma ke, si nye enyi, do ƒome kple tɔdziʋua kple Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe dzesiwo o. Kadodo sia tso nyateƒe si wònye be xexeame katã ƒe Tsiɖɔɖɔ ma ke ƒe kɔnyinyi si wokpɔ ta na le Chinatɔwo hã si abe dukɔ bubuwo tɔ ene gbɔ godoo. Woxɔe se hã tso blema ke be Mawu ɖeka koe li, si le dziƒo.

Kpɔɖeŋu evelia. Chinatɔwo ƒe dzesi si le melia ŋue nye tɔdziʋu si me ame enyi le. Ame enyie? Ame enyi pɛpɛpɛ nɔ Noa ƒe Aɖaka la me.

   (...) Numekulawo katã ƒe nukpɔsusu mewɔ ɖeka le gɔmesese si tututu le dzesi ɖesiaɖe ŋu o. Aleke kee wòɖale o, Chinatɔwo ŋutɔ (abe Japantɔ geɖe ene, amesiwo – le nyateƒe me la – nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɖoɖo ɖeka le wo si) tsɔ ɖe le gɔmeɖeɖe siwo mawunyadɔgbedelawo tsɔ ɖo wo ŋkume la me. Togbɔ be nufiafiaawo mesɔ o hã la, nuƒoƒo tso wo ŋu dzro ko ate ŋu asu be wòaɖe gbɔgbɔmenyateƒea afia na dzimaxɔsetɔwo.

   Nye ŋutɔ mede dzesii be China kple Japan mawunyagblɔla geɖe susuna be dzesi vovovo siawo nye afɔtoƒe nyui aɖe si dzi woato age ɖe yewoƒe amewo ƒe tamebubu me. (Don Richardson, Mavɔmavɔ le woƒe Dziwo Me)

Nya dzɔdzɔe . Le Chinatɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɖoɖoa me la, dzesi tɔxɛ bubu aɖe hã li: nya “dzɔdzɔetɔ”. Akpa vovovo evee le ame dzɔdzɔe ƒe dzesi me: akpa si le etame gɔmee nye alẽvi eye le ete la, ame ŋutɔ ƒe ŋkɔteƒenɔnya I . Eya ta nukpɔsusu aɖe va li be amewo mate ŋu anye ame dzɔdzɔewo le wo ɖokui si o. Ne wole alẽvi la te ko hafi wonyea ame dzɔdzɔewo. Eyata, Chinatɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɖoɖoa fiaa gbedasi mawo ke abe Nubabla Yeyea ene. Ele be míanɔ Alẽvi si Mawu (Yesu Kristo) tsɔ na mí la te, ale be woawɔ mí ame dzɔdzɔewo. Woƒo nu tso esia ŋu le Biblia ƒe kpukpui siwo kplɔe ɖo me:

- (Yohanes 1:29) Le ŋufɔke la, Yohanes kpɔ Yesu wòva egbɔ, eye wògblɔ bena: Kpɔ ɖa, Mawu ƒe Alẽvi , si ɖea xexeame ƒe nuvɔ̃ ɖa.

- (1 Kor 1:30) Ke eya gbɔe mietso le Kristo Yesu me, amesi Mawu wɔ na mí nunya kple dzɔdzɔenyenye , kɔkɔenyenye kple ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ na mí

CARBON KPLEE AMI . Zi geɖe la, wofiaa mí be wowɔ carbon kple ami to blewu si bia ƒe miliɔn geɖe me. Amewo ƒoa nu tso carbon ƒe ɣeyiɣi aɖe ŋu, esime carbon agbɔsɔsɔme tɔxɛ aɖe adzɔ hafi. Gake aleke nyaa le? Ðe nu siawo do ƒe miliɔn alafa geɖe enye sia eye ɖe wòxɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe hafi wova dzɔa? Ne míelé ŋku ɖe eŋu le nyateƒenya siwo gbɔna nu la, woɖenɛ fiana boŋ be woɖo wo kabakaba eye ‘le ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi nyitsɔ laa me’ kura, ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo koe nye esia eye edze ƒã be le tsiɖɔɖɔ si ŋu woƒo nu tsoe le Biblia me la me.

Ƒe si carbon-siwo le kple amidowo xɔ. Nya gbãtɔe nye be kpeɖodzi siwo ɖee fia be ƒe si carbon kple amiwo xɔ la meƒo nu tso ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe ŋu o. Míeƒo nu tso esia ŋu xoxo do ŋgɔ eye nya eve siwo kplɔe ɖo ɖo kpe esia dzi:

• Amidowo ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu lolo ale gbegbe (ebɔ be ami ate ŋu atso do si woɖe le anyigba me ayi yame), ale gbegbe be womate ŋu axɔ wu ƒe 10,000 o. (Ta 12-13 le Do Ŋgɔ Na Ŋutinya kple anyigba ƒe kpɔɖeŋu siwo Melvin A. Cook, Max Parrish kple eƒe dɔwɔƒe, 1966 ŋlɔ). Ne amido siawo xɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe la, anye ne nyaƒoɖeamenua nu yi ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia.

• Wokpɔ amewo ƒe afɔtoƒewo le carbon ƒuƒoƒo siwo woɖɔ be "ƒe miliɔn 250–300 xɔ" le nuto geɖe me (Mexico, Arizona, Illinois, New Mexico, kple Kentucky, kple bubuawo). Woke ɖe nusiwo nye amegbetɔ tɔ kple amegbetɔ ƒe kpememewo (!) ŋu le ƒuƒoƒo siawo ke me. Esia fia be amegbetɔwo nɔ anyigba dzi ƒe miliɔn 300 enye sia, alo be le nyateƒe me la, ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo koe carbon-gbadzɛ mawo xɔ. (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt , Hänssler, 1980, ss. 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men – Nyateƒe alo Aʋatso? Dziɖuɖumegãwo ƒe Agbalẽwo, 1981; Barnes, F. A., Ƒu siwo le Kpe me ƒe Nya, Dzogbe/February, 1975, axa 10. 36-39) me. Anɔ eme wu be mɔnu mamlɛtɔa nye nyateƒe, elabena dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo gɔ̃ hã mexɔe se be amewo nɔ Anyigba dzi ƒe miliɔn 300 enye sia o:

"Ne amegbetɔ (...) le nɔnɔme ɖesiaɖe me nɔ anyi le Iron Carbon ƒe ɣeyiɣia me ke la, anyigbaŋutinunya bliboa mesɔ kura o ale gbegbe be ele be anyigbaŋutinunyalawo katã naɖe asi le woƒe dɔwo ŋu eye woazu agbatsɔʋukulawo. Eyata, le fifia ya teti me la, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya gbe mɔnu bubu si tea ame kpɔ be amegbetɔ nagblẽ afɔɖoƒe mawo ɖi la." ( The Carboniferous Mystery , Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe Ɣletigbalẽ, babla 162, Jan.1940, axa 14)

• Susu etɔ̃lia si ta mele be míabu dzotsinuwo kple ami siwo le anyigba dzi be woxɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe o enye radiocarbon si le wo me. Ne radiocarbon ƒe agbenɔƒe afã si dziɖuɖua da asi ɖo nye ƒe 5730 pɛ ko la, mele be eƒe ɖeke nagblẽ ɖe nudzraɖoƒe siwo xɔ ƒe miliɔn alo miliɔn alafa geɖe o. Gake le keke ƒe 1969 me ke la, agbalẽ si nye Radiocarbon ƒo nu tso alesi radiocarbon ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo na kpɔɖeŋu siwo woɖe tso dzotsinuwo, ami kple dzɔdzɔme gas me la xɔ ƒe si mede ƒe 50,000 o ŋu.

Alesi wowɔa nu kabakabae. Le ami kple carbon ƒe wɔwɔme gome la, mehiã be wòaxɔ ɣeyiɣi didi o. Wokpɔ kpeɖodzi ɖeka si ɖo kpe nufiafia sia dzi le nyateƒe si wònye be le Xexemeʋa II me la, wotsɔa dzokpe kple lignite wɔa ami le Germany, eye wòkpɔ dzidzedze. Mexɔ ƒe geɖe o, ke boŋ edzɔ le ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ko me. Wozã mɔ̃ɖaŋununya bubu nyitsɔ laa tsɔ wɔ ami ƒe agba ɖeka le miniti 20 me tso gbeɖuɖɔ tɔn ɖeka me (Machine design, 14 May 1970 ).

   Wote ŋu trɔ ati kple cellulose hã wozu nusiwo le abe carbon alo carbon ene le gaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me. Esia ɖee fia be ne nɔnɔmeawo sɔ la, ami kple carbon ate ŋu adzɔ kabakaba ŋutɔ. Mehiã ƒe miliɔn geɖe hafi woaɖo wo anyi o. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti nufiafiawo koe hiã ƒe miliɔn geɖe. Kpɔɖeŋu si gbɔna ɖo kpe edzi be woate ŋu awɔ mineral coal le ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe me, le kwasiɖa eve alo etɔ̃ pɛ ko me. Agbalẽa ŋlɔla ɖo kpe edzi be nudzɔdzɔ mawo ate ŋu adzɔ kaba hafi, le Tsiɖɔɖɔa gome.

Kpeɖodzi siwo ɖo kpe ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ dzi. Nya siwo gbɔna ɖo kpe nukpɔsusu si nye be wowɔ carbon kple ami kabakaba le Tsiɖɔɖɔa me dzi vevie, ke menye vivivi le ƒe miliɔn geɖe me o:

• Woate ŋu akpɔ atiwo ƒe ke siwo gena ɖe ƒuƒoƒo vovovowo me ƒe kpememewo le carbon ƒuƒoƒoawo titina. Tomenukuƒe aɖe si le France ƒe nɔnɔmetata xoxo aɖe ɖe alesi atikutsetse atɔ̃ gena ɖe eme abe ƒuƒoƒo ewo ene fia. Womate ŋu awɔ anyigba ƒe kpe siawo alo ado o ne ɖe wowɔ carbon ƒe ƒuƒoƒoawo le ƒe miliɔn geɖe me.

• Nu dodzidzɔname ɖeka si ŋu woke ɖo enye be le anyigba ƒe carbon-nudzraɖoƒe geɖe me la, wokpɔa ƒumelãwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo kple ƒumelãwo ƒe kpememe gbogbo aɖewo ("A note on the occurrence of marine animal remains in a Lancashire coal ball", Geological magazine, 118:307 , 1981 kple Weir, J. "Nusɔsrɔ̃ siwo wowɔ nyitsɔ laa le dzotsinuwo ƒe gogloƒe ƒe dzidzenuwo ŋu ", Science progress, 38:445, 1950).   Azɔ hã, wokpɔ numiemie siwo metsina le agado teƒewo gɔ̃ hã o le carbon ƒe ƒuƒoƒo siawo me. Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo siawo fia asi Tsiɖɔɖɔa kɔte, si atsɔ ƒumelãwo kple nugbagbe bubuwo ayi numiemie siwo wokpɔna le anyigba ƒuƒui dzi la dome hafi.

Prof. Price tsɔ nya siwo me dzokpe 50–100 le wo nɔewo tame ɖeka eye le wo dome la, ƒuƒoƒo siwo dome kpememe siwo tso atsiaƒu goglo me hã le la ɖo ŋkume. Ebu kpeɖodzi sia be esẽ eye wòka ɖe edzi ale gbegbe be medze agbagba kpɔ be yeaɖe nyateƒenya siawo me le Lyell ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ ŋuti nufiafia ta o. (Wiljam Aittala: Kaikkeuden sanoma , axa 198) Ƒe 198 ƒe ɣleti gbãtɔ me.

• Womele carbon kple ami wɔm le dzɔdzɔme nu egbea o. Esia tae woyɔa wo be dzɔdzɔmenu siwo womate ŋu awɔ yeyee o. Womele wo wɔm le dzɔdzɔme nu le dukɔ xɔdzowo gɔ̃ hã me o, togbɔ be ele be nɔnɔme siwo le dukɔ mawo me nasɔ hã. Kura o, ɖeko numiemie siwo le afima gblẽna kabakaba eye womewɔa ami alo carbon aɖeke o.

   Nu ɖeka kolia si ate ŋu adzɔ be woawɔ dzotsinuwoe nye dzɔdzɔmefɔku si atsyɔ numiemiewo ƒe gbeɖuɖɔwo dzi zi ɖeka le anyigba ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ te, si nana wònɔa nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ me eye wònɔa nɔnɔme si me ɔksidzin mele o me, afisi ɔksidzin mate ŋu agblẽe le o. Wobu nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ kple mɔnu si me oxygen mele o be ele vevie na dzotsinuwo wɔwɔ. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, dɔlékuiwo mate ŋu agblẽ numiemie ƒe gbeɖuɖɔwo le nɔnɔme si me oxygen mele o me o. Tsiɖɔɖɔa, si ƒo anyikpe gbogbo aɖewo nu ƒu heɖi ɖe wo nɔewo dzi la, ate ŋu aɖe nudzɔdzɔ sia tɔgbe me nyuie wu. Nya si gbɔna tso agbalẽ si nye "Muttuva maa" (axa 114) si Finlandtɔ anyigbaŋutinunyala Pentti Eskola ŋlɔ me, ƒo nu tso nu ma ke ŋu. Eɖee fia be, le dzotsitsi ƒe ʋuƒoawo gome la, anyikpe siwo wotsɔ tsi ƒo ƒu ɖe hatsotsowo me la li. Nyayɔyɔa ƒo nu tso Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu kɔte be edzɔ ƒe akpe eve alo etɔ̃ koe nye esia:

“Anyikpe siwo wotsɔ ƒo ƒu ɖe dzokpeawo te kple wo tame, abe alesi wogblɔe ene la, anyikpe siwo wotsɔ ƒoa ƒu edziedzi, eye le woƒe wɔwɔme me la, míate ŋu akpɔe be tsie wotsɔ ƒo wo ɖe hatsotsowo me.”

Zi geɖe la, amewo xɔe se be dinosaurwo ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ dzɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe enye sia le Cretaceous ɣeyiɣia ƒe akpa mamlɛa me, eye wotsrɔ̃ ammonites, belemnites, kple numiemie kple lã ƒomevi bubu geɖewo hã. Woxɔe se be nugbegblẽ sia kplɔ lã gbogbo aɖewo siwo nɔ anyi le Cretaceous ɣeyiɣia me la dzoe.

   Ðe dzixɔse ma nye nyateƒea? Ðe wotsrɔ̃ dinosaur-wo le ɣeyiɣi si woyɔna be Cretaceous ƒe miliɔn geɖe enye sia me nyateƒea, alo ɖe wotsrɔ̃ wo le Tsiɖɔɖɔa mea? Le nya siwo gbɔna me la, míadzro nya sia me esime míele nufiafia siwo bɔ wu siwo wodo ɖa la me dzrom:

Ðe dɔvɔ̃ aɖe, dɔlékui aɖe, alo azidalawoe tsrɔ̃ dinosaurwoa ? Ame aɖewo gblɔna be dɔvɔ̃ alo dɔlékui aɖee tsrɔ̃ dinosaurwo. Ame bubuwo gblɔ be kasia lã bubuwo te dinosaur ƒe azi ɖuɖu.  

   Ke hã, kuxi gã aɖe le nufiafia eveawo siaa ŋu: wo dometɔ aɖeke meɖe alesi numiemie kple lã bubuwo -- plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, numiemiewo, gbeɖulawo ammonites, kple belemnites -- ate ŋu aku le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me hafi la me o. (Amonites kple belemnites nye ƒumelã siwo ƒe kpememewo wokpɔ le Alps kple Himalaya-towo ƒe togbɛwo dzi, kpakple teƒe bubuwo.) Nukatae lã ƒomevi bubu siawo ku le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me? Dɔlékuiwo mate ŋu anye amewula o godoo; aleke dɔlékuiwo ate ŋu atsrɔ̃ lã ƒomevi vovovowo kura, ƒumelãwo kple anyigbadzilãwo, numiemiewo gɔ̃ hã? Womenya dɔlékui mawo tɔgbe o.

   Le aziɖulawo gome la, woawo hã mate ŋu aɖe numiemie ƒomevi vovovo geɖe tsɔtsrɔ̃ le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me me o, numiemiewo ɖeɖe ɖa. Womete ŋu tsrɔ̃ lã ƒomevi vovovowo le mɔ gã aɖe nu eye woatsrɔ̃ wo le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me o. Ele be numeɖeɖe si nyo wu nanɔ esia ŋu.

Ðe yamenutomeyigba aɖee na wogblẽ nua? Ame aɖewo gblɔna be yamenutomeyimɔ̃ aɖe fɔ ke ƒe alilikpo gã aɖe ɖe dzi, eye be ke ƒe alilikpo sia xe mɔ na Ɣea ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe ale gbegbe be numiemieawo katã ku eye dɔ wu gbeɖulawo.

Edze ƒã be ne nusiwo wotsɔ ƒu gbe ƒe wɔwɔme dzɔ blewu alea la, womawɔ kpememe aɖeke o, elabena womaɖi wo ɖe tsikpeawo me o, gake do ŋgɔ nɛ la, woagblẽ le tsia ƒe aɖiwo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi te, alo woatsrɔ̃ eye woagbã wo kakɛkakɛe esime wonɔ tutum henɔ ƒoƒom ɖe atsiaƒu siwo me goglo o la gɔme. Ne afɔku aɖe dzɔ, afisi woɖia wo ɖo zi ɖeka koe tsikpewo ate ŋu atsyɔ wo dzi. ( Geochronology alo Anyigba ƒe Ɣeyiɣi si wotu ɖe Sediments and Life dzi , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, axa 14)

Nyataƒoƒoae nye be anɔ eme be woɖi dinosaur siawo siwo le xexeame godoo la kaba ŋutɔ ɖe anyikpe kple ʋuʋudediwo te. Anyigba falɛfalɛwo va ƒo xlã wo le gɔmedzedzea me, eye emegbe wòsesẽ sesĩe abe siminti ene. Mɔ sia dzi koe woate ŋu aɖe dinosaur, mammoth kple lã bubuwo ƒe kpememewo ƒe gɔmedzedze me. Le Tsiɖɔɖɔa me la, nu ma tɔgbe ate ŋu adzɔ godoo. Míeléa ŋku ɖe alesi woɖɔe ŋu, si na míekpɔa nya la nyuie. Eɖe alesi woke ɖe dinosaurwo ŋu le kpe sesẽwo me fia, si fia be anyi falɛfalɛwo anya xɔ wo. Emegbe anyigbaʋuʋua sesẽ ƒo xlã wo. Tsiɖɔɖɔa me koe míate ŋu akpɔ mɔ be nane ma tɔgbe adzɔ le, gake menye le dzɔdzɔme ƒe tsatsam si sɔ me o (woƒo nu tso alesi tsi ƒe ʋuʋudedi ate ŋu aƒo dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo nu ƒu hã ŋu le nuŋɔŋlɔa me).

Eyi South Dakota ƒe dzogbewo dzi, afisi kpegliwo kple kpe gbadzɛ siwo ƒe amadede nye dzĩ, ɣi kple aŋutiɖiɖi le. Le ŋkeke ʋɛ aɖewo ko me la, eke ɖe ƒu aɖewo ŋu le kpe gbadzɛa me , eye wòbu akɔnta be wonye esiwo ƒomevi wòɖo be yeadi. Esi wòku kpe ƒo xlã ƒuawo , ekpɔe be ƒuawo le ɖoɖo si nu lãa ƒe wɔwɔme le nu. Womenɔ ƒuƒoƒo me abe alesi dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo nɔa zi geɖe ene o. Kuku mawo dometɔ geɖe nɔ abe ɖe tsi ƒe ʋuʋu sesẽ aɖee wɔe ene.

   Fifia ƒu siawo nɔ kpe blɔ si sesẽ ŋutɔ la me . Ele be woatsɔ grader aɖe sandstone la ɖa eye woaɖee ɖa to blast me. Brown kple eƒe kpeɖeŋutɔwo wɔ do aɖe si goglo meta adre kple afã kloe be ƒuawo nado go. Ƒumelã gã ɖeka ɖeɖe ɖa xɔ dzomeŋɔli eve. Womeɖe ƒuawo ɖa le kpea ŋu kura o. Wotsɔ keteke tsɔ kpe gbadzɛawo yi blemanudzraɖoƒea, afisi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo te ŋu vuvu kpeawo le heɖo ƒunukpeƒea. Akpɔkplɔ ŋutasẽla sia le tsitre ɖe blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ɖeɖefiaxɔ me fifia. (axa 72, Dinosaurwo / Ruth Wheeler kple Harold G. Coffin)