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Ɣekaɣie dinosaur-awo nɔ agbe?
Srɔ̃ nu tso nusita dinosaurwo nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi nyitsɔ laa me, le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me kple amegbetɔwo. Ele bɔbɔe be woake ɖi ƒe miliɔn geɖe le kpeɖodziawo ta
Dzixɔse si bɔ enye be dinosaurwo ɖu Anyigba dzi ƒe miliɔn 100 kple edzivɔ vaseɖe esime wotsrɔ̃ ƒe miliɔn 65 enye sia. Wote gbe ɖe nya sia dzi ɣesiaɣi to nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti agbalẽwo kple ɖoɖowɔɖiwo dzi, eyata dinosaur siwo nɔ anyigba dzi ƒe miliɔn geɖe enye sia ƒe susua nɔ ame akpa gãtɔ ƒe susu me vevie. Womebunɛ be anya wɔ be esiawo lolo o (Alolome sɔ gbɔ wu. Egbegbe tɔmelã blɔwo ƒe kpekpeme anɔ abe dinosaur gãtɔwo tɔ ƒe teƒe eve ene) .lãwo nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi nyitsɔ laa ŋutɔ me eye le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me kple amegbetɔwo. Le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia nu la, wosusui be dinosaurwo nɔ agbe le Jurassic kple Cretaceous ɣeyiɣiwo me, lã siwo nɔ anyi le Cambrian ɣeyiɣia me do ŋgɔ gɔ̃ hã, eye lã siwo naa no wo viwo la do le Anyigba dzi zi mamlɛtɔ. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu si nye be ƒuƒoƒo siawo dzena le ɣletinyigba sia dzi le ɣeyiɣi vovovowo me la nu sẽ le amewo ƒe susu me ale gbegbe be woxɔe se be etsia tre ɖi na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya eye wònye nyateƒe, togbɔ be anya wɔ be woakpɔ nyateƒenya geɖe siwo tsi tre ɖe nukpɔsusu sia ŋu hã. Eyome, míadzro nyati sia me tsitotsito. Kpeɖodzi geɖe ɖee fia be mexɔ ɣeyiɣi didi boo tso esime dinosaurwo do le anyigba dzi o. Míeléa ŋku ɖe kpeɖodzi siawo ŋu emegbe.
Dinosaur ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo le ŋku lém ɖe eŋu . Kpeɖodzi si ɖee fia be dinosaurwo nɔ anyigba dzi kpɔe nye woƒe kpememewo. Woate ŋu anɔ te ɖe wo dzi anya dinosaur-awo ƒe lolome kple woƒe dzedzeme teti eye be lã ŋutɔŋutɔwoe wonye. Susu aɖeke meli si ta míake ɖi woƒe ŋutinya me nyenye o. Gake ɣeyiɣi si me dinosaur-awo dzɔ ya nye nya bubu. Togbɔ be le anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata si wowɔ le ƒe alafa 19 lia me nu la, dinosaurwo tsrɔ̃ ƒe miliɔn 65 enye sia hã la, womate ŋu anɔ te ɖe anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata ŋutɔŋutɔwo dzi aƒo nya ta nenema o. Womeŋlɔ ŋkɔ ɖe kpememewo dzi ku ɖe woƒe ƒexɔxɔ kple ɣeyiɣi si wotsrɔ̃ ŋu o. Ke boŋ nɔnɔme nyui si me kpememeawo le la ɖee fia be ƒe akpe geɖe ƒe nyae, ke menye ƒe miliɔn geɖe o. Susu siwo gbɔna tae:
Menye ɣesiaɣie ƒuwo zua kpe o . Woke ɖe kpe siwo wotsɔ kpe wɔe ŋu tso dinosaurwo me, gake wokpɔ ƒu siwo me kpe mele o hã. Ame geɖe susui be dinosaur ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo katã nye kpe eye le esia ta wonye blematɔwo. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, wosusu be kpewɔwɔ xɔa ƒe miliɔn geɖe. Gake kpewɔwɔ ate ŋu anye nusi yia edzi kabakaba. Le nudokpɔƒe ƒe nɔnɔmewo me la, woate ŋu awɔ ati siwo wotsɔ kpe wɔe le ŋkeke ʋɛ aɖewo ko me. Le nɔnɔme siwo sɔ me, abe le tsidzɔƒe dzodzoe siwo me mineral sɔ gbɔ ɖo ene la, ƒuwo hã ate ŋu azu kpe le kwasiɖa eve alo etɔ̃ me. Dɔwɔwɔ siawo mebia ƒe miliɔn geɖe o. Eyata woke ɖe dinosaur ƒe ƒu siwo ŋu kpe mele o ŋu. Ðewohĩ woƒe ƒu gbãtɔ ƒe akpa gãtɔ asusɔ na dinosaur aɖewo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo eye woƒe ʋeʋẽ ate ŋu agblẽ. Blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala aɖe si xɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia dzi se gblɔ tso teƒe gã aɖe si ŋu woke ɖo le dinosaur ƒe kpememewo ŋu be “ƒu siwo katã le Hell Creek la ʋẽna lilili.” Aleke ƒuwo ate ŋu aʋẽ le ƒe miliɔn ewo megbe? Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe agbalẽ gblɔ alesi C. Barreto kple eƒe dɔwɔha srɔ̃ nu tso dinosaur viwo ƒe ƒuwo ŋu (Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya, 262:2020-2023), siwo mevɔ̃ɖi o. Calcium kple phosphorus ƒe xexlẽme sɔ kple ƒu siwo wobu be woxɔ ƒe miliɔn 72-84 la sɔ kple egbegbe ƒuwo tɔ. Agbalẽ gbãtɔa ɖe ƒuawo ŋuti nusuekpɔmɔ̃ siwo wodzra ɖo nyuie la fia. Ƒu ʋɛ aɖewo koe wokpɔ le dziehenutowo abe Alberta kple Alaska le Canada ene hã me. The Journal of Paleontology (ƒe 1987, Babla 61, No 1, axa 198-200) ka nya ta tso nu mawo dometɔ ɖeka si ŋu woke ɖo ŋu be:
Wokpɔ kpɔɖeŋu si wɔ dɔ ɖe ame dzi wu le Alaska ƒe dzieheƒuta, afisi ƒu akpe geɖe meto keŋkeŋ kloe o. Ƒuawo dzena eye wosena le wo ɖokui me abe nyitsu xoxowo ene. Ame siwo ŋu woke ɖo la megblɔ nusi ŋu woke ɖo o ƒe blaeve sɔŋ elabena wosusu be bison-, eye menye dinosaur ƒe ƒuwoe wonye o.
Nyabiase nyui aɖee nye be aleke woawɔ akpɔ ƒuawo ta ƒe miliɔn ewo hafi? Le dinosaurwo ƒe ɣeyiɣia me la, yame xɔa dzo, eyata nugbagbevi suesuewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ agblẽ ƒuawo dome godoo. Nyateƒe si wònye be ƒuawo me mekɔna o, wodzra wo ɖo nyuie eye woƒe dzedzeme ɖi ƒu yeyewo la ɖee fia be ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe koe nɔa wo ŋu tsɔ wu be woanɔ didiƒe.
Lãmetsi falɛfalɛwo . Abe alesi míegblɔe ene la, dzesi aɖeke mele kpeƒekpeƒewo ŋu le woƒe ƒexɔxɔ ŋu o. Ame aɖeke mate ŋu agblɔe kple kakaɖedzi be afisi nugbagbevi siwo ŋu woke ɖo abe kpememewo ene la nɔ agbe le Anyigba dzi o. Womate ŋu aƒo nya ta tso esia ŋu tẽ tso anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo me o. Gake ne míeƒo nu tso dinosaur ƒe kpememe siwo ŋu woke ɖo ŋu la, enye ŋkuléleɖenuŋu ɖedzesi aɖe be wokpɔ kpememeawo dometɔ geɖe ta nyuie. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Yle uutiset ka nya ta le December 5, 2007 dzi be: "Wokpɔ dinosaur ƒe lãmekawo kple ŋutigbalẽ le USA." Menye nyadzɔdzɔ sia koe nye esia ƒomevi o, gake nyadzɔdzɔ kple ŋkuléleɖenuŋu mawo tɔgbe sɔ gbɔ. Le numekuku ƒe nyatakaka aɖe nu la, woɖe lãkusi falɛfalɛwo ɖe vovo tso dinosaur ƒe ƒu evelia ɖesiaɖe kloe me tso Jurassic ɣeyiɣia me (ƒe 145.5 – 199.6 miliɔn le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ me) (1). Dinosaur ƒe kpeƒekpeƒe siwo wodzra ɖo nyuie nye aɖaŋunu gã aɖe vavã nenye be wotso ƒe miliɔn 65 kple edzivɔ siwo va yi me. Kpɔɖeŋu nyui aɖee nye dinosaur ƒe kpeƒekpeƒe si de blibo kloe si wokpɔ le Pietraroia limestone-kpe siwo le Anyiehe Italy, si le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia nu la, wobu be exɔ ƒe miliɔn 110, gake eƒe aklã, dɔgbo, lãmeka kple ƒunukpeƒeŋusẽ ƒe lãkusiwo gakpɔtɔ li. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, nu wɔnuku aɖe si ŋu woke ɖo tsitotsitoe nye dɔgbo si wodzra ɖo, afisi woate ŋu akpɔ lãmekawo ƒe lãkusiwo le kokoko. Le numekulaawo ƒe nya nu la, dɔgboa dze abe ɖe wotsoe yeyee ene! ( TREE, August 1998, Babla 13, No. 8, axa 303-304) Kpɔɖeŋu bubue nye pterosaur (wonye ʋetsuvi gã siwo dzona) ƒe kpememe siwo wokpɔ le Araripe, Brazil, siwo wokpɔ ta na nyuie ale gbegbe. London Yunivɛsiti ƒe blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala Stafford House gblɔ tso kpememe siawo siwo ŋu woke ɖo ŋu (Discover 2/1994):
Ne ɖe nuwɔwɔ ma ku ɣleti ade enye sia, woɖii hekui la, anye ne edze abe alea tututu ene. Ede blibo bliboe le go sia go me.
Eyata wotsɔ dinosaurwo wɔ lãkusi falɛfalɛ siwo wokpɔ ta na nyuie. Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo la sɔ kple esiwo wotsɔ lã gã siwo wosusu be woku ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo koe nye esia la ŋutɔ. Nyabiase nyui aɖee nye be, aleke woate ŋu aɖe dinosaur ƒe kpememewo gɔme be wodo xoxo wu mammoth ƒe kpememewo zi gbɔ zi geɖe, ne wokpɔ wo ame evea siaa ta nyuie sɔsɔe? Nu bubu aɖeke meli si dzi woanɔ te ɖo awɔ esia wu anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata si wokpɔ be etsi tre ɖe nusiwo woate ŋu akpɔ le dzɔdzɔme nu zi geɖe ŋu o. Ɣeyiɣia de be míaɖe asi le ɣeyiɣi ƒe ɖoɖowɔɖi sia ŋu. Ate ŋu adzɔ ŋutɔ be dinosaur kple mammoth nɔ anyigba dzi le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me.
Wokpɔ proteinwo abe albumin, collagen kple osteocalcin le dinosaur ƒe nugbagbevi susɔewo me. Wokpɔ protein siwo te ŋu gblẽna ŋutɔ hã elastin kple laminin [Schweitzer, M. kple ame 6 bubuwo, Biomolecular characterization kple protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324 (5927): 626-631, 2009]. Nusi na nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo siawo nye kuxie nye be menye ɣesiaɣie wokpɔa nu siawo le lãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo gɔ̃ hã me le egbeŋkekeawo me o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le ƒu gã aɖe si wokpɔ le ƒu gã aɖe me, si wobu be exɔ ƒe 13,000 me la, kolagen la katã bu xoxo (Science, 1978, 200, 1275) .. Gake woɖe kolagen ɖe vovo tso dinosaur ƒe kpememewo me. Magazine si nye Biochemist si nye dɔnyala bibiwo gblɔ be womate ŋu alé kolagen ɖe te ƒe miliɔn etɔ̃ gɔ̃ hã le dzoxɔxɔ si sɔ si nye Celsius degree zero me o (2) . Nyateƒe si wònye be nu mawo tɔgbe dzɔna enuenu la ɖee fia be ne mede ɖeke o la, ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo koe dinosaur ƒe kpememewo xɔ. Ƒe si woxɔ si wotu ɖe anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata dzi mewɔ ɖeka kple nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo fifia o.
Le go bubu me la, wonya be womate ŋu adzra biomolecules ɖo wu ƒe 100,000 o (Bada, J et al. 1999. Proservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: current knowledge and future challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Nu gbagbewo ŋuti dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya. 354, [1379 ]). Esiae nye numekuku si do tso dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya si wozãna le nuteƒekpɔkpɔ me me. Zi geɖe la, woate ŋu aɖe collagen, si nye lãwo ƒe lãkusi ƒe biomolecule, si nye protein si bɔ ɖe xɔtuɖaŋu me, ɖe vovo tso kpememewo me. Wonya tso protein si ŋu nya ku ɖo ŋu be egbãna kabakaba le ƒuwo me, eye eƒe akpa aɖewo koe woate ŋu akpɔ le ƒe 30,000 megbe, negbe le nɔnɔme tɔxɛ siwo me tsi mele o ŋutɔ me ko. Tsi adza vie le Hell Creek nutoa me ɣeaɖewoɣi godoo. Eyata mele be woakpɔ kolagen le ƒu si xɔ ƒe "68 miliɔn" si woɖi ɖe anyigba me o. (3) .
Ne nusiwo wokpɔ tso protein siwo woɖe ɖe vovo tso dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo me, abe albumin, collagen kple osteocalcin, kpakple DNA, kpakple DNA ŋu sɔ, eye susu aɖeke mele mía si si ta míake ɖi numekulaawo ƒe beléle, le numekuku siawo nu o la, ele be woagbugbɔ ɣeyiɣi si me ƒuawo le mexɔ wu ƒe 40,000-50,000 o, elabena womate ŋu agbɔ ɣeyiɣi si woate ŋu akpɔ nusiwo ŋu nya ku ɖo le dzɔdzɔme nu ta o. (4) .
Ʋumenugbagbeviɣiwo . Nu ɖedzesi ɖekae nye ʋumenugbagbevi siwo ŋu woke ɖo le dinosaur ƒe nugbagbevi susɔeawo me. Woke ɖe ʋumenugbagbevi siwo me nukliaŋusẽ le ŋu eye wokpɔe be hemoglobin gakpɔtɔ le wo me hã. Ʋumenugbagbeviɣidɔ ɖedzesi siwo ŋu woke ɖo dometɔ ɖeka nye esi Mary Schweitzer wɔ xoxo le ƒe 1990-awo me. Wogake ɖe nu bubu mawo tɔgbe ŋu tso ɣemaɣi. Nyabiase nyui aɖee nye alesi woate ŋu akpɔ ʋumenugbagbeviɣiwo ta ƒe miliɔn ewo loo alo le anyigbaŋutinunya gome la, wodzɔ nyitsɔ laa ŋutɔa? Nu gbogbo aɖewo siwo ŋu woke ɖo le esia ƒomevi ŋu na ɖikeke le anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata kple eƒe ƒe miliɔn geɖe ŋu. Wonɔ te ɖe nɔnɔme nyui si me kpememeawo le dzi gblɔ be susu aɖeke meli si ta míaxɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe dzi ase o.
Esi Mary Schweitzer xɔ ƒe atɔ̃ la, eɖe gbeƒãe be yeava zu dinosaur ŋuti numekula. Eƒe drɔ̃ea va eme, eye esi wòxɔ ƒe 38 la, ete ŋu srɔ̃ nu tso Tyrannosaurus Rex ƒe ƒunukpeƒe si wokpɔ ta na wòde blibo kloe, si ŋu woke ɖo le Montana le ƒe 1998 me ŋu (Journal of American Medical Association, 17 Nov. 1993, Babla 270, No 19 , axa 2376-2377). Wobu akɔnta be ƒe si ƒunukpeƒea xɔ be enye "ƒe miliɔn 80." Wokpɔ ƒuawo ƒe 90% sɔŋ, eye wogakpɔtɔ nɔ anyi. Schweitzer bi ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ŋuti numekuku me eye wòyɔa eɖokui be molecule blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala. Etia ata kple afɔkpodziƒu siwo ŋu woke ɖo eye wòɖoe be yeado ƒumeŋuɖui la akpɔ. Schweitzer de dzesii be womewɔ ƒumeŋuɖui la ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo o eye be wodzrae ɖo nyuie ale gbegbe be womate ŋu axɔe ase o. Ƒua nye nu gbagbewo keŋkeŋ eye wodzrae ɖo nyuie ŋutɔ. Schweitzer tsɔ nusuekpɔmɔ̃ srɔ̃ nu tso eŋu eye wòde dzesi xɔtunu siwo doa dzidzɔ na ame. Wole sue eye wole goglo eye nucleus le wo ŋu abe ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩ siwo le ʋuka me ene. Gake ɖe wòle be ʋumenugbagbeviawo nabu le dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo me ƒe geɖe enye sia hafi.Schweitzer gblɔ be: “Nye ŋutigbalẽ xɔ goosebumps, abe ɖe mele egbegbe ƒu kakɛ aɖe kpɔm ene.” "Nyateƒee, nyemexɔ nusi kpɔm menɔ dzi se o eye megblɔ na dodokpɔxɔa ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔla be: 'Ƒe siawo xɔ ƒe miliɔn 65, aleke ʋumenugbagbeviawo ate ŋu anɔ agbe ɣeyiɣi didi nenema?'" (Science, July 1993, Babla 261, 261, 100) . axa 160–163). Nusi ɖe dzesi le nusi ŋu woke ɖo sia ŋue nye be menye ƒuawo katãe wotsɔ ƒu kplakplakpla keŋkeŋ o. Gayle Callis, si nye ƒuwo ŋuti numekula bibi aɖe tsɔ ƒuawo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo fia le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe kpekpe aɖe si me dɔléleŋutinunyala aɖe kpɔ wo le vo me. Dɔléleŋutinunyala la de dzesii be, "Ènya be ʋumenugbagbeviwo le ƒu sia mea?" Esia na wowɔ nudzɔdzɔ dodzidzɔname ɖedzesi aɖe. Mary Schweitzer tsɔ kpɔɖeŋua fia Jack Horner, si nye dinosaur ŋuti numekula xɔŋkɔ aɖe, ."Ekema èsusu be ʋumenugbagbeviwo le emea?" , si ŋu Schweitzer ɖo eŋu be, "Ao, nyemewɔe o." "Enyo ekema, dze agbagba ko nàɖo kpe edzi be menye ʋumenugbagbeviwoe wonye o," Horner ɖo eŋu (EARTH, 1997, June: 55–57, Schweitzer et al., The Real Jurassic Park). Jack Horner tsɔe be ƒuawo le kpekpem ale gbegbe be tsi kple oxygen mete ŋu kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe wo dzi o. (5) .
Radiocarbon si woyɔna be radiocarbon . Mɔnu vevitɔ kekeake si wozãna tsɔ dzidzea ƒe si nu gbagbewo xɔe nye radiocarbon mɔnu. Le mɔnu sia me la, radiocarbon (C-14) ƒe afã ƒe agbenɔƒe si dziɖuɖua da asi ɖoe nye ƒe 5730, eyata mele be ɖeke nasusɔ le abe ƒe 100,000 ene megbe o. Gake nyateƒeae nye be wokpɔ radiocarbon enuenu le "ƒe miliɔn alafa geɖe" ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo, amidowo, Cambrian nugbagbewo, dzotsinuwo, diamond gɔ̃ hã me. Ne radiocarbon ƒe afã ƒe agbenɔƒe si dziɖuɖua da asi ɖo nye ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo ko la, mele be esia nate ŋu adzɔ ne ƒe miliɔn geɖe siwo va yi ƒe kpɔɖeŋuawo tso o. Nusi ko ate ŋu adzɔe nye be nugbagbewo ƒe kuɣia gogo fifia wu, si fia be edidi wu ƒe akpe geɖe, ke menye ƒe miliɔn geɖe o. Kuxi ma ke le dinosaurwo hã gome. Le goawo katã me la, womegblɔ ɣeyiɣi si wotsɔ radiocarbon wɔ dinosaurwo gɔ̃ hã o, elabena wobu dinosaur ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo be wodo xoxo akpa be woate ŋu anya ɣeyiɣi si wotsɔ radiocarbon wɔe. Gake wodzidze nu ʋɛ aɖewo eye nusi wɔ nuku enye be radiocarbon la gakpɔtɔ li. Esia, abe alesi míede dzesii va yi ene, ɖee fia be mate ŋu anye ƒe miliɔn geɖe tso esime nuwɔwɔ siawo tsrɔ̃ o. Nya si gbɔna la gblɔ nu geɖe tso kuxia ŋu. Germanytɔwo ƒe numekulawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe ka nya ta tso radiocarbon ƒe susɔe siwo le dinosaur ƒe nugbagbevi siwo wokpɔ le teƒe vovovo geɖe ŋu:
Zi geɖe la, womeŋlɔa ɣeyiɣi si wotsɔ carbon-14 ɖi na kpememe siwo wosusu be wodo xoxo ŋutɔ o elabena mele be radiocarbon aɖeke nasusɔ wo o. Carbon si me keklẽŋusẽ le ƒe afã ƒe agbenɔƒe le kpuie ale gbegbe be wo katã kloe gblẽ le ƒe siwo mede 100,000 o me. Le August 2012 me la, Germanytɔ numekulawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe ka nya ta le anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe kpekpe aɖe me tso carbon-14 dzidzedze siwo wowɔ le dinosaur ƒe ƒu geɖe siwo woɖe tso tomemi me ŋu. Le emetsonuwo nu la, ƒu siwo woɖe tso eme la xɔ ƒe 22,000-39,000! Ne mede ɖeke o la, le nyati sia ŋɔŋlɔɣi la, nuƒoa le YouTube dzi. (6) . Aleke wokpɔ emetsonuae? Zimenɔla eve siwo mete ŋu xɔ dzidzenuawo o la tutu nuƒoa ƒe kpukpui la ɖa le takpekpea ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒea evɔ womegblɔe na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo o. Nusiwo do tso eme la le http://newgeology.us/presentation48.html. Nya la ɖe alesi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe kpɔɖeŋua kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe edzii fia. Manya wɔ kloe be woakpɔ emetsonu siwo tsi tre ɖe eŋu siwo wota ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ƒe habɔbɔ si me dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya xɔ aƒe ɖo me o. Anɔ eme wu be waintsetse ƒuƒuawo dzona. (7) .
DNA . Nu ɖeka si ɖee fia be dinosaur ƒe kukuawo mate ŋu atso ƒe miliɔn geɖe siwo va yi me o enye DNA si ŋu woke ɖo le wo me. Woɖe DNA ɖe vovo tso le kpɔɖeŋu me About Tyrannosaurus Rex ƒu ƒe nu (Helsingin Sanomat 26.9.1994) kple dinosaur ƒe aziwo le China (Helsingin Sanomat 17.3.1995). Nusi nana be DNA si ŋu woke ɖo sesẽna na nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafiae nye be womate ŋu akpɔ DNA ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo tso amegbetɔ ƒe ame kuku xoxowo alo lã gã siwo ŋu wosrɔ̃ nu tsoe gɔ̃ hã me ɣesiaɣi o elabena nu sia gblẽ. Kpɔɖeŋu nyui aɖee nye esime Svante Pääbo srɔ̃ nu tso amegbetɔ kuku 23 ƒe lãmenugbagbevi siwo woɖe le Berlin blemanudzraɖoƒe le Uppsala ŋu. Ete ŋu ɖe DNA ɖe vovo tso ame kuku ɖeka ko me, si ɖee fia be nu sia mate ŋu anɔ anyi eteƒe nadidi boo o (Nature 314: 644-645). Nyateƒe si wònye be DNA gakpɔtɔ le dinosaurwo me ɖee fia be womate ŋu anye ƒe miliɔn geɖe siwo va yi ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo o. Nusi gasesẽna wu enye be le ƒe 10,000 megbe la, mele be DNA aɖeke nasusɔ kura o (Nature, 1 Aug, 1991, vol 352). Nenema ke le numekuku aɖe si wowɔ nyitsɔ laa le ƒe 2012 me la, wobu akɔnta be ƒe 521 koe DNA ƒe agbenɔƒe afã nye. Esia ɖee fia be woate ŋu agbe ƒe miliɔn ewo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo ƒe nukpɔsusua. Le nyadzɔdzɔ siwo do ƒome kplii me (yle.fi > Uutiset > Tiede, 13.10.2012) la, wogblɔ be:
Woke ɖe DNA takpɔkpɔ ƒe seɖoƒe mamlɛtɔ ŋu - drɔ̃e siwo ku ɖe dinosaurwo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo wɔwɔ ŋu wu enu
Dinosaurwo tsrɔ̃ ƒe miliɔn 65 enye sia. DNA menɔa agbe didi nenema kloe o, le nɔnɔme nyuitɔwo gɔ̃ hã me, le numekuku aɖe si wowɔ nyitsɔ laa nu... Enzyme kple nugbagbevi suesuewo dzea lãmenugbagbeviawo ƒe DNA gbagbã gɔme le lã aɖe ƒe ku megbe teti. Gake wosusu be nusi koŋ gbɔ esia tsoe nye alesi tsi wɔa nui. Esi wònye be anyigba te tsiwo le afisiafi kloe ta la, le susu nu la, ele be DNA nagblẽ le agbɔsɔsɔ si mewɔa tɔtrɔ o me. Gake be míanya esia la, do ŋgɔ na ŋkeke sia la, míete ŋu ke ɖe kpememe gbogbo aɖewo siwo ƒe DNA gakpɔtɔ li ŋu o. Denmark kple Australia dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo kpɔ nya ɣaɣla la gbɔ azɔ, elabena woxɔ Moa xevi gã la ƒe afɔkpodziƒu 158 le woƒe nudokpɔƒe, eye domenyiŋusẽfianu gakpɔtɔ nɔ ƒuawo me. Ƒuawo xɔ ƒe 600 – 8000 eye wodzɔ tso teƒe ɖeka kloe, eyata wotsi le nɔnɔme siwo li ke me.
Amber gɔ̃ hã mate ŋu ana DNA nakpɔ ɣeyiɣi bubu o
Esi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo tsɔ ƒe si wotsɔ wɔ kpɔɖeŋuawo kple alesi DNA gblẽnae sɔ kple wo nɔewo la, wote ŋu bu akɔnta be ƒe 521 ƒe agbenɔƒe afã. Esia fia be le ƒe 521 megbe la, nucleotide ƒe ƒunukpeƒe siwo le DNA la ƒe afã gbã. Le ƒe 521 bubu megbe la, esia dzɔ ɖe ƒunukpeƒe susɔeawo ƒe afã hã dzi kple bubuawo. Numekulawo de dzesii be ne ƒua ɖi ɖe eme le dzoxɔxɔ si sɔ me gɔ̃ hã la, anye ne ƒunukpeƒewo katã agbã le ƒe miliɔn 68 megbe hafi. Le ƒe miliɔn ɖeka kple afã megbe gɔ̃ hã la, DNA va zua nusi womate ŋu axlẽ o: nyatakaka ʋɛ aɖewo koe susɔ, elabena akpa veviawo katã nu yi.
Ne DNA gakpɔtɔ le dinosaurwo me eye ƒe alafa geɖe koe wodzidze nu sia ƒe agbenɔƒe afã le la, ke ele be woaƒo nya ta tso esia me. Womate ŋu aka ɖe DNA-dzidzenuwo dzi o, alo nukpɔsusu siwo ku ɖe dinosaur siwo nɔ agbe ƒe miliɔn ewo enye sia ŋu la menye nyateƒe o. Kakaɖedzitɔe la, tiatia mamlɛtɔa nye nyateƒe, elabena dzidzenu bubuwo hã fia ɣeyiɣi kpuiwo, ke menye ƒe miliɔn geɖe o. Esia nye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya si wotu ɖe dzidzenuwo dzi, eye ne wogbee keŋkeŋ la, ke míele mía ɖokui kplɔm trama.
DINOSAURS ƑE TSITSI . Ne míeƒo nu tso dinosaur-wo tsɔtsrɔ̃ ŋu la, wosusuna zi geɖe be edzɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe enye sia, le Cretaceous-ɣeyiɣia ƒe nuwuwu. Woxɔe se be ammonites, belemnites kple numiemie kple lã ƒomevi bubuwo hã kpɔ gome le ame gbogbo mawo tsɔtsrɔ̃ me. Wosusu be tsɔtsrɔ̃a tsrɔ̃ lã siwo nɔ anyi le Cretaceous ɣeyiɣia me ƒe akpa gã aɖe ɖa. Zi geɖe la, wobua nusi koŋ gbɔ tsɔtsrɔ̃a tsoe nye yamenutomeyigba aɖe, si ana ke ƒe alilikpo gã aɖe nakɔ ɖe dzi hafi. Alilikpo si me ke le la atsyɔ ɣe ƒe keklẽ dzi ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe, esime numiemieawo aku eye dɔ awu lã siwo ɖua numiemieawo hã. Gake kuxi ɖeka koe le yamenutomeyimɔ̃ ŋuti nufiafia kple yame ƒe nɔnɔme ƒe tɔtrɔ blewu ƒe nufiafia ŋu: womeɖe alesi woke ɖe kpe sesẽwo kple towo me ŋu o. Wokpɔa dinosaur ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo tso xexeame ƒe akpa vovovowo le kpe sesẽwo me, si ɖe dzesi ŋutɔ. Eɖe dzesi ŋutɔ, elabena lã gã aɖeke - ɖewohĩ wòadidi meta 20 - mate ŋu ayi kpe sesẽa me o. Ɣeyiɣi hã mekpena ɖe nyaa ŋu o, elabena ne èlala ƒe miliɔn geɖe hafi woaɖi lã aɖe ɖe anyigba eye wòazu tomenuwo la, agblẽ nyuie hafi ɣemaɣi naɖo alo lã bubuwo aɖui. Le nyateƒe me la, ɣesiaɣi si míeva ke ɖe dinosaur kple kpememe bubuwo ŋu la, anɔ eme be woɖi wo kabakaba ɖe anyikpe te. Womate ŋu adzi kpememewo le mɔ bubu aɖeke nu o:
Edze ƒã be ne nusiwo wotsɔ ƒu gbe ƒe wɔwɔme adzɔ blewu alea la, anyigba ƒe kpememe aɖeke mate ŋu akpɔ eta o, elabena womaɖi wo ɖe tsikpewo me hafi tsia ƒe aɖiwo nagblẽ wo o, alo hafi woatsrɔ̃ wo ahagbã wo ɖe wo me o kakɛwo esime wonɔ atsiaƒu siwo me goglo o la te ƒom henɔ wo ƒom. Ne afɔku aɖe dzɔ, afisi woɖia wo ɖo zi ɖeka koe tsikpewo ate ŋu atsyɔ wo dzi. ( Geochronology alo Anyigba ƒe Ɣeyiɣi si wotu ɖe Sediments and Life dzi , Bulletin of the National Research Council No. 80, Washington DC, 1931, axa 14)
Nyataƒoƒoae nye be anyikpewo anya ɖi dinosaur siawo siwo wokpɔ le xexeame katã kabakaba. Anyigba falɛfalɛwo va ƒo xlã wo le gɔmedzedzea me eye emegbe wòsesẽ sesĩe abe siminti ene. Mɔ sia dzi koe woate ŋu aɖe dinosaur, mammoth kple lã bubuwo ƒe kpememewo ƒe dzɔtsoƒe me. Le Tsiɖɔɖɔa me la, ema ate ŋu adzɔ godoo. Míeléa ŋku ɖe alesi woɖɔe ŋu, si naa susu nyuitɔ le esia ŋu. Eɖe dinosaur siwo wokpɔ le kpe sesẽwo me fia, si fia be anyi falɛfalɛwo anya xɔ wo. Emegbe anyigbaʋuʋua sesẽ ƒo xlã wo. Tsiɖɔɖɔa me koe míate ŋu akpɔ mɔ be nane ma tɔgbe adzɔ le, gake menye le dzɔdzɔme ƒe tsatsam si sɔ me o (nyatia ƒo nu tso alesi tsi ƒe ʋuʋudedi ate ŋu aƒo dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo nu ƒu hafi hã ŋu). Wotsɔ nuŋɔŋlɔ dzẽwo kpe ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔa ŋu le ema megbe be wòana eme nakɔ wu:
Eyi South Dakota ƒe dzogbewo dzi, afisi kpegliwo kple kpe gbadzɛ siwo ƒe amadede nye dzĩ, ɣi kple aŋutiɖiɖi le. Le ŋkeke ʋɛ aɖewo ko me la, eke ɖe ƒu aɖewo ŋu le kpe gbadzɛa me , eye wòbu akɔnta be wonye esiwo ƒomevi wòɖo be yeadi. Esi wòku kpe ƒo xlã ƒuawo , ekpɔe be ƒuawo le ɖoɖo si nu lãa ƒe wɔwɔme le nu. Womenɔ ƒuƒoƒo me abe alesi dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo nɔa zi geɖe ene o. Kuku mawo dometɔ geɖe nɔ abe ɖe tsi ƒe ʋuʋu sesẽ aɖee wɔe ene. Fifia ƒu siawo nɔ kpe blɔ si sesẽ ŋutɔ la me . Ele be woatsɔ grader aɖe sandstone la ɖa eye woaɖee ɖa to blast me. Brown kple eƒe kpeɖeŋutɔwo wɔ do aɖe si goglo meta adre kple afã kloe be ƒuawo nado go. Ƒumelã gã ɖeka ɖeɖe ɖa xɔ dzomeŋɔli eve. Womeɖe ƒuawo ɖa le kpea ŋu kura o. Wotsɔ keteke tsɔ kpe gbadzɛawo yi blemanudzraɖoƒea, afisi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo te ŋu vuvu kpeawo le heɖo ƒunukpeƒea. Akpɔkplɔ ŋutasẽla sia le tsitre ɖe blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ɖeɖefiaxɔ me fifia. (axa 72, Dinosaurwo / Ruth Wheeler kple Harold G. Coffin)
TSITSIA ƑE KPEKPEÐEŊU BUBUWO . Eyata nyateƒeae nye be wokpɔa dinosaur ƒe nugbagbevi susɔewo le kpe sesẽwo me, eye esesẽna be woaɖe wo ɖa le wo me. Nusi ko ate ŋu adzɔ be wova ge ɖe nɔnɔme sia me enye be anyi falɛfalɛ ƒo xlã wo kabakaba eye emegbe wòsesẽ zu kpe. Le nudzɔdzɔ aɖe abe Tsiɖɔɖɔ ene me la, ɖewohĩ esia dzɔ. Ke hã, woƒo nu tso lã gã siawo tɔgbe ŋu le amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutinya me le tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe gɔ̃ hã, eyata wo katã meku ɣemaɣi o. Ke Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe kpeɖodzi bubuwo ya ɖe? Le afisia la, wo dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewo koe míehe susu yi. Nusiwo me le anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata me ƒe miliɔn geɖe, alo ɖewohĩ afɔku geɖe, katã ate ŋu atso afɔku ɖeka ma ke gbɔ: Tsiɖɔɖɔa. Ate ŋu aɖe alesi dinosaurwo tsrɔ̃na kpakple nɔnɔme bubu geɖe siwo wokpɔ le anyigba me la me. Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe kpeɖodzi sẽŋu ɖeka enye le kpɔɖeŋu me, ƒumelãwo bɔ ɖe xexeame katã, abe alesi nyayɔyɔ siwo gbɔna ɖee fia ene. Nya gbãtɔa tso agbalẽ aɖe si James Hutton, si nye anyigbaŋutinunya fofo, ŋlɔ ƒe 200 kple edzivɔe nye sia me:
Ele be míaƒo nya ta be ke kple kpe gbadzɛ siwo ƒo ƒu ɖe atsiaƒu gɔme, ƒumelãwo ƒe gowo kple koral-nuwo, anyigba kple anyie ye wɔ anyigba ƒe ƒuƒoƒoawo katã (...). (J. Hutton, Anyigba ƒe Nufiafia l, 26. 1785)
Ja. Esia nye nyateƒenya bɔbɔe mawo dometɔ ɖeka si bia numeɖeɖe, eye wònye nusianu si ku ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe agbagbadzedze si yi edzi be yease anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme si le tɔtrɔm le anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi me gɔme la ƒe tatɔ. (8) .
Nu bubu si ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔa fiae nye dzokpe siwo le xexeame godoo, siwo wonya be tsi ƒo ƒu ɖe hatsotsowo me. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, ƒumelãwo kple tɔmelãwo ƒe anyinɔnɔ ɖee fia be mate ŋu anye be ƒumelã siwo wotsɔ ƒu gbe blewu le agado aɖe koŋ me gbɔe wòtso o. Ke boŋ numeɖeɖe si nyo wue nye be tsia tsɔa numiemieawo yia teƒe siwo dzoka xɔxɔa dzɔ le. Tsia ŋe numiemiewo kple atiwo, ƒo wo nu ƒu ɖe togbɛ gãwo dzi, eye wòna ƒumelãwo va le anyigbadzi numiemiewo dome. Afɔku gã aɖe, abe Tsiɖɔɖɔ si ŋu woƒo nu tsoe le Biblia me ene me koe esia ate ŋu adzɔ.
Ne woɖi aveawo ɖe ʋuʋudedi me le susu aɖe ta la, wowɔa dzotsinuwo. Míaƒe mɔ̃wo ƒe dekɔnu si li fifia ƒe akpa aɖe nɔ te ɖe hatsotso siawo dzi. (Mattila Rauno, Teuvo Nyberg & Olavi Vestelin, Koulun ƒe nugbagbeŋutinunya 9, axa 91)
Abe alesi míegblɔe ene la, anyikpe siwo wotsɔ ƒoa ƒui edziedzi le mineral coal seams te kple wo tame, eye le woƒe wɔwɔme me la, míate ŋu akpɔe be tsie wotsɔ ƒo wo ɖe hatsotsowo me. (9) .
Kpeɖodziawo ɖee fia zi geɖe be tomenu siwo woɖe tso tomenu me la dzɔna kabakaba ne wogblẽ ave gãwo dome, wotsɔ wo ƒo ƒu ɖe wo nɔewo dzi eye emegbe woɖi wo kabakaba. Lignite ƒe ƒuƒoƒo gãwo le Yallourn, Victoria (Australia) siwo me pine-ti ƒe ke gbogbo aɖewo le – ati siwo metsina fifia le agadonyigba dzi o. Nusiwo woɖo ɖe hatsotsowo me, siwo le kpekpem, siwo me aŋɔ dzadzɛ si ade 50% le eye wokaka ɖe teƒe gã aɖe la ɖo kpe edzi kɔte be tsie wɔ lignite ƒuƒoƒoawo. (10) .
Wofiaa nu le sukuwo be vivivi la, wowɔa carbon tso peat me, togbɔ be womate ŋu ade dzesii le afi aɖeke be esia le dzɔdzɔm o hã. Ne míebu alesi gbegbe dzotoawo keke tae, numiemie ƒomevi vovovoawo, kple atikpo siwo le tsitrenu siwo le ƒuƒoƒo vovovowo me ŋu la, edze abe numiemie gbogbo aɖewo siwo le tsia dzi ye wɔ dzoka xɔxɔawoe ene, le tsiɖɔɖɔ gã aɖe ŋutɔ me. Wokpɔa mɔ siwo dzi ƒumelãwo kpa hã le numiemie siawo siwo wotsɔ carbon wɔe ƒe kpememewo me. Wogakpɔ ƒumelãwo ƒe kpememewo le dzotsinuwo me ("A note on the Occurrence of Marine Animal Remains in a Lancashire Coal Ball", Geological Magazine, 118:307,1981) ... Ƒumelãwo ƒe kpememe gbogbo aɖewo kple Spirorbis ƒe kpememewo , si nɔ atsiaƒu me la, woate ŋu akpɔe le dzotowo hã me.(Weir, J., ”Nusɔsrɔ̃ siwo wowɔ nyitsɔ laa le Carbon dzidzenuwo ƒe gowo ŋu”, Science Progress, 38:445, 1950). (11) .
Prof. Price tsɔ nya siwo me mineral coal ƒe ƒuƒoƒo 50- va ɖo 100 nye wo nɔewo tame ɖeka eye ƒuƒoƒo siwo dome tomenu siwo tso atsiaƒu goglo me hã le la ɖo ŋkume. Ebu kpeɖodzi sia be esẽ eye wòka ɖe edzi ale gbegbe be medze agbagba kpɔ be yeaɖe nyateƒenya siawo me le Lyell ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ ŋuti nufiafia ta o. (12) .
Nu etɔ̃lia si ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔa fiae nye ƒumelãwo ƒe anyinɔnɔ le to kɔkɔwo abe Himalaya-towo, Alps-towo kple Andes-towo dzi. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo kple anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ŋutɔ ƒe agbalẽwo me kpɔɖeŋu aɖewoe nye esi:
Esi Darwin ŋutɔ nɔ mɔ zɔm le Beagle-ʋua dzi la, ekpɔ ƒumelã siwo ƒe kpememewo le tso Andes Towo dzi. Eɖee fia be, nusi nye to fifia la nɔ tsi te tsã. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Nusitae nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ nye nyateƒe], axa 127)
Susu aɖe li si tae wòle be míalé ŋku ɖe agakpe siwo le togbɛwo dzi ƒe nɔnɔme gbãtɔ ŋu nyuie. Wokpɔnɛ nyuie wu le Alps-towo dzi, le Lime Alps-to siwo le anyiehe, afisi woyɔna be Helvetian-nutowo me. Limestone ye nye kpe vevitɔ si wotsɔ wɔa kpewoe. Ne míelé ŋku ɖe agakpe si le afisia le togbɛ siwo dzi ʋuʋudedi le alo to aɖe tame ŋu - ne ŋusẽ nɔ mía si be míalia afima - míava ke ɖe lãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo, lãwo ƒe kpememewo, ŋu mlɔeba. Zi geɖe la, wogblẽna vevie gake anya wɔ be woakpɔ kakɛ siwo woate ŋu ade dzesii. Kpememe mawo katã nye lime-kplu alo ƒumelãwo ƒe ƒunukpeƒewo. Wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye ammonites siwo wotsɔ ka ƒo xlãe, eye vevietɔ la, lãkle siwo ƒe gowo le eve la sɔ gbɔ ŋutɔ. (...) Nuxlẽla ate ŋu abia eɖokui le ɣeyiɣi sia me be nukae wòfia be togbɛwo léa tsi gbogbo aɖewo ɖe wo me, siwo hã woate ŋu akpɔ le ƒugɔme. (axa 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)
Harutaka Sakai si tso Japan Yunivɛsiti le Kyushu wɔ numekuku ƒe geɖe tso ƒumelã siawo siwo wokpɔ le Himalaya Towo dzi ŋu. Woa kple eƒe ƒuƒoƒoa ŋlɔ lãwo ƒe lãkpɔ blibo aɖe si nɔ anyi le Mesozoic ɣeyiɣia me la ɖi. Ƒumelã siwo mebɔbɔ o, siwo sɔ kple ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be sea urchins kple starfish siwo li fifia la, le agakpewo ƒe gli siwo didi wu kilometa etɔ̃ tso atsiaƒu dzi la me. Wokpɔa Ammonites, belemnites, corals kple plankton abe kpe gbadzɛwo ene le towo ƒe kpewo me (...) Le teƒe si kɔkɔ kilometa eve la, anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ke ɖe dzesi aɖe si atsiaƒua ŋutɔ gblẽ ɖi ŋu. Eƒe kpe si le abe ƒutsotsoewo ene la sɔ kple nɔnɔme siwo susɔ ɖe kea me tso ƒutsotsoe siwo me tsi mele o gbɔ. Wokpɔa limestone ɣi siwo do le tsi te tso ƒumelã manyaxlẽwo ƒe susɔewo me tso Everest-toa tame gɔ̃ hã. ("Maapallo ihmeiden ɣletinyigba", axa 55)
Nu enelia si ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔa fiae nye tsiɖɔɖɔ ŋutinyawo, siwo le akɔntabubu aɖewo nu la, wode 500 kloe. Woate ŋu abu alesi ŋutinya siawo le xexeame katãe be enye kpeɖodzi nyuitɔ kekeake na nudzɔdzɔ sia:
Wonya dekɔnu siwo ade 500 – siwo dome Greece, China, Peru kple Dziehe Amerika ƒe anyigbadzitɔwo hã le – le xexeame afisi xotutuwo kple gliwo ƒo nu tso tsiɖɔɖɔ gã aɖe si trɔ to la ƒe ŋutinya ŋutinya wɔdɔɖeamedzi aɖe ŋu le. Le ŋutinya geɖe me la, ame ʋɛ aɖewo koe tsi agbe le tsiɖɔɖɔa me, abe alesi wònɔ le Noa gome ene. Dukɔawo dometɔ geɖe bu be mawu siwo le susu aɖe ta la, amegbetɔƒomea nu ti kɔ na woe he tsiɖɔɖɔa vɛ. Ðewohĩ ameawo nye nufitifitiwɔlawo, abe alesi wònɔ le Noa ƒe ɣeyiɣiwo me kple le xotutu aɖe si Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo ƒe Hopi to si le Dziehe Amerika gblɔ me ene, alo ɖewohĩ ameawo sɔ gbɔ akpa eye wowɔa toɣliɖeɖe akpa, abe alesi wònɔ le Gilgamesh ƒe ŋutinyagbalẽa me ene. (13) .
Ne ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔ si dzɔ le xexeame katã menye nu ŋutɔŋutɔ o la, anye ne dukɔ aɖewo aɖe eme be dzotowo ƒe wów dziŋɔ, sno ƒe ahom gãwo, kuɖiɖi (...) tsrɔ̃ wo tɔgbui vɔ̃ɖiwo. Eyata Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe ŋutinyaa ƒe xexeame katã tɔ nye eƒe nyateƒenyenye ƒe kpeɖodzi nyuitɔwo dometɔ ɖeka. Míate ŋu agbe gli siawo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe be enye xotutu ɖekaɖekawo eye míasusu be susu me koe wònye, gake ne wotsɔ wo katã ƒo ƒui, le xexeame katã ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, womate ŋu ake ɖi wo o kloe. (Anyigba) .
Dinosaurwo kple lã siwo naa no wo viwo . Ne míexlẽ nugbagbeŋutinunya gbalẽwo kple nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti agbalẽwo la, míeva doa go alesi nu gbagbewo katã dzɔ tso lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ bɔbɔe aɖe me va zu nɔnɔme siwo li fifia ƒe susua enuenu. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔa ƒe ɖee nye be ele be tɔmelãwo nazu akpɔkplɔ, akpɔkplɔwo nazu lã siwo tana eye dinosaurwo nazu lã siwo naa no wo viwo. Ke hã, nu vevi aɖe si wokpɔe nye be wokpɔ dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo le ƒu siwo ɖi sɔ, nyi kple alẽ ƒe ƒuwo dome (Anderson, A., Tourism falls victim to tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus ate ŋu aku kpoo le nyateƒe me, ƒe 1984 , New Scientist, 104, 9.), eyata dinosaurwo kple lã siwo naa no wo viwo anya nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me. Nya ma ke ŋue nyayɔyɔ si gbɔna la hã ƒo nu tsoe. Egblɔ alesi Carl Werner tso nya me be yeado Darwin ƒe nufiafiaa kpɔ le nuwɔna me. Ewɔ numekuku ƒe 14 sɔŋ eye wòɖe foto akpe geɖe. Numekukuwo ɖee fia be lã siwo naa no wo viwo kple xeviwo nɔa agbe le agbɔsɔsɔ me eye le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple dinosaurwo:
Esi Amerikatɔ ɖɔkta si nye kpekpeɖeŋunala Carl Werner menya nu tso anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata gbagbewo ŋu do ŋgɔ o ta la, eɖoe be yeatsɔ Darwin ƒe nufiafia ade dodokpɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ aɖe te... Ewɔ numekuku geɖe ƒe 14 tso anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo nɔ anyi le dinosaur ƒe ɣeyiɣia me ŋukple lã ƒomevi siwo ate ŋu anɔ anyi ɖekae... Werner nya nu tso blemanuŋutinunya ƒe agbalẽ siwo nye dɔnyala bibiwo ŋu nyuie eye wòɖi tsa yi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe 60 le xexeame godoo, afisi wòɖe foto 60 000 le. Eƒe susu nɔ anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo woɖe tso ƒuƒoƒo ɖeka ma ke me ŋu, afisi woate ŋu akpɔ dinosaur ƒe kpememewo le (Triassic -, Jurassic -, kple Cretaceous ɣeyiɣiwo ƒe miliɔn 250-65 enye sia). Emegbe etsɔ kpememe akpe geɖe siwo do xoxo nenema ke siwo ŋu wòke ɖo le blemanudzraɖoƒewo eye wòkpɔ le agbalẽwo me la sɔ kple lã ƒomevi siwo li fifia eye wòbia gbe blemanuŋutinunya ŋuti nunyala geɖe kple eŋutinunyala bubuwo. Nusi do tso emee nye be blemanudzraɖoƒewo kple agbalẽ siwo wotu ɖe blemanuwo ŋuti nunya dzi la ɖe lã ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe ƒe ƒuƒoƒo ɖesiaɖe si li fifia ƒe kpememewo fia ... Wogblɔ na mí be lã siwo naa no wo viwo te tsitsi vivivi le dinosaur ƒe “ɣeyiɣi vevitɔ” me, be lã gbãtɔ siwo naa no wo viwo nye “nuwɔwɔ sue siwo le abe shrew ene siwo nɔa bebem eye zã me koe woʋãna le vɔvɔ̃ na dinosaurwo ta.” Gake le dɔnyala ƒe agbalẽwo me la, Werner ke ɖe nyatakaka siwo ku ɖe akpɔkplɔ, opossum, beaver, primate kple platypus siwo woɖe tso dinosaur ƒe hatsotsowo me ŋu. Eƒo nu tso dɔ aɖe si wota le ƒe 2004 me hã ŋu, si gblɔ be wokpɔ lã 432 siwo naa no wo viwo le Triassic -, Jurassic -, kple Cretaceous ƒe hatsotsowo me, eye wo dometɔ alafa ɖeka kloe nye ƒunukpeƒe blibowo... Le Werner ƒe video dzi gbebiame si Utah ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe si nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na ŋutinya me ƒe dɔdzikpɔla, Ðɔkta Donald Burge, ɖe eme be: “Míekpɔa lã siwo naa no wo viwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo le míaƒe dinosaur-tomenukukuwo katã kloe me. Bentonite anyi tɔn ewo siwo me lã siwo naa no wo viwo ƒe kpememewo le le mía si, eye míele wo nam numekula bubuwo. Menye esi míakpɔ wo be wole vevie o tae o, ke boŋ le esi agbe le kpuie ta, eye nyeme bi ɖe lã siwo naa no wo viwo me o: mebi ɖe lã siwo tana kple dinosaurwo me”. Blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala Zhe-Xi Luo (Carnegie Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya Blemanudzraɖoƒe, Pittsburgh) gblɔ le Werner ƒe video dzi gbebiame me le May, 2004 me be: “Nya ‘dinosaur ƒe ɣeyiɣi’ nye ŋkɔ si mesɔ o. Lã siwo naa no wo viwo nye ƒuƒoƒo ɖedzesi aɖe si nɔ anyi ɖekae kple dinosaurwo eye wotsi agbe hã”. (Nya siawo tso agbalẽ si nye: Werner C. Living Fossils, axa 172 –173 me). (14) .
Eyata wonɔ te ɖe nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo dzi le nya dinosaur ƒe ɣeyiɣia me la flua ame. Egbegbe lã siwo naa no wo viwo si bɔ la nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple dinosaurwo, si fia be lã ƒomevi 432 ya teti siwo naa no wo viwo. Ke xevi siwo wosusu be wodzɔ tso dinosaur me ya ɖe? Wokpɔ wo hã le hatsotso ɖeka ma ke me kpe ɖe dinosaurwo ŋu. Esiawo nye lã ƒomevi siwo sɔ pɛpɛpɛ egbea: akpɔkplɔ, penguin, hɔ̃ owl, sandpiper, albatross, flamingo, loon, dadi, cormorant, avocet...Ðɔkta Werner gblɔ be ""Blemanudzraɖoƒewo meɖea egbegbe xevi siawo ƒe kpememewo fiana o , eye nàta wo ɖe nɔnɔmetata siwo ɖe dinosaur ƒe nuto siwo me wole fia me hã. Enye nu gbegblẽ. Le go vevi me la, ɣesiaɣi si woɖe T. Rex alo Triceratops ƒe nɔnɔmetata le blemanudzraɖoƒe ƒe ɖeɖefia aɖe me la, ele be woaɖe dadiwo, lãklewo, flamingowo, alo egbegbe xevi bubu siawo dometɔ aɖewo siwo wokpɔ le hatsotso ɖeka ma ke me kple dinosaurwo hã ƒe nɔnɔmetata. Gake medzɔna nenema o. Nyemekpɔ dadi si si dinosaur le le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe kpɔ o, alo? Akpɔkplɔ aɖee? Akpɔkplɔe?”
Dinosaurwo kple amegbetɔwo . Le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia me la, wobunɛ be manya wɔ be amegbetɔ nɔ anyigba dzi tso keke dinosaurwo ke ke o. Womelɔ̃ ɖe edzi o, togbɔ be wonya be lã bubu siwo naa no wo viwo do le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple dinosaurwo hã, eye togbɔ be nu bubu siwo ŋu woke ɖo gɔ̃ hã ɖee fia be ele be amegbetɔwo nado do ŋgɔ na dinosaurwo hafi (nu kple amegbetɔ ƒe kpememe siwo le dzoka xɔxɔwo me kple bubuawo). Gake kpeɖodzi aɖewo li siwo me kɔ be dinosaurwo kple amegbetɔwo nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me. Eg ʋɔ driba ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo le nenema. Tsã la, amewo ƒoa nu tso ʋɔ dribawo ŋu, gake womeƒoa nu tso dinosaurwo ŋu o, eye ƒe alafa 19 lia me koe Richard Owen to ŋkɔa vɛ.
Ŋutinya s. Kpeɖodzi ɖeka si fia be dinosaurwo nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi nyitsɔ laa mee nye ʋɔ driba gãwo kple ʋetsuvi siwo dzona ƒe ŋutinya kple numeɖeɖe gbogboawo. Zi alesi nɔnɔmetata siawo tsi la, zi nenemae wonye nyateƒee. Woateŋu akpɔ numeɖeɖe siawo, siwo ateŋu anɔ te ɖe ŋkuɖodzinya xoxowo dzi, le dukɔ vovovo geɖewo dome, ale be woyɔ wo le kpɔɖeŋu me le Eŋlisigbe, Irelandgbe, Denmarkgbe, Norwaygbe, Germanygbe, Helagbe, Romatɔwo, Egiptetɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ƒe agbalẽwo me. Nya siwo gbɔna la ƒo nu tso alesi ʋɔ driba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo bɔe ŋu.
Nukutɔe la, ʋɔ driba siwo le xotutuwo me la le abe lã ŋutɔŋutɔ siwo nɔ anyi va yi ene. Woɖi lã gã siwo tana (dinosaur) siwo ɖu anyigbaa dzi ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe hafi wosusu be amegbetɔ do. Zi geɖe la, wobua ʋɔ dribawo be wovɔ̃ɖi eye wogblẽa nu. Dukɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒo nu tso wo ŋu le woƒe gliwo me. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Babla 5, 1973, axa 265)
Tso ŋutinya si woŋlɔ ɖi ƒe gɔmedzedze la, ʋɔ dribawo dze le afisiafi: le Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ƒe nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔ siwo ku ɖe dekɔnuwo ƒe ŋgɔyiyi ŋu me, le Yudatɔwo ƒe Nubabla Xoxoa ƒe ŋutinya me, le China kple Japan ƒe nuŋlɔɖi xoxowo me, le Hela, Roma ƒe glitotowo me kple Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo, le blema Amerika ƒe kpɔɖeŋunyagbɔgblɔwo me, le Afrika kple India ƒe gliwo me. Esesẽ be woakpɔ habɔbɔ si metsɔ ʋɔ dribawo de eƒe ŋutinya si wogblɔna le xotutu me o...Aristotle, Pliny kple agbalẽŋlɔla bubu siwo nɔ anyi le blemaɣeyiɣiwo me gblɔ be nyateƒenyawo dzie wotu ʋɔ driba ŋutinyawo ɖo ke menye susu me o. (15) .
Finlandtɔ anyigbaŋutinunyala Pentti Eskola gblɔ alesi ʋɔ dribawo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo ɖi dinosaurwoe ƒe bla nanewoe nye sia xoxo le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Muuttuva maa me be:
Lã siwo le abe ʋetsuvi ene ƒe ƒomevi vovovoawo dzena nukokoe na mí ŋutɔ elabena wo dometɔ geɖe ɖi – le didiƒe ʋĩ eye zi geɖe la, wole abe nɔnɔmetata ene – egbegbe lã siwo naa no wo viwo siwo le nɔnɔme mawo tɔgbe me. Gake dinosaur akpa gãtɔ to vovo kura tso egbegbe nu gbagbewo gbɔ ale gbegbe be woate ŋu akpɔ esiwo sɔ kple wo nɔewo siwo te ɖe wo ŋu wu le ʋɔ dribawo ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo le xotutuwo me la me. Nukutɔe la, le dzɔdzɔme nu la, xotutuawo ŋlɔlawo mesrɔ̃ nu tso kpe xɔasiwo ŋu alo nya nu tso wo ŋu gɔ̃ hã o. (16) .
Alesi dinosaurwo anya nye ʋɔ driba ŋutɔŋutɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu nyui aɖee nye Chinatɔwo ƒe ɣletigbalẽ kple ɣletivimefakaka, si wonya be exɔ ƒe alafa geɖe. Eyata ne wotu Chinatɔwo ƒe ɣletivihatsotso ɖe lãwo ƒe dzesi 12 siwo gbugbɔna le ƒe 12 ƒe tsatsam dzi la, lã 12 ye kpɔa gome le eme. Wo dometɔ 11 nye esiwo wonya nyuie le egbeŋkekeawo me gɔ̃ hã: sisiblisi, nyitsu, amegãxi, akpɔkplɔ, da, sɔ, alẽ, boso, koklozi, avu kple ha.Ke boŋ lã 12 lia nye ʋɔ driba, si meli egbea o. Nyabiase nyui aɖee nye be ne lã 11-awo nye lã ŋutɔŋutɔwo kpɔ la, nukatae ʋɔ driba la anye nusi to vovo eye wònye glimemewɔwɔ? Ðe susu mele eme wu be míasusui be enɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple amegbetɔwo tsã, gake etsrɔ̃ abe lã bubu manyaxlẽwo ene oa? Anyo be míagaɖo ŋku edzi ake be ƒe alafa 19 lia me koe Richard Owen to nya dinosaur vɛ. Do ŋgɔ na ema la, wozã ŋkɔ ʋɔ driba ƒe alafa geɖe:
Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, míate ŋu ayɔ nusiwo gbɔna siwo wode dzesii:
Enyo be míade dzesii be le gbedoxɔ aɖe si xɔ ƒe 800 le Cambodia avetsu me la, woke ɖe nɔnɔmetata aɖe si le abe stegosaurus ene ŋu. Enye dinosaur ƒomevi aɖe. (Tso Ta Prohm Gbedoxɔ me. Maier, C., Angkor ƒe Nuwɔwɔ wɔnukuwo, www.unexplainedearth.com/angkor.php, 9 February 2006.)
• Le China la, ʋɔ dribawo ŋuti numeɖeɖe kple ŋutinyawo bɔ ŋutɔ; wonya wo dometɔ akpe geɖe. Wogblɔa alesi ʋɔ dribawo daa azi, alesi aʋala le wo dometɔ aɖewo kple alesi nudanu tsyɔ wo dzii. Chinatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya aɖe ƒo nu tso ŋutsu aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Yu si do go ʋɔ dribawo esime wònɔ tsi ƒom le agado aɖe me ŋu. Esia dzɔ le xexeame katã ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ gã la megbe. Le China la, wozãa dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo ƒe alafa geɖe abe atike siwo wozãna tsã ene kple atike siwo wotsɔna ƒoa dzoe. Chinatɔwo ƒe ŋkɔ si wotsɔ na dinosaur (kong long) gɔmee nye "ʋɔ driba ƒe ƒuwo" ko (Don Lessem, Dinosaurs rediscovered p. 128-129. Touchstone 1992.). Wogblɔ hã be Chinatɔwo zãa ʋɔ dribawo abe aƒemelãwo ene kple le fiaɖuƒea ƒe atsyãwo me (Molen G, Forntidens vidunder, Mose I, 4, 1990, axa 23-26.)
• Egiptetɔwo ɖe Apophis ʋɔ driba la fia be enye Fia Re ƒe futɔ. Nenema ke ʋɔ dribawo ŋuti numeɖeɖewo bɔ ɖe Babilontɔwo ƒe agbalẽwo me. Wogblɔ be Gilgamesh si wonya nyuie la wu ʋɔ driba aɖe, si nye nu gbagbe gã aɖe si le abe lã siwo tana ene, le sederti-ave aɖe me. (Numekugbalẽ Britannica, 1962, Babla 10, axa 359)
• Wogblɔ be Helatɔ Apollo wu Python ʋɔ driba la le Delfin tsidzɔƒea. Blema Helatɔwo kple Romatɔwo ƒe ʋɔ driba wulawo dometɔ si ɖe dzesi wue nye ame aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Perseus.
• Nuŋlɔɖi si woŋlɔ ɖe hakpanya me tso ƒe 500-600 M.Ŋ. gblɔ ŋutsu kalẽtɔ aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Beowulf, amesi wode dɔ asi na be wòaɖe Denmark ƒe tɔʋuwo ɖa tso lã wɔadã siwo dzona kple esiwo nɔa tsi me siaa si me la ƒe ŋutinya. Eƒe kalẽwɔwɔa nye Grendel lã wɔadã la wuwu. Wogblɔ be megbeƒu gãwo kple ŋgɔgbefɔ suewo nɔ lã sia si, ete ŋu nɔa te ɖe yi ƒoƒo nu, eye wòlolo vie wu amegbetɔ. Eʋuʋuna le tsitrenu kabakaba ŋutɔ.
• Romatɔ agbalẽŋlɔla Lucanus hã ƒo nu tso ʋɔ dribawo ŋu. Eɖo eƒe nyawo ɖe Etiopiatɔwo ƒe ʋɔ driba aɖe ŋu be: “Wò ʋɔ driba si le keklẽm sika, èna ya ƒona yia dzi, eye nèwua nyitsu gãwo.
• Wokpɔ alesi Helatɔ Herodotos (ƒe 484–425 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) ɖɔ da siwo dzona le Arabia la ta. Eƒo nu tso pterosaur aɖewo ŋu wòsɔ nyuie ŋutɔ. (Rein, E., Herodotos ƒe Agbalẽ III-VI , axa 58 kple Agbalẽ VII-IX , axa 239, WSOY, 1910)
• Pliny ƒo nu tso (Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya) me le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ D.M.Ŋ.
• Numekugbalẽ xoxo aɖe si nye History Animalium gblɔ be "ʋɔ dribawo" gakpɔtɔ nɔ anyi le ƒe 1500-awo me, gake woƒe lolome dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ ŋutɔ eye womebɔ o.
• Eŋlisiawo ƒe ŋutinyagbalẽ aɖe si woŋlɔ le ƒe 1405 me ƒo nu tso ʋɔ driba aɖe ŋu be: "Le Bures dugã la gbɔ, le Sudbury ƒe nutowo me la, wokpɔ ʋɔ driba aɖe si gblẽ nu geɖe le kɔƒenutowo me nyitsɔ laa. Eƒe lolome lolo ŋutɔ, eye eƒe ta le eŋu." eƒe ta tame, eƒe aɖuwo le abe aŋutsrɔe ene, eye eƒe asike didi ŋutɔ. Esi wòwu alẽkplɔla vɔ la, eɖu alẽ geɖewo le eƒe nu me." (Cooper, B., Le Tsiɖɔɖɔa Megbe-Europa ƒe Tsiɖɔɖɔ megbe ŋutinya gbãtɔ dze egɔme tso Noa gbɔ, New Wine Press, West Sussex, UK, axa 130-161)
• Le ƒe alafa 16 lia me la, Italytɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala Ulysses Aldrovanus ƒo nu tso ʋɔ driba sue aɖe ŋu wòde pɛpɛpɛ le eƒe agbalẽwo dometɔ ɖeka me. Edward Topsell ŋlɔ le ƒe 1608 ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo be: “Ʋɔ driba ƒomevi geɖewo li. Woma ƒomevi vovovoawo ɖe vovo le woƒe dukɔ ƒe akpa aɖe nu, akpa aɖe le woƒe lolome nu, akpa aɖe le woƒe vovototodedeameme ƒe dzesiwo nu."
• Ʋɔ driba ƒe dzesiwo bɔ ɖe asrafoha geɖe dome. Wozãnɛ le kpɔɖeŋu me Ɣedzeƒe Roma fiagãwo kple Eŋlisi fiawo (Uther Pendragon, Fia Arthur fofo, Richard I le ƒe 1191 ƒe aʋawɔwɔ me kple Henry III le eƒe aʋawɔwɔ kple Welshtɔwo le ƒe 1245 me) kpakple le China, ʋɔ driba la nye dukɔa ƒe dzesi le fiaƒomea ƒe aʋawɔnu.
• Dinosaurwo kple ʋɔ dribawo nye dukɔ geɖe ƒe blemakɔnuwo ƒe akpa aɖe. Tsɔ kpe ɖe China ŋu la, esia bɔ ɖe Anyiehe Amerika dukɔwo dome.
• Johannes Damascene, si nye Hela Sɔlemeha Fofowo dometɔ mamlɛtɔ, si wodzi le ƒe 676 M.Ŋ., ɖɔ ʋɔ dribawo (The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997) le mɔ si gbɔna nu:
Roma Dio Cassius (ƒe 155–236 M.Ŋ.), amesi ŋlɔ Roma Fiaɖuƒea kple Dukɔa ƒe ŋutinya la ɖe Romatɔwo ƒe dudɔnunɔla Regulus ƒe aʋawɔwɔwo fia le Carthage. Wowu ʋɔ driba aɖe le aʋa la me. Woɖe lãgbalẽ le eŋu eye woɖo lãgbalẽa ɖe Sewɔtakpekpea. Le Sewɔtakpekpea ƒe sedede nu la, wodzidze ŋutigbalẽa eye wòdidi afɔ 120 (anɔ abe meta 37 ene). Wodzra lãgbalẽa ɖo ɖe gbedoxɔ aɖe me le Roma togbɛwo dzi vaseɖe ƒe 133 D.M.Ŋ., esime wòbu esime Celttɔwo xɔ Roma. (Plinius, Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya . Agbalẽ 8 lia, Ta 14. Plinius ŋutɔ gblɔ be yekpɔ kplu si ŋu nya ku ɖo le Roma). (17) . • Nutatawo. Wodzra ʋɔ dribawo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo, nutatawo kple kpememewo hã ɖo, siwo sɔ kloe le ŋutilã ƒe wɔwɔme me tsitotsito le xexeame katã. Wole dekɔnuwo kple subɔsubɔhawo katã kloe me, abe alesi ŋutinya siwo ku ɖe wo ŋu bɔ ene. Woŋlɔ ʋɔ dribawo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo ɖe kpɔɖeŋu me asrafowo ƒe akpoxɔnuwo (Sutton Hoo) kple sɔlemexɔ ƒe gli ƒe atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo (le kpɔɖeŋu me, S. S. Mary kple Hardulph, England). Tsɔ kpe ɖe nyitsuwo kple dzatawo ŋu la, woɖe ʋɔ dribawo le blemadu si nye Babilon ƒe Ishtar-gbo la nu. Mesopotamia ƒe tsilindo nutrenu gbãtɔwo ɖea ʋɔ driba siwo ƒe asike didi abe woƒe kɔ ene kloe la fiaa wo nɔewo (Moortgat, A., The art of ancient Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, axa 1,9,10 kple Plate A.) . Woateŋu akpɔ ʋɔ driba-dinosaur ƒe tanya ƒe nɔnɔmetata geɖe wu, le kpɔɖeŋu me le www.helsinki.fi/~pjojala/Dinosauruslegendat.htm. Enyo be míade dzesii be lã siawo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo le agadowo kple baliwo ƒe gliwo gɔ̃ hã dzi. Woke ɖe nu siawo ŋu le Arizona kple nuto si me Rhodesia nɔ tsã ya teti (Wysong. RL, The Creation-evolution controversy, axa 378,380). Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le Arizona le ƒe 1924 me, esi wonɔ todzigli kɔkɔ aɖe me dzrom la, wokpɔe be wokpa lã vovovowo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo ɖe kpea me, le kpɔɖeŋu me, sɔwo kple todzigbewo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo, gake woɖe dinosaur (Thoralf Gulbrandsen: Puuttuva) ƒe nɔnɔmetata si me kɔ hã rengas, ƒe 1957, axa 91). Maya Indiatɔwo hã dzra kpememe aɖe si wotsɔ kpememe wɔe si me xevi aɖe si ɖi Archeopteryx, si nye xevi si nye lãkle (18) . Le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, ɖe wòle be wòanɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple dinosaurwo hafi. Wokpɔ kpeɖodziwo hã ta le akpɔkplɔ siwo dzona, siwo ƒe aʋalawo ƒe didime ate ŋu anye meta blaeve hafi, eye woxɔe se be wokuna ƒe miliɔn ewo enye sia. Numeɖeɖe si gbɔna la ku ɖe wo ŋu kple alesi woɖe lã si dzona si le abe Pterosaur ene fia le zea dzi:
Akpɔkplɔ siwo dzona dometɔ gãtɔe nye pterosaur si ƒe aʋala ate ŋu adidi wu meta 17. (...) Le BBC Wildlife Magazine (3/1995, Babla 13) me la, Richard Greenwell ƒo nu tso pterosaur ƒe anyinɔnɔ egbea ŋu. Eyɔ anyigbayeyedila A. Hyatt Verrill, amesi ke ɖe Perutɔwo ƒe ze aɖewo ŋu. Anyigbaʋuʋuawo ɖe pterosaur si ɖi pterodactyl fia. Verrill susui be nutalawo zã anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo abe woƒe kpɔɖeŋu ene eye wòŋlɔ bena:
Ƒe alafa geɖe enye sia la, wotsɔa pterodactyl ƒe kpememewo ŋuti numeɖeɖe siwo de pɛpɛpɛ kple woƒe nɔnɔmetatawo gɔ̃ hã tso dzidzime ɖeka me yia bubu me, elabena Cocletɔwo tɔgbuiwo nɔ dukɔ si me pterosaur-wo ƒe kuku siwo wodzra ɖo nyuie la me.
Azɔ hã, Dziehe Amerika Indiatɔwo nya dziɖegbe, si ƒe ŋkɔ wodo na ʋu hã. (19) .
Le Biblia me la , edze abe dinosaurwo ŋue Behemoth kple Leviatan siwo ŋu woƒo nu tsoe le Hiob ƒe agbalẽa me la ku ɖo ene. Egblɔ le behemoth ŋu be eƒe asike le abe sederti ene, be eƒe ata ƒe lãkusiwo bla sesĩe eye ƒuwo le abe gayibɔ ene. Numeɖeɖe siawo sɔ nyuie kple dinosaur aɖewo, abe sauropods ene, siwo ate ŋu adidi wu meta 20. Nenema ke Behemoth ƒe nɔƒe le aŋɔ ƒe adzame, kple fens sɔ na dinosaurwo, elabena wo dometɔ geɖe nɔ ƒutawo gbɔ. Le asike si le abe sederti ene si Behemot ʋãna gome la, ewɔ nuku be womenya egbea be lã gã aɖeke si ƒe asike le abe sederti ene o. Dinosaur si ɖua gbewo ƒe asike ate ŋu didi meta 10-15 eye wòalolo tɔn 1-2 hafi, eye womenya lã mawo tɔgbe le egbeŋkekeawo me o. Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe aɖewo ɖe Behemot gɔme be enye tɔmelã (eye Leviatan gɔme be atiglinyi), gake alesi woɖɔ asike si le abe sederti ene la mesɔ kple tɔmelã le mɔ aɖeke nu o. Woate ŋu akpɔ nya dodzidzɔname ɖeka tso nya sia ŋu tso blemanuŋutinunyala Stephen Jay Gould si megali o si ŋu wodea bubui, si nye Marxtɔwo ƒe mawudzimaxɔsela gbɔ. Egblɔ be ne Hiob ƒe agbalẽa ƒo nu tso Behemoth ŋu la, lã ɖeka kolia si sɔ ɖe nɔnɔme sia nue nye dinosaur (Pandans Tumme, axa 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Esi wònye nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔsela ta la, exɔe se be Hiob ƒe agbalẽa ŋlɔla anya xɔ yeƒe sidzedze tso blemanuwo me. Ke hã, agbalẽ xoxotɔ kekeake siwo le Biblia me dometɔ ɖeka sia ƒo nu tso lã gbagbe aɖe ŋu kɔte (Hiob 40:15: Kpɔ ɖa, behemoth, si mewɔ kpli wò...).
- (Hiob 40:15-23) Kpɔ behemoth , si mewɔ kpli mi la ɖa; eɖua gbe abe nyi ene. 16 Kpɔ ɖa, eƒe ŋusẽ le eƒe akɔta, eye eƒe ŋusẽ le eƒe ƒodo ƒe akɔta. 17 Eʋuʋua eƒe asike abe sederti ene : Eƒe ata ƒe lãkusiwo bla sesĩe . 18 Eƒe ƒuwo le abe akɔbli kakɛ sesẽwo ene ; eƒe ƒuwo le abe gayibɔ ene. 19 Eyae nye Mawu ƒe mɔwo ƒe tatɔ, ame si wɔe la ate ŋu ana eƒe yi nate ɖe eŋu. 20 Nyateƒee, towo hea nuɖuɖu vɛ nɛ, afisi gbemelãwo katã ɖua fefe le. 21 Emlɔa ati siwo ƒe vɔvɔli te, le aŋɔka kple agbowo te . 22 Vɔvɔlitiwo tsyɔ edzi kple woƒe vɔvɔli; tɔʋua ƒe atiglinyiwo ƒo xlãe. 23 Kpɔ ɖa, eno tɔsisi , gake mewɔ kaba o, eɖo ŋu be yeate ŋu ahe Yordan ayi yeƒe nu me.
Leviatan nye nuwɔwɔ dodzidzɔname bubu si ŋu woƒo nu tsoe le Hiob ƒe Agbalẽa me. Wogblɔna be nuwɔwɔ siae nye lãwo ƒe fia eye woɖɔ alesi dzo aɖe dona le eƒe nu me. (Nusi woyɔna be bomber beetle si te ŋu ƒua gas dzodzoe – 100 degree Celsius – ɖe amedzidzela dzi tẽ, wonyae le lãwo ƒe fiaɖuƒea hã me). Ate ŋu adzɔ be ŋutinya geɖe siwo ku ɖe ʋɔ driba siwo te ŋu ƒua dzo tso woƒe nu me ŋu la tso esia gbɔ. Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe aɖewo ɖe Leviatan gɔme be atiglinyi, gake amekae kpɔ atiglinyi si nana nègbãna ne ekpɔe, eye amekae ate ŋu abu gayibɔ abe gbe ene, kple akɔbli abe ati gbegblẽ ene, eye amekae nye lã gãwo katã ƒe fia? Anɔ eme godoo la, enye lã si tsrɔ̃ hã si megali o, gake wonyae le Hiob ƒe ɣeyiɣia me. Hiob ƒe Agbalẽa gblɔ nya siawo be:
- (Hiob 41:1,2,9,13-34) Àte ŋu atsɔ kɔsɔkɔsɔ aɖe leviatan ado goea? alo eƒe aɖe kple ka, si nèɖe ɖe anyi? 2 Àte ŋu atsɔ kɔsɔkɔsɔ ade eƒe ŋɔti mea? alo tsɔ ŋù tsɔ eƒe aɖu to emea? 9 Kpɔ ɖa, eƒe mɔkpɔkpɔ nye dzodzro, ɖe womatsɔ ame aɖeke aƒu gbe le ekpɔkpɔ gɔ̃ hã oa ? 13 Amekae ate ŋu ake ɖe eƒe awu ƒe mo ŋu? alo ameka ate ŋu ava egbɔ kple eƒe gavi eve? 14 Ame kae ate ŋu aʋu eƒe mo ƒe ʋɔtruwo? eƒe aɖuwo dzi ŋɔ ŋutɔ le goawo katã me . 15 Eƒe nudanu nye eƒe dada, si wotu ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu abe nutrenu si le kplikplikpli ene . 16 Ame ɖeka te ɖe nɔvia ŋu ale gbegbe be ya aɖeke mate ŋu age ɖe wo dome o. 17 Wobla wo nɔewo, wolé ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu, ale be womate ŋu ama wo o. 18 Kekeli klẽna to eƒe nuhiahiãwo me, eye eƒe ŋkuwo le abe ŋdi me ŋkume ene. 19 Akaɖi siwo le bibim dona le eƒe nu me, eye dzo ƒe dzobibiwo dona . 20 Dzudzɔ dona tso eƒe ŋɔti me, abe alesi wòdona tso ze alo ze si le dzo dam me ene. 21 Eƒe gbɔgbɔ biã dzoka xɔxɔwo, eye dzo aɖe dona le eƒe nu me . 22 Ŋusẽ nɔa eƒe kɔ me, eye nuxaxa trɔna zua dzidzɔ le eŋkume. 23 Eƒe ŋutilã ƒe aŋgbawo bla ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu, eye woli ke le wo ɖokui me; womate ŋu aʋuʋu wo o. 24 Eƒe dzi sesẽ abe kpe ene; ẽ, esesẽ abe nutunu si le ete ƒe kakɛ aɖe ene. 25 Ne efɔ eɖokui ɖe tsitre la, kalẽtɔwo vɔ̃na. 26 Ame si mlɔ edzi la ƒe yi mate ŋu alé o: akplɔ, aŋutrɔ alo akplɔ o. 27 Ebua gayibɔ abe gbe ene, eye wòbua akɔbli abe ati gbegblẽ ene. 28 Aŋutrɔ mate ŋu ana wòasi o, aŋekpewo trɔna kpe ɖe eŋu wozua ŋeŋe. 29 Wobua aŋutrɔwo abe gbeɖuɖɔ ene: ekoa nu le akplɔ ƒe ʋuʋu ta. 30 Kpe ɖaɖɛwo le ete, ekekea nu ɖaɖɛwo ɖe ʋe me. 31 Enaa tsi goglo la ƒoa abe ze ene, eye wònaa atsiaƒu abe ami ʋeʋĩ ene. 32 Ewɔa mɔ be wòaklẽ ɖe eyome; ame aɖe abu be gogloƒea nye hoary. 33 Le anyigba dzi la, ame si le abe etɔ ene, si wowɔ vɔvɔ̃manɔmee la meli o. 34 Ekpɔa nu kɔkɔwo katã, enye fia ɖe dadaviwo katã dzi .
Ke alesi Biblia ɖɔ ʋɔ dribawo ya ɖe? Biblia yɔ fũ kple kpɔɖeŋunyagbɔgblɔ siwo ɖea akpakpawo, amegãxi sesẽwo, da ayetɔ, alẽwo, kple gbɔ̃wo, siwo katã nye lã siwo le dzɔdzɔmenuwo me egbea, fiana. Nukatae ʋɔ driba, si ŋu woƒo nu tsoe zi geɖe le Nubabla Xoxoa kple Yeyea me, kpakple le agbalẽ xoxowo me la anye nusi to vovo? Ne Mose I, (1:21) gblɔ alesi Mawu wɔ ƒumelã gãwo, ƒumelã klitsuwo (si wogbugbɔ trɔ asi le) (1 Mose 1:21 Eye Mawu wɔ tɔmelã gãwo, kple nu gbagbe ɖesiaɖe si le ʋuʋum, siwo tsiwo he vɛ fũ, le woƒe dɔmenyotɔ, kple xevi ɖesiaɖe si si aʋala le le eƒe ƒomevi nu: eye Mawu kpɔe be enyo.) , gbegbɔgblɔ gbãtɔa zã nya ma ke si nye “tannin”, si sɔ kple ʋɔ driba le Biblia ƒe akpa bubuwo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, kpukpui siwo gbɔna la ƒo nu tso ʋɔ dribawo ŋu:
- (Hiob 30:29) Nyee nye nɔvi na ʋɔ dribawo , eye menye zɔhɛ na atsutsurɔewo.
- (Ps 44:19) Togbɔ be ègbã mí vevie le ʋɔ dribawo teƒe , eye nètsɔ ku ƒe vɔvɔli tsyɔ mí dzi hã.
- (Yes 35:7) Eye anyigba ƒuƒui la azu ta, eye tsikɔwuame ƒe tsidzɔƒe azu tsidzɔƒe: le ʋɔ dribawo ƒe nɔƒe , afisi wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe mlɔ la, gbe siwo ŋu aŋɔ kple gbewo le.
- (Yes 43:20) Gbemelãwo ade bubu ŋunye, ʋɔ dribawo kple atsutsurɔewo, elabena mana tsi le gbedzi, kple tɔsisiwo le gbedzi, be woano tsi nye dukɔ, nye ame tiatiawo.
- (Yer 14:6) Eye kposɔ gbemelãwo tsi tre ɖe nuxeƒewo, wotsi ya la abe ʋɔ dribawo ene ; woƒe ŋkuwo do kpo nu, elabena gbe aɖeke menɔ anyi o.
- (Yer 49:33) Eye Hazor anye ʋɔ dribawo ƒe nɔƒe , eye wòazu aƒedo tegbee, ame aɖeke manɔ afima o, eye amegbetɔvi aɖeke manɔ eme o.
- (Mixa 1:8) Eya ta mafa avi eye mafa avi, maɖe awu le ŋunye eye maɖe amama: Mafa avi abe ʋɔ dribawo ene , eye mafa konyi abe atsutsurɔewo ene.
- (Mal 1:3) Eye melé fu Esau, eye megbã eƒe towo kple eƒe domenyinu na gbedzi ʋɔ dribawo .
- (Ps 104:26) Afimae tɔdziʋuwo yina: afimae leviatan ma, si nèwɔ be wòaƒo le eme.
- (Hiob 7:12) Ðe menye atsiaƒu, alo tɔmelã , si nèɖo dzɔla ɖe dzinyea? (gɔmeɖeɖe si wogbugbɔ trɔ asi le: ƒumelã wɔadã, le Hebrigbe me tannin, si gɔmee nye ʋɔ driba)
- (Hiob 26:12,13) Etsɔ eƒe ŋusẽ ma atsiaƒu la me, eye to eƒe gɔmesese me la, eƒoa dadalawo. 13 Etsɔ eƒe gbɔgbɔ ɖo atsyɔ̃ na dziƒowo; eƒe asi wɔ da gbadzɛ la.
- (Ps 74:13,14) Èma atsiaƒu la me to wò ŋusẽ me nyateƒe: ègbã ʋɔ dribawo ƒe ta le tsiwo me. 14 Ègbã leviatan ƒe ta kakɛkakɛe, eye nètsɔe na ame siwo le gbeadzi la be wòanye nuɖuɖu.
- (Ps 91:13) Àtu afɔ dzata kple akplɔ dzi: dzatavi kple ʋɔ driba natu afɔ wo.
- (Yes 30:6) Anyiehe lãwo ƒe agba: ayi xaxa kple xaxa ƒe anyigba dzi, afisi dzata fẽ kple tsitsi, da kple da dzodzoe si le dzo dam tso , woatsɔ woƒe kesinɔnuwo ɖe viwo ƒe abɔta kposɔwo, kple woƒe kesinɔnuwo le kposɔhawo dzi, na dukɔ, si maɖe vi na wo o.
- (Mose V, 32:32,33) Elabena woƒe weintsetse tso Sodom kple Gomora-gblewo me: woƒe weintsetsewo nye weintsetse siwo me wodea aɖu, woƒe weintsetsewo le vevem. 33 Woƒe wein nye ʋɔ dribawo ƒe aɖi , kple kposɔwo ƒe aɖi vɔ̃ɖi.
- (Neh 2:13) Eye medo go le zã me to balia ƒe agbo nu, le ʋɔ driba ƒe vudo la ŋgɔ , kple aɖuɖɔtoƒe la, eye mekpɔ Yerusalem ƒe gli siwo wogbã, eye eƒe agbowo gbã kple dzo.
- (Yesaya 51:9) Nyɔ, nyɔ, do ŋusẽ, Oo Yehowa ƒe alɔ; minyɔ, abe blemaɣeyiɣiwo ene, le blema dzidzimewo me. Ðe menye wòe tso Raxab, eye nède abi ʋɔ driba la ŋu oa?
- (Yesaya 27:1) Gbe ma gbe la, Yehowa atsɔ eƒe yi sesẽ kple gã sesẽ la ahe to na leviatan, da si ƒoa nu la, leviatan, da manyatalenu ma; eye wòawu ʋɔ driba si le atsiaƒu me la.
- (Yer 51:34) Babilon-fia Nebukadnezar ɖum, egbãm, ewɔm nugo ƒuƒlu, mimim abe ʋɔ driba ene , etsɔ nye nu viviwo yɔ eƒe ƒodo me fũ , etsɔ nye nu viviwo yɔ eƒe ƒodo me, etsɔ nu ƒu gbe me do go.
Nubabla Xoxoa ƒe Apokrifa kple ʋɔ dribawo . Ke Nubabla Xoxoa ƒe Apokrifa ya ɖe? Woawo hã, woƒo nu tso ʋɔ driba la ŋu zi geɖe, si wobu be wonye lã ŋutɔŋutɔwo, ke menye nuwɔwɔ siwo wosusuna o. Sirach ƒe Agbalẽa ŋlɔla ŋlɔ alesi wòadi be yeanɔ dzata kple ʋɔ driba gbɔ, tsɔ wu be wòanɔ srɔ̃a vɔ̃ɖi la gbɔ. Nya siwo wotsɔ kpe ɖe Ester ƒe Agbalẽa ŋu la ƒo nu tso Mardoxai (Mardoxai si le Biblia me) ƒe drɔ̃e ŋu, esime wòkpɔ ʋɔ driba gã eve. Daniel hã dze ŋgɔ ʋɔ driba gã aɖe, si Babilontɔwo subɔna. Esia ɖe alesi lã siawo anya tsi va lolo ŋutɔ la fia.
- (Sirax 25:16) Anyo nam wu be manɔ dzata kple ʋɔ driba gbɔ wu be manɔ aƒe me kple nyɔnu vɔ̃ɖi .
- (Salomo ƒe nunya 16:10) Gake viwòŋutsuwo meɖu ʋɔ driba siwo me aɖi le ƒe aɖuwo dzi o, elabena wò nublanuikpɔkpɔ nɔa wo gbɔ tegbee, eye wòda gbe le wo ŋu.
- (Sirach 43:25) Elabena dɔ wɔnuku kple nukunuwo, lã ƒomevi vovovowo kple tɔmelã ƒomevi vovovowo siwo wowɔ la le eme.
- (Ester 1:1,4,5,6) Wokplɔ Mardoxai, Yudatɔ si tso Benyamin to me la yi aboyo me, kpe ɖe Yuda Fia Yoyakin ŋu, esime Babilon Fia Nebukadnezar xɔ Yerusalem. Mardoxai nye Yair vi, si nye Kis kple Simei ƒe dzidzimevi. 4 Eku drɔ̃e be toɣliɖeɖe kple tɔtɔ gã aɖe, dziɖegbe sesẽ aɖe, kple anyigbaʋuʋu, eye zitɔtɔ dziŋɔ aɖe le anyigba dzi. 5 Emegbe ʋɔ driba gã eve do, siwo le klalo be yewoawɔ avu kple yewo nɔewo . 6 Wowɔ toɣliɖeɖe dziŋɔ aɖe , eye dukɔwo katã dzra ɖo be yewoawɔ aʋa kple Mawu ƒe dukɔ si me ame dzɔdzɔewo le.
- (Additions to Daniel, Bel and the Dragon 1:23-30) Eye le teƒe ma ke la, ʋɔ driba gã aɖe nɔ anyi , si Babilontɔwo subɔna. 24 Eye fia la bia Daniel bena: Àgagblɔ be akɔbli ye nye esia? kpɔ ɖa, ele agbe, eɖua nu eye wònoa nu ; màte ŋu agblɔ be menye mawu gbagbee wònye o, eya ta de ta agu nɛ. 25 Azɔ Daniel gblɔ na fia la be: “Masubɔ Yehowa nye Mawu, elabena eyae nye Mawu gbagbe la.” 26 Ke fia, na mɔm, ne mawu ʋɔ driba sia yi alo atikplɔ manɔmee. Fia la gblɔ bena: Meɖe mɔ na wò. 27 Tete Daniel tsɔ ami, ami kple taɖa, ƒo wo nu ƒu, eye wòtsɔ wo ƒo ƒu, eye wòtsɔ esia de ʋɔ driba la ƒe nu me, ale ʋɔ driba la gbã, eye Daniel gblɔ be: “Miawoe nye mawuwo.” subɔsubɔ. 28 Esi Babilontɔwo se nya sia la, wodo dziku vevie, eye woɖo nugbe ɖe fia la ŋu gblɔ be: “Fia la zu Yudatɔ, eye wòtsrɔ̃ Bel, ewu ʋɔ driba la, eye wòwu nunɔlawo.” 29 Eya ta wova fia la gb eye wogbl bena: Na Daniel na mí, ne menye nenema o la, míatsrɔ̃ wò kple wò aƒe. 30 Esi fia la kpɔ be wole ye tem vevie, eye wozi wo dzi la, etsɔ Daniel de asi na wo.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Morgan: The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of Scientific Age (1996). Reading: Addison-Wesley 2. Thoralf Gulbrandsen : The missing ring, p. 100,101 3. Stephen Jay Gould: The Panda’s Thumb, (1988), p. 182,183. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 4. Niles Eldredge (1985): “Evolutionary Tempos and Modes: A Paleontological Perspective” teoksessa Godrey (toim.) What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinian and non-Darwinian Perspectives on Evolution 5. George McCready Price: New Geology, quote from AM Rehnwinkel's book Flood, pp. 267, 278 6. Kimmo Pälikkö : Background 2, Behind the Scenes of Development Theory, p. 927. 7. Kimmo Pälikkö : Background 2, Behind the Scenes of Development Theory, p. 194 8. Pekka Reinikainen : Forgotten Genesis, p. 173, 184 9. Stephen Jay Gould: Catastrophes and steady state earth, Natural History, 84(2):15-16 / Ref. 6, p. 115. 10. Thoralf Gulbrandsen : The missing ring, p. 81 11. Toivo Seljavaara : Were the flood and Noah's ark possible, p. 28 12. Uuras Saarnivaara : Can the Bible be trusted, p. 175-177 13. Scott M. Huse : The Collapse of Evolution, p. 24 14. Many dino fossils could have soft tissue inside, Oct 28 2010, news.nationalgeographic.com/news_/2006/02/0221_060221_dino_tissue_2.html 15. Nielsen-March, C., Biomolecules in fossil remains: Multidisciplinary approach to endurance, The Biochemist 24(3):12-14, June 2002 ; www.biochemist.org/bio/_02403/0012/024030012.pdf 16. Pekka Reinikainen : Darwin or a smart plan?, p. 88 17. Pekka Reinikainen : The riddle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 111 18. Pekka Reinikainen : The riddle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 114,115 19. http://creation.com/redirect.php?http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=QbdH3l1UjPQ 20. Matti Leisola : In the wonderland of evolutionary belief, p.146 21. J.S. Shelton: Geology illustrated 22. Pentti Eskola : The changing country, p. 114 23. Carl Wieland : Stones and Bones, p. 11 24. Pekka Reinikainen : Forgotten Genesis, p. 179, 224 25. Wiljam Aittala : The message of the Universe, p. 198 26. Kalle Taipale : Restless Earth, p. 78 27. Mikko Tuuliranta : School biology spreads disinformation, in book Usko ja tiede, p. 131,132 28. Francis Hitching : Mysterious events (The World Atlas of Mysteries), p. 159 29. Pentti Eskola : A changing country, p. 366 30. Quote from the book: Pekka Reinikainen: The Riddle of Dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 47 31. Scott M. Huse : The Collapse of Evolution, p. 25 32. Pekka Reinikainen : The puzzle of dinosaurs and the Bible, p. 90
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Jesus is the way, the truth and the life
Grap to eternal life!
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Other Google Translate machine translations:
Ƒe miliɔn geɖe / dinosaur / amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ?
Biblia ƒe Ŋutinya
Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse: dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya, amegbetɔ ƒe gomenɔamesiwo Kristotɔnyenye kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kple amegbetɔ ƒe gomenɔamesiwo
Ɣedzeƒe subɔsubɔhawo / Ɣeyiɣi Yeye Buddha, Buddha-subɔsubɔ alo Yesu?
Islam-subɔsubɔ Muhammad ƒe ɖeɖefiawo kple agbenɔnɔ Trɔ̃subɔsubɔ le Islam kple Mecca Ðe woate ŋu aka ɖe Koran la dzia?
Agbenɔnɔ ŋuti nyabiasewo Mivo tso ŋutsu kple ŋutsu alo nyɔnu kple nyɔnu ƒe gbɔdɔdɔ me Srɔ̃ɖeɖe si me ŋutsu alo nyɔnu nyenye mele o Amewuwu kple ɣeyiɣia ƒe dzesiwo
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