Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya ƒe numeɖeɖe si bɔ wu le xexeame ƒe gɔmedzedze ŋue nye be wodzii to Big Bang me tso ƒuƒlu, si nye teƒe si naneke menɔ o. Do ŋgɔ na ema la, ɣeyiɣi, teƒe kple ŋusẽ aɖeke menɔ anyi o. Woɖɔ tata sia nyuie to agbalẽwo abe Tyhjästä syntynyt (Wodzi le Ame Ƒuƒluwo Me) (Kari Enqvist, Jukka Maalampi) alo Xexeame Katã si Tso Naneke Me (Lawrence M. Krauss) ene ƒe ŋkɔwo me. Nya si gbɔna hã ƒo nu tso nya ma ke ŋu:

Le gɔmedzedzea me la, naneke menɔ anyi kura o. Esia gɔmesese sesẽ ŋutɔ... Do ŋgɔ na Big Bang la, teƒe ƒuƒlu gɔ̃ hã menɔ anyi o. Wowɔ yamenutome kple ɣeyiɣi kpakple ŋusẽ kple nu le wowó sia me. Naneke menɔ xexeame katã "godo" si awó o. Esi wodzii eye wòdze eƒe kekeɖenudɔ gã la gɔme la, nusianu nɔ xexeame katã, si me yamenutome ƒuƒluwo katã hã nɔ. (Jim Brooks: Näin elämä alkoi / Agbe ƒe gɔmedzedze, axa 9-11)

Nenema ke Wikipedia hã ƒo nu tso Big Bang la ŋu. Le eƒe nya nu la, le gɔmedzedzea me la, teƒe si xɔ dzo eye wòle xɔxlɔ̃m la nɔ anyi vaseɖe esime Big Bang dzɔ eye xexeame katã te kekeɖenudɔwɔwɔ:

Le nufiafiaa ƒe nya nu la, xexeame do tso nɔnɔme si me xɔxlɔ̃ kple dzoxɔxɔ si gbɔ eme me anɔ ƒe biliɔn 13.8 enye sia le nusi woyɔna be Big Bang me eye wòle kekem ɖe enu ɣesiaɣi tso ɣemaɣi.

Gake ɖe Big Bang kple dziƒonuwo dzidzi le wo ɖokui si nye nyateƒea? Le nya sia me la, anyo be míalé ŋku ɖe nya siwo gbɔna ŋu:

Nusiwo meli o mate ŋu akpɔ nunɔamesi aɖeke o eye naneke mate ŋu ado tso eme o . Woate ŋu akpɔ nya gbãtɔ si tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu le nya siwo míeyɔ va yi me. Le go ɖeka me la, wogblɔna be nusianu dze egɔme tso naneke me o, eye le go bubu me la, wogblɔna be nɔnɔme si nɔ anyi le gɔmedzedzea me la xɔ dzo ŋutɔ eye wòyɔ fũ.

    Gake ne naneke menɔ anyi le gɔmedzedzea me o la, ke nunɔamesi aɖeke mate ŋu anɔ nɔnɔme ma tɔgbe si o. Ne mede ɖeke o la, mate ŋu axɔ dzo ahanɔ ʋeʋẽm o elabena meli o. Nusiwo meli o hã mate ŋu akpɔ nɔnɔme bubuwo o le esi meli o ta ko.

    Le go bubu me la, ne míesusu be nusi meli o la trɔ eɖokui wòzu nɔnɔme si me ʋuʋudedi le eye wòxɔ dzo, alo be wodzi xexeame katã si li fifia tso eme la, ema hã nye nusi mate ŋu adzɔ o. Le akɔntabubu nu la, manya wɔ o elabena manya wɔ be woaxɔ naneke tso naneke me o. Ne woma zero ɖe xexlẽdzesi ɖesiaɖe me la, emetsonua nyea zero ɣesiaɣi. David Berlinski, tsɔ eƒe nukpɔsusu le nya sia ŋu be: 

”Viɖe aɖeke mele eme be woaʋli nya be nane dzɔ tso naneke me o, evɔ akɔntanyala ɖesiaɖe se esia gɔme be enye nya dzodzro keŋkeŋ” (Ron Rosenbaum: ”Ðe Aʋatsokaka Gã aɖe Koa? David Berlinski Doa Nya Ðe Amesiame Ŋu.”New York Observer 7.7 .ƒe 1998)

Ne ŋusẽ aɖeke meli o la, naneke mate ŋu awó o . Nya aɖe si míeyɔ va yi gblɔ be ŋusẽ aɖeke menɔ anyi le gɔmedzedzea me o, eye nu aɖeke hã menɔ anyi o.

    Tsitretsitsi bubu aɖe hã le afisia, elabena dzoxɔxɔŋutinunya ƒe se gbãtɔ si bɔ gblɔ be, "Womate ŋu awɔ ŋusẽ alo atsrɔ̃e o, ɖeko wòtrɔna tso nɔnɔme ɖeka me yi bubu me."

     Ne míagblɔe bubui la, ne ŋusẽ aɖeke menɔ anyi le gɔmedzedzea me tututu o la, afikae ŋusẽa tso elabena le eɖokui si mate ŋu ado o? Le go bubu me la, ŋusẽ ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ xea mɔ na wowó ɖesiaɖe. Wowóa mate ŋu adzɔ gbeɖe o.

Ne nɔnɔme si me wònɔ le gɔmedzedzea me la me kɔ ŋutɔ la, mate ŋu awó o . Nya si míeyɔ va yi la ku ɖe nukpɔsusu si nye be nusianu dzɔ tso nɔnɔme si me amewo sɔ gbɔ ɖo eye wòxɔ dzo ŋutɔ, nɔnɔme si me xexeame katã ƒe nuawo katã ƒo ƒu ɖe teƒe sue aɖe si gbɔ eme me ŋu. Wotsɔe sɔ kple nu ɖeka kolia, abe do vivitiwo ene.

    Le afisia hã la, nya aɖe si tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu li. Elabena ne woɖe do vivitiwo me la, wogblɔna be wosɔ gbɔ ale gbegbe be wo dometɔ aɖeke mate ŋu asi o, kekeli, elektrikŋusẽ ƒe keklẽ, alo naneke hã mate ŋu asi o. Eyae nye be wobua dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ vevi ene: nuheŋusẽ, elektrikŋusẽ, kple nukliaŋusẽ sesẽ kple esi gbɔdzɔ. Wobua nuheŋusẽ be enye nusi gbɔdzɔ wu le wo dome, gake ne kpekpeme sɔ gbɔ la, ŋusẽ bubuwo mate ŋu awɔ naneke tso eŋu o. Woxɔe se be aleae wòle le do vivitiwo gome.

     Nukae míate ŋu aƒo nya ta tso esia me? Ne wobu do vivitiwo be wonye nu ŋutɔŋutɔwo, eye esiwo me naneke mate ŋu asi le o le esi woƒe kpekpeme lolo ta la, aleke ame awɔ atsɔ aɖo kpe wowó aɖe dzi le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me tso nɔnɔme si wosusu be ele gɔmedzedzea me, si wòle be wòalolo wu do vivitiwo gɔ̃ hã hafi? Mawumaxɔselawo le tsitre tsim ɖe wo ɖokui ŋu.                                                         

Wowó mewɔa ɖoɖo o . Ke wowóa ŋutɔ ya ɖe, ne ɖe wòate ŋu adzɔ togbɔ be nusianu dzɔ hã? Ðe wowóa ahe nu bubu aɖe vɛ tsɔ wu tsɔtsrɔ̃a? Esia nye nusi nàte ŋu ate kpɔ. Ne wotsɔ bɔmb ƒe dzoxɔxɔ da ɖe eg. le gogloƒe sesẽ aɖe me la, womewɔa naneke tso eme o. Bɔl la ƒe akpa aɖewo koe kaka ɖe teƒe si didi meta aɖewo, gake naneke megadzɔna o. Gake xexeame katã le ɖoɖo nu eye ɣletivihatsotso dzeaniwo, ɣletiviwo, ɣletinyigbawo, ɣletiwo, kpakple agbe hã le eme. Menye wowó aɖekee nana nuɖoanyi sesẽ sia tɔgbe si wɔa dɔ alea o, ke boŋ ɖeko wògblẽa nu eye wògblẽa nu.

Wo katã tso teƒe sue aɖe ? Abe alesi wogblɔe ene la, wotsɔe le Big Bang ƒe nufiafia me be wodzi nusianu tso teƒe sue aɖe si seɖoƒe meli na o me. Ðe wòle be wòazu ɣletivihatsotso miliɔn geɖe, ɣletivi biliɔn geɖe hafi, gake wòazu ɣe, ɣletinyigbawo, kpewo kple nu gbagbewo abe sɔwo, ame siwo bua tame, xevi siwo le ɣli dom, seƒoƒo dzeaniwo, ati gãwo, kpakpaluʋuiwo, tɔmelãwo kple atsiaƒu si ƒo xlã wo, siwo vivina nyuie hã hafi akɔɖu kple strawberry, kple bubuawo Ele be nusiawo katã nado tso teƒe si le sue wu pinhead hafi. Esiae nye nusi wosusu le dzidzenu ƒe nufiafia sia me.

     Woate ŋu atsɔ nya sia asɔ kple ame aɖe si lé dzotsiɖaka ɖe asi eye emegbe wògblɔ be, “Ne èkpɔ dzotsiɖaka sia le asinye la, ɖe nàte ŋu axɔe ase be tso ememe la, ɣletivi miliɔn alafa geɖe, ɣe si le dzo dam, nu gbagbe mawo tɔgbe ava abe avuwo, xeviwo, sɔwo, atiwo, tɔmelãwo kple atsiaƒu si ƒo xlã wo, strawberry nyuiwo kple seƒoƒo dzeaniwo enea? Ẽ, ɖeko wòle be nàxɔe ase be nyateƒee mele gbɔgblɔm, eye be nu gã siawo katã ate ŋu atso dzofiɖaka sia me!”

     Aleke nàse le ɖokuiwò me ne ame aɖe tsɔ nya si wogblɔ va yi la na wò? Ðe nàbui be ewɔ nuku viea? Gake Big Bang ƒe nufiafia hã wɔ nuku nenema ke. Etsɔe be nusianu dze egɔme le teƒe si le sue wu dzotsinuwo ƒe aɖaka gɔ̃ hã. Mesusu be míewɔa nu le nunya me ne míexɔ nufiafia siawo katã siwo dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala mawudzimaxɔselawo tsɔ vɛ dzi se o, ke boŋ míelé ɖe Mawu ƒe nuwɔwɔdɔa ŋu, si dze ƒã be eyae nye numeɖeɖe nyuitɔ kekeake na dziƒonuwo kple agbe ƒe anyinɔnɔ.

    Ɣletiviŋutinunyala geɖe hã ɖe ɖeklemi nufiame si nye be wowó gã la. Wokpɔnɛ be etsi tre ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋutɔŋutɔ ŋu:

Nyatakaka yeyewo to vovo tso nufiafiaa ƒe nyagblɔɖi gbɔ ale gbegbe be woatsrɔ̃ Big Bang-xexemenunya (Fred Hoyle, The Big Bang in Astronomy, 92 New Scientist 521, 522-23 / 1981)

Abe xexeame katã ŋuti nunyala xoxo ene la, mekpɔa ŋkuléleɖenuŋu ŋuti nyatakaka siwo li fifia woɖea nufiafia siwo ku ɖe xexeame ƒe gɔmedzedze ŋu la ɖa, eye woɖea nufiafia gbogbo siwo ku ɖe Ɣe ƒe Ɣletivihatsotso ƒe gɔmedzedze hã ɖa. (H. Bondi, Lɛta, 87 Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala Yeye 611 / 1980)

Womeƒo nu boo aɖeke le nenye be big bang ƒe nukpɔsusua sɔ alo mesɔ o ŋu wòɖe dzesi ŋutɔ... woɖea ŋkuléleɖenuŋu geɖe siwo tsi tre ɖe eŋu la me to susu gbogbo aɖewo siwo ŋu kpeɖodzi mele o dzi alo woŋea aɖaba ƒua wo dzi ko. (ame ŋkutawo ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla H. Alfven, Xexeame Katã ƒe Plasma 125 / 1981)

Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununyala Eric Lerner: ”Big Bang nye ŋutinya dodzidzɔname aɖe ko, si me woléa asi ɖo le susu aɖe ta ” (Eric Lerner: A Startling Refutation of the Dominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe, The Big Bang Never Happened, NY: Times Books, 1991 me tɔ).

“Big Bang ƒe nufiafia nɔ te ɖe susu siwo dzi womeɖo kpee o siwo le dzidzim ɖe edzi dzi - nusiwo míede dzesii kpɔ o. Ga ƒe asixɔxɔ, vivimenuwo kple vivimeŋusẽe nye esiwo wonya nyuie wu le esiawo dome. Woawo manɔmee la, masɔmasɔ siwo wua ame anɔ nusiwo ɣletiviŋutinunyalawo de dzesii kple nusiwo wogblɔ ɖi le wowó ƒe nufiafia gbãtɔ me dome.” (Eric Lerner kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala 33 bubu siwo tso dukɔ vovovo 10 me, Bucking the Big Bang, New Scientist 182(2448):20, 2004; www.cosmologystatement.org , wokpɔe le April 1, 2014 dzi.)

Gas meƒoa ƒu zua dziƒonuwo o . Nukpɔsusuae nye be le ɣeyiɣi aɖe me le Big Bang megbe la, wowɔ haidrodzin kple helium, siwo me ɣletivihatsotsowo kple ɣletiviwo ƒo ƒu tsoe.

     Gake le afisia hã la, woda le dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya ƒe sewo dzi. Le yamenutome faa la, gas la meƒoa ƒu gbeɖe o, ke boŋ ɖeko wòkakana ɖe yamenutome goglo wu, eye wòmana sɔsɔe. Esiae nye nufiafia vevi si le suku ƒe nusrɔ̃gbalẽwo me. Alo ne èdze agbagba be yeaƒo gas la nu ƒu la, eƒe dzoxɔxɔ dzina ɖe edzi, eye dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dziyiyi nana gas la gakekena ake. Exea mɔ na dziƒonuwo ƒe dzidzi.

    Fred Hoyle, amesi ɖe ɖeklemi big bang nufiafia eye mexɔ edzi se o hã gblɔ be: "Nu siwo le kekem ɖe enu mateŋu adze naneke dzi o eye le kekeɖenudɔ si sɔ megbe la, dɔwɔnawo katã wu enu" (The Intelligent Universe: A New View of Creation and Evolution - 1983) .

     Nya siwo gbɔna la gaɖee fia be ŋuɖoɖo aɖeke mele dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo si ku ɖe afisi ɣletivihatsotsowo kple ɣletiviwo dzɔ tso ŋu o. Togbɔ be agbalẽ alo television dzi wɔna xɔŋkɔ aɖewo ɖe eme enuenu be dziƒonu siawo ŋutɔe wodzi hã la, kpeɖodzi aɖeke meli si ɖo kpe esia dzi o. Wodoa go kuxi mawo ne ame aɖe di dzɔdzɔme numeɖeɖe aɖe ko le dziƒonuwo ƒe anyinɔnɔ ŋu, gake egbe Mawu ƒe nuwɔwɔdɔ, si dzi kpeɖodziawo fia kɔte be: 

Nyemedi be magblɔ be míese alesi wòwɔ ɣletivihatsotsoawo gɔme ŋutɔŋutɔ o. Nufiafia si ku ɖe ɣletivihatsotsowo dzidzi ŋu nye kuxi gã siwo gbɔ womekpɔ o le ɣletiviŋutinunya me la dometɔ ɖeka eye edze abe míegakpɔtɔ didi tso egbɔkpɔnu ŋutɔŋutɔ gbɔ egbea gɔ̃ hã ene. (Steven Weinberg, Kolme ensimmäistä minuuttia / Aɖabaƒoƒo Etɔ̃ Gbãtɔwo, axa 88)

Agbalẽwo yɔ fũ kple ŋutinya siwo se le wo ɖokui me be susu le wo me, gake nyateƒe wɔnublanui lae nye be míenya, alesi wodzi ɣletivihatsotsoawo o. (L. John, Xexemenunya Fifia 85, 92 / 1976)

Gake kuxi gã aɖee nye aleke nusianu va dzɔe? Aleke gas si me wodzi ɣletivihatsotsowo tsoe la ƒo ƒu le gɔmedzedzea me tsɔ dze ɣletiviwo ƒe dzidzi kple xexeame ƒe tsatsam gã la gɔmee? (...) Eyata ele be míadi dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya siwo hea tsikpewo vɛ le xexeame katã ƒe nu ɖeka tɔgbe me. Esia dze abe ɖe wòle bɔbɔe ŋutɔ ene gake le nyateƒe me la, ehea kuxi siwo goglo ŋutɔ vɛ. (Malcolm S. Longair, Räjähtävä maailmankaikkeus / Míaƒe Xexeame Katã ƒe Dzɔtsoƒe, axa 93)

Enye ŋukpe boŋ be ame aɖeke meɖe alesi wo (ɣletivihatsotsowo) dzɔe me o... Ɣletiviŋutinunyala kple xexeameŋutinunyala akpa gãtɔ lɔ̃ ɖe edzi gaglãa be nufiafia aɖeke meli si naa dzidzeme ame le alesi ɣletivihatsotsowo dzɔnae ŋu o. Ne míagblɔe bubui la, womate ŋu aɖe xexeame katã ƒe akpa vevi aɖe me o. (W. R. Corliss: Ɣletiviŋutinunya ƒe Nusiwo Mesɔ O, Ɣletiviwo, Ɣletivihatsotsowo, Xexeame Katã ƒe Agbalẽ, axa 184, Sourcebook Project, 1987)

Nusi dzi ŋɔ le afisiae nye be ne mía dometɔ aɖeke menya do ŋgɔ be ɣletiviwo li o la, ke numekuku si woawɔ le ŋgɔgbe la ana susu geɖe siwo ŋu kakaɖedzi le ku ɖe nusita womate ŋu adzi ɣletiviwo gbeɖe o ŋu.” (Neil deGrasse Tyson, Ku to Black Hole me: Kple Yamenutome ƒe Tɔtɔ Bubuwo, axa 187, W. W. Norton & Company, 2007)

Abraham Loeb: “Nyateƒeae nye be míese ɣletiviwo ƒe wɔwɔme gɔme le gɔmedzedzea me o.” (Woɖee tso Marcus Chown ƒe nyati si nye Let there be light , New Scientist 157(2120):26-30, 7 February 1998 me)

Ke ɣe ƒe ɣletinyigba, si nye ɣe, ɣletinyigbawo kple ɣletiwo ƒe dzidzi ya ɖe? Wosusui be gas ƒe alilikpo ɖeka mee wodzi wo tsoe, gake enye akɔntabubu ƒe nya. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be gɔmedzedze le ɣe, ɣletinyigbawo kple dzinuwo si - ne menye nenema o la, anye ne woƒe ŋusẽ ememetɔwo nu ayi le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe - gake ele be woato susuŋudɔwɔwɔ me ne wole susu si ta wodzi wo dim. Ne wogbe Mawu ƒe nuwɔwɔdɔ la, wozia wo dzi be woadi dzɔdzɔmenumeɖeɖe aɖewo boŋ le dziƒonu siawo dzidzi ŋu.

    Ke hã, wodoa go mɔ kuku aɖe le eme, elabena ɣletinyigbawo, ɣletiwo kple ɣe ƒe wɔwɔme to vovo kura tso wo nɔewo gbɔ. Aleke wodzɔ tso gas-lilikpo ɖeka me, ne woƒe wɔwɔme to vovo kura? Le kpɔɖeŋu me, nu siwo me kɔ ye le ɣletinyigba aɖewo dzi, evɔ nu siwo kpekpe wu le bubuwo me.

    Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala geɖe ɖi anukware ale gbegbe be wolɔ̃ ɖe edzi be dzɔdzɔmenufiafia siwo li fifia ku ɖe afisi ɣe ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa dzɔ tso ŋu nye kuxi. Woƒe nya aɖewo le ete. Nya siawo ɖe alesi gbegbe ɖikeke le eme be woaɖe xexemanɔsitɔ bliboa ƒe gɔmedzedze me le eɖokui si Mawu manɔmee la fia. Nu nyui aɖeke meli si dzi woanɔ te ɖo agbugbɔ ŋutinya aŋlɔ le go sia me o. Susu le eme wu be míaxɔ Mawu ƒe nuwɔwɔdɔa dzi ase.

Gbã la, míede dzesii be nusi le vovom tso míaƒe Ɣe gbɔ, mate ŋu awɔ ɣletinyigba mawo tɔgbe siwo míenya kura o. Nya la ƒe wɔwɔme anye nusi mesɔ kura o. Nu bubu si le vovototo sia mee nye be Ɣe la sɔ [abe dziƒonu ene], gake anyigba ya wɔ nuku. Ya si le ɣletiviwo dome, kple ɣletivi akpa gãtɔ dome la nye nu ɖeka ma ke si le Ɣea si, gake menye anyigba o. Ele be míase egɔme be ŋkuléle ɖe xexeame katã ƒe nukpɔsusu nu – xɔ si me nèbɔbɔ nɔ fifia la, wotsɔ nusiwo mesɔ o wɔe. Wòe nye nusi mebɔ o, xexeame katã ŋuti nunyala ƒe hakpanyaŋlɔla ƒe nyakpakpa. (Fred C. Hoyle, Harper ƒe Magazine, April 1951)

Egbea gɔ̃ hã, esime ɣletiviŋutinunya yi ŋgɔ ŋutɔ la, nufiafia geɖe siwo ku ɖe afisi ɣe ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa dzɔ tso ŋu la medzea ame ŋu o. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo melɔ̃ ɖe nya siwo wogblɔ tsitotsito la dzi kokoko o. Nufiafia aɖeke meli si dzi ame geɖe da asi ɖo le ŋkume o. (Jim Brooks, Näin alkoi elämä , axa 57 / Agbe ƒe Dzɔtsoƒe)

Nukpɔsusu siwo katã wogblɔ tso ɣe ƒe ɣletinyigba ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu la mewɔ ɖeka kura o. Edze abe nyataƒoƒoa, le ɣeyiɣi sia me, enye be ɣe ƒe ƒuƒoƒo mate ŋu anɔ anyi o ene. (H. Jeffreys, Anyigba: Eƒe Dzɔtsoƒe, Ŋutinya Kple Dzɔdzɔmeŋutete ƒe Dukplɔse , tata 6 ^lia , Cambridge Yunivɛsiti ƒe Nyadzɔdzɔdɔwɔƒe, 1976, axa 387)

Aleke nèwɔ tsɔ ɖo kpe agbe ƒe dzidzi le eɖokui si dzi?

Le etame la, xexe si me nugbagbeviwo mele o kple eƒe dzɔtsoƒe koe míeƒo nu tsoe. Wogblɔ be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala mawudzimaxɔselawo mete ŋu ɖoa kpe woawo ŋutɔ ƒe nufiafia siwo ku ɖe xexeame katã kple dziƒonuwo ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu dzi o. Woƒe nufiafiawo tsi tre ɖe dzɔdzɔmesewo kple nusiwo wokpɔna ŋutɔŋutɔ ŋu.

    Tso afisia la, enyo be woaʋu ayi xexe si me lãmenugbagbeviwo le me, si fia be woawɔ nu kple xexe gbagbe la. Wogblɔna na mí zi geɖe be agbe do le eɖokui si ƒe biliɔn 3-4 enye sia le ta alo atsiaƒu aɖe si me dzo le me.

    Gake le afisia hã la, kuxi aɖe le nukpɔsusu sia ŋu: ame aɖeke mekpɔ alesi agbe dzɔ tso kpɔ o. Ame aɖeke mekpɔe kpɔ o, eyata kuxi si nɔ dzɔdzɔmenufiafia siwo nɔ anyi va yi gome la kee wònye. Ðewohĩ nɔnɔmetata aɖe anɔ amewo si be wokpɔ agbedzidzi ƒe kuxia gbɔ, gake gɔmeɖoanyi ŋutɔŋutɔ aɖeke meli si dzi woanɔ te ɖo awɔ nɔnɔmetata sia o: Esia nye didi vevie, eye menye ŋkuléleɖenuŋu si wotu ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya dzi o.

    Agbe ƒe dzidzi le eɖokui si ƒe nukpɔsusu hã nye kuxi le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe gɔmesese nu. Nusi wokpɔ ŋutɔŋutɔe nye be agbe koe wodzia agbe tsoe, eye womekpɔ ɖeka pɛ hã si to vovo na se sia o . Lãmenugbagbevi gbagbe koe ate ŋu awɔ xɔtunu siwo sɔ na lãmenugbagbevi yeyewo wɔwɔ. Eyata ne wogblɔ be agbea dzɔ le eɖokui si la, woʋlia nya ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋutɔŋutɔ kple ŋkuléleɖenuŋu ŋutɔŋutɔwo ŋu.

    Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala geɖe lɔ̃ ɖe alesi gbegbe kuxi sia loloe dzi. Agbe ƒe dzɔtsoƒe gbɔkpɔnu aɖeke mele wo si o. Wolɔ̃ ɖe edzi be gɔmedzedze nɔ agbenɔnɔ le anyigba dzi, gake yewotɔtɔ le nya sia me elabena yewomelɔ̃ ɖe Mawu ƒe nuwɔwɔdɔ dzi o. Nya aɖewo siwo wogblɔ tso nya sia ŋue nye esi: 

Mesusu be ele be míayi ŋgɔ wu ema eye míalɔ̃ ɖe edzi be numeɖeɖe si dzi woda asi ɖo koe nye nuwɔwɔ. Menya be dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununyalawo ɖe susu sia ɖa, eye le nyateƒe me la, nye hã meɖee ɖa, gake mele be míagbee le esi míelɔ̃e o ta ko nenye be dodokpɔ me kpeɖodziawo ɖo kpe edzi o. (H. Lipson, "Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununyala aɖe Kpɔa Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ Ŋu", Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya Ŋuti Nyatakaka, 31, 1980)

Kpeɖodzi aɖeke mele dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo si tsi tre ɖe nukpɔsusu si nye be nuwɔwɔ gbɔe agbe dzɔ tso la ŋu o. (Robert Jastrow: The Enchanted Loom, Susu le Xexeame Katã, 1981)

Ƒe 30 kple edzivɔ ƒe dodokpɔ le atikewo kple molecule ƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nyawo me ɖe alesi kuxi si do ƒome kple agbe ƒe gɔmedzedze la loloe tsɔ wu be woakpɔ egbɔ. Egbea la, koŋ la, nufiafia kple dodokpɔ siwo sɔ koe woƒoa nu tsoe eye wolɔ̃na ɖe woƒe ʋuʋu yi mɔ si dzi ame aɖeke mele o dzi, alo manyamanya dzi (Klaus Dose, Interdisciplinary Science Review 13, 1988)

Le agbagbadzedze be míaƒo nusiwo míenya tso nugbagbewo ƒe ŋutinya goglo si le ɣletinyigba Anyigba dzi, nugbagbewo ƒe gɔmedzedze, kple woƒe wɔwɔme ƒe afɔɖeɖe siwo na nugbagbeŋutinunya si dzena ƒo xlã mí vɛ la nu ƒu me la, ele be míalɔ̃ ɖe edzi be viviti tsyɔ edzi. Míenya ale si agbe dze egɔme le ɣletinyigba sia dzi o. Míenya ɣekaɣi tututue wòdze egɔme o, eye míenya nɔnɔme siwo me wòdzɔ le o. (Andy Knoll, si nye Harvard Yunivɛsiti Nufialagã) (1)

Nyayɔyɔ si gbɔna hã do ƒome kple nyatia. Eƒo nu tso Stanley Miller si wobia gbee le eƒe agbe ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo ŋu. Exɔ ŋkɔ le eƒe dodokpɔ siwo ku ɖe agbe ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu, siwo woɖe fia enuenu le suku kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyagbalẽwo ƒe axawo dzi, gake dodokpɔ siawo meku ɖe agbe ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu kura o. J. Morgan gblɔ gbebiame aɖe si me Miller gbe aɖaŋuɖoɖo siwo katã ku ɖe agbe ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu le eɖokui si be wonye nya dzodzrowo alo pepa dzi atikeŋutinunya. Pepa dzi atikeŋutinunya ƒe ƒuƒoƒo sia hã lɔ dodokpɔ siwo Miller ŋutɔ wɔ ƒe bla nanewo do ŋgɔ, siwo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo ɖo atsyɔ̃ na sukugbalẽwo:

Metsɔ ɖeke le aɖaŋuɖoɖo siwo katã ku ɖe agbe ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu me o, eye wòbu wo be “nya dzodzro” alo “pepa dzi atikeŋutinunya”. Edo vlo nukpɔsusu aɖewo ale gbegbe be esi mebia eƒe susu tso wo ŋu la, ɖeko wòʋuʋu ta, ƒo hũ vevie eye wònɔa hũ ɖem – abe alesi wòle agbagba dzem be yeagbe ameƒomea ƒe aɖaʋawɔwɔ ene. Elɔ̃ ɖe edzi be ɖewohĩ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo menya ɣeyiɣi si tututu agbea dze egɔme kple alesi wòdze egɔmee gbeɖe o. “Míedzea agbagba be míadzro ŋutinya me nudzɔdzɔ aɖe si to vovo kɔte tso dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya si sɔ gbɔ me”, ede dzesii. (2) .

Togbɔ be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala mawudzimaxɔsela aɖeke menya naneke tso agbe ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu o hã la, wogaxɔe se kokoko be edze egɔme abe ƒe 1000 ene. ƒe biliɔn 4 enye sia. Wosusu be edze egɔme tso "lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ bɔbɔe aɖe me", si, ke hã, esesẽ be woaɖo kpe edzi be esɔ, elabena egbegbe lãmenugbagbeviwo gɔ̃ hã sesẽ ŋutɔ eye nyatakaka gbogbo aɖewo le wo me.

    Aleke kee wòɖale o, ne míelé nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia kple ƒe miliɔn geɖe me ɖe asi la, kuxi sesẽ bubuwo doa mo ɖa siwo dzi aŋe aɖaba aƒu asesẽ.

     Kuxi gãtɔwo dometɔ ɖekae nye nusi woyɔna be Cambrian ƒe wowó. Efia be lãwo ƒe wɔwɔme ƒomeviwo katã, alo ƒuƒoƒo veviwo, siwo dome akɔtalãwo hã le, dze le Cambrian ƒe hatsotsowo me "le ƒe miliɔn 10 me" (ƒe miliɔn 540-530 le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe dzidzenu nu) ko wowu enu keŋkeŋ eye womewɔ do ŋgɔ le anyigba me o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wokpɔe be trilobite si ƒe ŋkuwo me kɔ kple nu gbagbe bubuwo de blibo. Stephen Jay Gould ɖe nudzɔdzɔ ɖedzesi sia me. Egblɔ be le ƒe miliɔn ʋɛ aɖewo me la, lãwo ƒe hatsotso veviwo katã do:

Blemanuwo ŋuti nunyalawo nya ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia, eye wobia wo ɖokui be lãwo ƒe hatsotso veviwo katã do kabakaba le ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe me le Cambrian ɣeyiɣia me... agbewo katã, siwo dome lãwo tɔgbuiwo hã le, nɔ lãmenugbagbevi ɖeka me hena ƒe atɔ̃ le ade me fifi ŋutinya, vaseɖe abe ƒe miliɔn 550 enye sia ene la, nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe wowó aɖe na lãwo ƒe fiaɖuƒea ƒe hatsotso veviwo katã do le ƒe miliɔn ʋɛ aɖewo ko me... (3)

Nukae na Cambrian ƒe wowó nye kuxi? Susu vevi etɔ̃ tae wòle alea ɖo:

1. Kuxi gbãtɔe nye be ŋgɔdonya bɔbɔe aɖeke mele Cambrian ƒe ƒuƒoƒoawo te o. Trilobite siwo ƒe ŋkuwo le gbadzaa gɔ̃ hã, abe nugbagbe bubuwo ene, dzena zi ɖeka be wole klalo, wole sesẽm, wotsi bliboe eye tɔgbui aɖeke mele wo ŋu le hatsotso siwo le anyime o. Esia wɔ nuku ŋutɔ elabena woxɔe se be lãmenugbagbevi bɔbɔe aɖe ƒe nɔnɔme mee agbe dzɔ tso ƒe biliɔn 3.5 do ŋgɔ na Cambrian-ɣeyiɣia. Nukatae domedome ƒomevi ɖeka pɛ gɔ̃ hã mele ƒe biliɔn 3.5 ƒe ɣeyiɣia me o ? Esia nye nya si tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu si dze ƒã, si tsi tre ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafiaa ŋu. Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo ɖo kpe nuwɔwɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe si me lã ƒomeviwo nɔ klalo, wosesẽ eye woto vovo tso gɔmedzedzea me ke la dzi kɔte. Blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala geɖe lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be Cambrian ƒe wowó la mewɔ ɖeka kple nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋua nyuie o.

Ne nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ tso nu bɔbɔe dzi va zu nusi me kɔ nye nyateƒe la, ekema ele be woake ɖe nugbagbe siawo siwo tsi bliboe le Cambrian ƒe tɔgbuiwo ŋu; gake womeke ɖe wo ŋu o, eye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be mɔnukpɔkpɔ boo aɖeke meli be woake ɖe wo ŋu o. Wonɔ te ɖe nyateƒenyawo ɖeɖeko dzi, le nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo ŋutɔŋutɔ le anyigba dzi nu la, nufiafia si nye be nu gbagbewo ƒe hatsotso vevitɔwo dzɔ tso nuwɔwɔ kpata aɖe me lae anya wɔ wu. (Harold G. Coffin, “Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ alo Nuwɔwɔ?” Liberty, September-October 1975, axa 12)

Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, nugbagbeŋutinunyalawo bua lãwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe dzedze kpata si ɖe dzesi le Cambrian ɣeyiɣia me kple eƒe wɔwɔme ɖedzesi la nu dzodzro alo ŋea aɖaba ƒua edzi. Gake blemanuwo ŋuti numekuku siwo wowɔ nyitsɔ laa na be nugbagbewo ƒe vidzidzi kpata ƒe kuxi sia va le sesẽm ɖe edzi na amesiame be wòaŋe aɖaba aƒu edzi... (Scientific American, August 1964, axa 34-36)

Nyateƒea gakpɔtɔ li, abe alesi blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala ɖesiaɖe nyae ene, be lã ƒomevi akpa gãtɔ, ƒomewo kple towo kpakple ƒuƒoƒo yeye siwo katã kloe lolo wu toawo ƒe ɖoƒe la dzena zi ɖeka le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo me, kple tɔtrɔ ƒe nɔnɔme siwo wonya nyuie, siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo vivivi siwo kplɔa wo nɔewo ɖo keŋkeŋ mefia mɔ si dzi woato ayi dzi o. (George Gaylord Simpson: Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe Nɔnɔme Veviwo, 1953, axa 360)

2. Kuxi bubu si sɔ kple esi do ŋgɔ enye be le Cambrian-ɣeyiɣia megbe, si nye le ƒe miliɔn 500 me (le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe dzidzenu nu) la, lãwo ƒe hatsotso vevi yeye aɖeke hã medo o. Le Darwin ƒe nufiafia nu la, lãmenugbagbevi ɖeka dzie nusianu dze egɔme tsoe, eye ele be lãwo ƒe hatsotso vevi yeyewo nado ɣesiaɣi, gake mɔfiame si to vovo na ema. Fifia lã ƒomevi ʋɛ aɖewo koe li wu tsã; wole tsɔtsrɔ̃m ɣesiaɣi eye womate ŋu agbugbɔ wo aɖo te o. Ne nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋua sɔ la, ke ele be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ nayi mɔ si to vovo na ema nu, gake medzɔna nenema o. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe ati la trɔ ɖe megbe eye wòto vovo na nusi wòle be woakpɔ mɔ na le Darwin ƒe nufiafia nu. Nyateƒenyawo sɔ kple nuwɔwɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋua nyuie wu, afisi lã ƒomeviwo ƒe nyawo sesẽ eye wosɔ gbɔ le le gɔmedzedzea me.

    Nyayɔyɔ siwo gbɔna gaɖe kuxi sia fia, si nye alesi le ƒe miliɔn 500 (le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe dzidzenu nu) le Cambrian ƒe wowó megbe la, lãwo ƒe hatsotso vevi yeye aɖeke medo o, abe alesi womedo le ɣeyiɣi si do ŋgɔ na Cambrian ƒe ɣeyiɣia me o ene (3.5 ƒe biliɔn geɖe).

Stephen J. Gould: Blemanuwo ŋuti nunyalawo nya ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia, eye wobia wo ɖokui be lãwo ƒe fiaɖuƒea ƒe hatsotso veviwo katã do kabakaba le ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe me le Cambrian ƒe ɣeyiɣia me... agbewo katã, siwo dome lãwo tɔgbuiwo hã le, gakpɔtɔ nye lãmenugbagbevi ɖeka na fifi ŋutinya ƒe akpa atɔ̃ le ade me, vaseɖe abe ƒe miliɔn 550 enye sia ene la, nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe wowó na lãwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo veviwo katã do le ƒe miliɔn ʋɛ aɖewo ko me...

    Cambrian ƒe wowó nye nudzɔdzɔ vevi aɖe le lã siwo me lãmenugbagbevi geɖe le ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋutinya me. Zi alesi míesrɔ̃a nu tso nudzɔdzɔa ŋui la, zi nenemae kpeɖodzi siwo ɖee fia be eƒe etɔxɛnyenye kple ŋusẽ si wòkpɔ ɖe agbemeŋutinya si va emegbe dzi la wɔa dɔ ɖe mía dzii. Ŋutilã ƒe wɔwɔme vevi siwo wodzi ɣemaɣi la xɔ aƒe ɖe agbe me tso ɣemaɣi eye wometsɔ nu ɖedzesi aɖeke kpee o. (4) .

Masɔmasɔ siwo wokpɔ le Cambrian-ɣeyiɣia me fɔ nya eve siwo gbɔ womekpɔ o ɖe te. Gbã la, nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nuwɔna kawoe na vovototo va le nugbagbevi la ƒe hatsotso veviwo ƒe nɔnɔme (nɔnɔme) dome? Evelia, nukatae nɔnɔme ƒe liƒo siwo le xɔtuɖaŋuwo dome la nɔa anyi ɖaa le ƒe miliɔn 500 siwo va yi me? (Erwin D. Valentine J (2013) Cambriad ƒe wowó: Lãwo ƒe Nu Gbagbewo Tutu, Roberts kple Company ƒe Gbeƒãɖelawo, 416 p.)

Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe tɔtrɔ ka kee dzɔ le esia megbe o, le vovototo ɖesiaɖe me la, le nyateƒe me la, xɔtunu vevi siwo woɖo anyi le Cambrian ƒe wowó me ƒe tɔtrɔ koe wònye. (A Seilacher, Vendobionta als Mɔnu bubu zu Vielzellern. Mitt Hamb. zool. Mus. Dɔwɔƒe 89, Erg.bd.1, 9-20 / 1992, axa 19)

3. Kuxi etɔ̃lia, ne míelé ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe dzidzenu kple eƒe ɖoɖowɔɖi ŋu la, enye be woxɔe se be nusi woyɔna be Cambrian ƒe wowó la dzɔ "le ƒe miliɔn 10 me " ko. Enyo, nukae wɔ nuku alea gbegbe le esia ŋu? Gake enye aɖaŋunu ŋutɔŋutɔ le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia ƒe nukpɔsusu nu, elabena ƒe miliɔn 10 nye ɣeyiɣi sue aɖe ŋutɔ le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe dzidzenu nu, si fia be ƒe si ade 100 koe nye ema. Ɣeyiɣi siwo katã woxɔ se be agbe nɔ anyigba dzi ƒe 1/400 (anɔ abe ƒe biliɔn 4 ene). Eyata nusi wɔ nukue nye be lãwo ƒe wɔwɔme ƒomeviwo katã kple ƒuƒoƒo gãwo do le ɣeyiɣi kpui ma me, gake lã siawo ƒe tɔgbui aɖeke meli do ŋgɔ na ema o, eye nɔnɔme yeye aɖeke medo tso ɣemaɣi o. Esia mesɔ ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋua nu o. Enye nusi to vovo kura na nusi nàkpɔ mɔ na.

     Ekema aleke woate ŋu aɖe nya sia me le nuwɔwɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu nu? Nye gɔmesese enye be Cambrian ƒe wowó fia nuwɔwɔ, si fia alesi wowɔ nusianu enumake. Gake ema mefia be wova wɔ nugbagbe bubuwo, abe anyigbadzilãwo kple xewo ene, emegbe kura o. Menye nenemae o, gake wowɔ lãwo kple numiemiewo katã le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me eye wonɔ ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me le anyigba dzi hã, gake le lãwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa vovovowo me (atsiaƒu, agado, anyigba, togbɛwo ƒe nuto...). Egbea gɔ̃ hã la, amegbetɔwo kple lã siwo naa no wo viwo le anyigba dzi menɔa teƒe ɖeka kple ƒumelãwo o. Ne menye nenema o la, woanyrɔ enumake. Le esia nu la, ƒumelã siwo wogblɔ be wonye Cambrian-ɣeyiɣia teƒenɔlawo la mete ŋu nɔ anyigba dzi abe alesi anyigbadzilã siwo naa no wo viwo kple amegbetɔwo wɔnɛ ene o. Woaku kpuie ŋutɔ.

Aleke nàwɔ aɖo kpe edzi be ƒe miliɔn geɖe nye nyateƒe

Nu vevitɔ kekeake si gbɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafiaa tsoe nye ƒe miliɔn geɖe ƒe susu. Womeɖo kpe edzi be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafiaa nye nyateƒe o, gake nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo bua ƒe miliɔn geɖe be enye kpeɖodzi nyuitɔ kekeake be kakaɖedzi le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafiaa ŋu. Wosusu be ne wona ɣeyiɣi si sɔ la, nusianu ate ŋu adzɔ: agbe dzidzi kple lã ƒomevi siwo katã li fifia ƒe domenyinyi tso lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ gbãtɔ me. Eyata le glitoto me la, ne nyɔnuvi gbugbɔ nu na akpɔkplɔ la, eva zua fiavi. Ke hã, ne èɖe mɔ na ɣeyiɣi si sɔ, si nye ƒe miliɔn 300 la, nu ma ke trɔna zua dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya, elabena le ɣeyiɣi ma me la, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo xɔe se be akpɔkplɔ trɔ zu amegbetɔ. Aleae nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo naa ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔme siwo gbɔ dzɔdzɔmetɔ ŋu, le kpɔɖeŋunyagbɔgblɔ nu.

    Gake aleke wòle? Míeléa ŋku ɖe nu eve siwo do ƒome kple tanya la ŋu: dzidzedze siwo wowɔ tso kpewo ŋu kple alesi gbegbe kpewo dzɔnae. Esiawo nye nu vevi siwo wòle be nànya le go sia me.

1. Dzidzenu siwo wotsɔ kpewo wɔ. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo susui be kpeɖodzi nyuitɔ kekeake siwo ɖo kpe ƒe miliɔn geɖe dzi dometɔ ɖekae nye dzidzenu siwo wowɔ ɖe kpe siwo me keklẽŋusẽ le dzi. Wonɔ te ɖe kpeawo dzi ƒo nya ta be anyigba xɔ ƒe biliɔn geɖe.

    Ðe kpewo ɖo kpe edzi be Anyigba xɔ ƒe biliɔn geɖea? Womeɖia ɖase o. Kpe siawo meŋlɔ woƒe ƒexɔxɔ ŋuti nuŋlɔɖi aɖeke o; woƒe agbɔsɔsɔme koe woate ŋu adzidze eye woƒo nya ta tso ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe ŋu tso eme. Gake aɖaŋunu gbogbo aɖewo li le kpewo ƒe keklẽŋusẽ dzidzedze me, eye míate gbe ɖe wo dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewo dzi. Woate ŋu adzidze kpeawo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme pɛpɛpɛ, gake ɖikeke le eme be woatsɔ wo asɔ kple ƒe si kpeawo xɔ.

Nusiwo le kpeawo ƒe akpa vovovowo . Nu vevi ɖeka si ŋu woabu enye be woate ŋu akpɔ nu vovovowo tso kpe siwo me keklẽŋusẽ le ƒe akpa vovovowo me, si fia be woƒe agbɔsɔsɔ vovovowo, si hã fia be ƒexɔxɔ to vovo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wokpɔ nu vovovo geɖe tso Allende yamenutomeyimɔ̃ si wonya nyuie la me, eye eƒe ƒexɔxɔ tso ƒe miliɔn 4480 va ɖo miliɔn 10400. Eyata le teƒe sue aɖe ŋutɔ la, kakɛ ɖeka ma ke ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme ate ŋu ato vovo. Kpɔɖeŋua ɖe alesi keklẽŋusẽdzidzenuwo ʋuʋuna hã fia. Aleke kpe ɖeka ƒe akpa ɖeka axɔ ƒe biliɔn geɖe wu akpa kemɛ? Amesiame se egɔme be womate ŋu aka ɖe nyataƒoƒo sia tɔgbe dzi o. Kakaɖedzi mele eŋu be woatsɔ kpewo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme asɔ kple woƒe ƒexɔxɔ o.

Kpe yeyewo ƒe tsitsi . Ne míeƒo nu tso mɔnu siwo wotu ɖe keklẽŋusẽ dzi ŋu la, woate ŋu ado wo kpɔ le nuwɔna me. Aleae wòle ŋutɔŋutɔ ne dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo nya ɣeyiɣi ŋutɔŋutɔ si me kpea zu kristalo. Ne wonya ɣeyiɣi ŋutɔŋutɔ si kpea zu kristalo la, ele be keklẽŋusẽdzidzenuwo naɖo kpe nyatakaka sia dzi.

    Aleke keklẽŋusẽdzidzenuwo wɔ le dodokpɔ sia me? Menye nyuie tututu o. Alesi wodzidze ƒe miliɔn geɖe, ƒe biliɔn geɖe gɔ̃ hã ƒe ƒexɔxɔ tso kpe yeyewo me ƒe kpɔɖeŋu geɖe li. Esia ɖee fia be mehiã be kpewo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme nado ƒome kple woƒe ƒexɔxɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ o. Vinyɔnu ƒe nu veviwo nɔ wo si tsɔ kpe ɖe vidada ƒe nu veviwo ŋu tso gɔmedzedzea me ke, si wɔe be womate ŋu aka ɖe dzidzenuawo dzi o. Kpɔɖeŋu aɖewoe nye esi:

• Kpɔɖeŋu ɖekae nye dzidzenu siwo wowɔ le St. Helens dzoto ƒe wó megbe - dzoto sia si le Washington nutome, U.S.A., wó le ƒe 1980. Wotsɔ kpe ɖeka tso dzoto sia me yi nudokpɔƒe si dziɖuɖua da asi ɖo be woanya ƒe si wòxɔ. Ƒe nenie kpea xɔ? Ƒe miliɔn 2.8 ye nye ema! Esia ɖe alesi gbegbe ƒexɔxɔ ƒe tameɖoɖo kplikpaa mesɔ kura o fia. Vinyɔnu ƒe nu veviwo nɔ kpɔɖeŋua me xoxo, eyata nenema kee wòanya wɔ le kpe bubuwo hã gome. Nusiwo le wo me mefia ƒe si tututu kpeawo xɔ kokoko o.

• Kpɔɖeŋu bubue nye kpe siwo me dzo le (Mount Ngauruhoe le New Zealand) siwo wonya be wozu kristalo tso dzokpe me ƒe 25-50 koe nye sia le dzoto aɖe si wó ta. Eyata nusiwo teƒekpɔlawo de dzesii la nɔ megbe nɛ.

      Woɖo kpe siawo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo ɖe ɣeyiɣikɔntabubu ŋuti nudokpɔƒe siwo ŋu wodea bubui wu le asitsaƒewo dometɔ ɖeka (Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts). Nukawoe do tso eme? Le potassium-argon mɔnu me la, ƒe si kpɔɖeŋuawo xɔ la to vovo tso ƒe 270,000 va ɖo miliɔn 3.5, togbɔ be wonya be kpeawo zu kristalo tso dzokpe me ƒe 25-50 koe nye sia hã. Lead-lead isochron na ƒe biliɔn 3.9, rubidium-strontium isochron ƒe miliɔn 133, eye samarium-neodymium isochron xɔ ƒe miliɔn 197. Kpɔɖeŋua ɖe alesi kakaɖedzi mele keklẽŋusẽ ƒe mɔnuwo ŋu o kple alesi vinyɔnunuwo ate ŋu anɔ kpewo me tso gɔmedzedzea me ke la fia.

• Ne míeƒo nu tso nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo le amegbetɔwo ŋu la, wotu wo dometɔ geɖe ɖe potassium-argon mɔnu dzi. Efia be wokpɔ ƒe si potassium-argon xɔ le kpe si te ɖe anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata la ŋu, eye wokpɔ ƒe si amegbetɔ ƒe kpememea hã xɔ tso eme.

    Gake kpɔɖeŋu si gbɔna la ɖe alesi gbegbe womate ŋu aka ɖe mɔnu sia dzi o fia. Kpe gbãtɔ si wotsɔ wɔ kpɔɖeŋui la na nusi mede ƒe miliɔn 220 o. Eyata ne wozã mɔnu sia tsɔ de dzesi amegbetɔ ƒe kpememe geɖe siwo wobu be wodo xoxo la, ele be woake ɖi ƒe siawo. Kpɔɖeŋu si do ŋgɔ hã ɖe alesi kpe yeyewo ƒe ƒexɔxɔ ate ŋu agblẽ ƒe miliɔn geɖe ne wozã mɔnu sia hã fia.

Le susu nu la, woate ŋu azã potassium-argon mɔnu atsɔ anya ɣeyiɣi si kpe siwo metsi o nɔ, gake womate ŋu azã mɔnu sia gɔ̃ hã atsɔ anya ɣeyiɣi si kpe gbadzɛwo ŋutɔ o. Woto mɔnu sia dzi ɖoe be blema “Ƒe 1470 me Ame” si ŋu Richard Leakey ke ɖo la xɔ ƒe miliɔn 2.6. Nufialagã E. T. Hall, amesi de dzesi ƒe si woxɔ la gblɔ be esi wodzro kpea ƒe kpɔɖeŋua me zi gbãtɔ la, wokpɔ ƒe miliɔn 220 ƒe emetsonu si mate ŋu adzɔ o. Wogbe emetsonu sia, elabena mewɔ ɖeka kple nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafiaa o, eye le esia ta wodzro kpɔɖeŋu bubu me. Nusi do tso numekuku evelia me enye ƒe miliɔn 2.6 "si sɔ". Ƒe siwo woŋlɔ na nu ma ke si ŋu woke ɖo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo emegbe la to vovo tso ƒe 290,000 va ɖo 19,500,000 dome. Eyata edze abe kakaɖedzi mele potassium-argon mɔnua ŋu etɔxɛe o ene, eye alesi nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti numekulawo ɖea nusiwo do tso eme gɔme hã mele nenema o. (5) .

Ne mɔnuawo tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu . Abe alesi wogblɔe ene la, woate ŋu ado dzidzenu siwo woɖe tso kpewo me kpɔ. Esia ƒe gɔmedzedze ɖekae nye dzidzenu siwo wotsɔ kpe yeyewo wɔ, si nye dzidzenu siwo me wonya ɣeyiɣi ŋutɔŋutɔ si me kpeawo zu kristalo le. Gake kpɔɖeŋu siwo do ŋgɔ ɖee fia be mɔnu siawo metoa dodokpɔ sia me nyuie o. Kpe yeyewo alo esiwo le yeye vie na ƒe miliɔn geɖe, ƒe biliɔn geɖe gɔ̃ hã xɔ ƒe, eyata mɔnuawo da vo ŋutɔ.

    Nu bubu si woate ŋu adze dzidzenu siwo wotsɔ kpewo wɔ dodokpɔ gɔmee nye be woatsɔ wo asɔ kple mɔnu bubuwo, vevietɔ radiocarbon mɔnu. Esia ƒe kpɔɖeŋu dodzidzɔname aɖewo li, siwo dometɔ siwo gbɔna la nyo ŋutɔ. Eƒo nu tso ati aɖe si wotsɔ radiocarbon wɔe ŋu be exɔ ƒe akpe geɖe ko, gake wogblɔ be kpe si ƒo xlãe la xɔ ƒe miliɔn 250 sɔŋ. Ke hã, ati la nɔ kpea me, eyata anya nɔ anyi hafi kpea va zu kristalo. Ele be ati la natsi wu kpe si wotsɔ kristalo wɔe ƒo xlãe. Aleke esia ate ŋu adzɔe? Nusi ko ate ŋu adzɔe nye be woda vo ŋutɔ le keklẽŋusẽ ƒe mɔnuwo, vevietɔ dzidzedze siwo wowɔ tso kpeawo me. Tiatia bubu aɖeke megali o:

Míeta nyatakaka tsitotsito siwo me ati aɖe si wokpɔ le "ƒe miliɔn 250 ƒe kpe gbadzɛ" me alo le dzoto ƒe kpe si "xɔ ƒe miliɔn ewo" me la xɔ ƒe akpe geɖe ko le radiocarbon ƒe ƒexɔxɔ ƒe nyametsotso me. Ne... Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo xɔ dzoto me kpe, si wonya be ewó tso dzoto aɖe me le ŋutinya me ɣeyiɣiwo me ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo, eye woɖo wo ɖe radiometric ƒe ƒexɔxɔ ŋuti nudokpɔƒe xɔŋkɔwo la, "ƒexɔxɔ ƒe nyametsotso" la naa ƒe miliɔn geɖe ƒe emetsonu ɣesiaɣi kloe. Esia ɖee fia vevie be susu siwo le ƒexɔxɔ ƒe nyametsotsoa me la mesɔ o. (6) .

Kpɔɖeŋu bubu yi edzi le nyati ma ke ŋu. Eƒo nu tso ati aɖe si woɖi ɖe dzokpe ƒe tɔsisi aɖe me ŋu. Ati la kple basalt si ƒo xlãe xɔ ƒe vovovowo kura:

Le Australia la, edze ƒã be woɖi ati aɖe si wokpɔ le Tertiary basalt me ​​ɖe dzokpe ƒe sisi si basalt la wɔ la me, elabena dzokpe si le dzo dam la ka ɖe edzi me. Wotsɔ radiocarbon numekuku "bu ɣeyiɣi" be ati la xɔ abe ƒe 45,000 ene, gake wotsɔ potassium-argon mɔnu "tsɔ ƒe miliɔn 45 na basalt la". (7) .

2. Stratification rate - blewu alo kabakaba? Nukpɔsusu ɖeka si le megbe na ƒe miliɔn geɖe enye be anyigba ƒe ƒuƒoƒo siwo le anyigba dzi la ƒo ƒu ɖe wo nɔewo dzi le nuwɔna siwo nɔa anyi ƒe miliɔn geɖe me. Charles Lyell ye he susu sia vɛ le ƒe alafa 19 lia me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Darwin ɖo ŋu ɖe tamebubu ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si Lyell tsɔ ɖo ŋkume ŋu. Eyata le eƒe agbalẽ si nye On the Origin of Species me la, eŋlɔ alesi Lyell ƒe susuwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe edzii (axa 422): "Amesiame melɔ̃ ɖe ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi ƒe didime si seɖoƒe meli na o dzi le Aƒetɔ Charles Lyell ƒe agbalẽ wɔnuku si nye 'Principles of Geology' xexlẽ vɔ megbe o – si... etsɔme ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo ade dzesii godoo be yehe tɔtrɔ gã aɖe vɛ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe akpa dzi – anyo be wòaɖe nye agbalẽ sia ɖa zi ɖeka".

    Gake ɖe ƒuƒoƒoawo va dzɔ vivivia? Esi Charles Lyell do susua ɖa be ƒuƒoƒo nye nusiwo dzɔna blewu gbɔ la, nu geɖe ƒo nu tsi tre ɖe esia ŋu. Kpɔɖeŋu ʋɛ aɖewoe nye esi

Amegbetɔ ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo kple adzɔnuwo . Nu dodzidzɔname aɖe si ŋu woke ɖoe nye be wokpɔ amegbetɔ ƒe kpememewo kple adzɔnuwo le kpewo kple carbon ƒe ƒuƒoƒo gɔ̃ hã me (Glashouver, WJJ, So entstand die Welt, Hänssler, 1980, axa 115-6; Bowden, M., Ape-men-Fact alo Fallacy ?Sovereign Publications, 1981 / Barnes, F. A., Ƒu siwo le Kpe me ƒe Nya, Dzogbe/February, 1975, axa 36-39). Nenema ke wokpɔ amegbetɔ ƒe nunɔamesiwo abe tɔdzisasrãwo ene le ƒuƒoƒo siwo woda ɖe hatsotso siwo nye dzotsitsi me. Erich A. von Frange yɔ nu bubu siwo ŋu woke ɖo le dzokpe me le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Time Upside Down (ƒe 1981) me. Esiawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye gakpo sue aɖe, gayibɔ ƒe aŋetu, gayibɔdɔwɔnu, ɖa, gaze si le abe gaƒoɖokui ene, gaƒoɖokui, ɖevi ƒe aɖuƒu, amegbetɔ ƒe tagbɔ, amegbetɔ ƒe aɖu eve, amegbetɔ ƒe afɔ si wotsɔ kpe wɔe.

   Nukae esia fia? Eɖee fia be le nyateƒe me la, ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo koe ƒuƒoƒo siwo wobu be wonye blematɔwo la xɔ eye womate ŋu axɔ ɣeyiɣi didi hafi woawɔ o. Lyell ƒe nukpɔsusu le ƒuƒoƒo siwo ƒo ƒu ɖe wo nɔewo dzi le ƒe miliɔn geɖe me ŋu mate ŋu anye nyateƒe o. Susu le eme be míaxɔe ase be ƒuƒoƒo siawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ, siwo wobu be woxɔ ƒe miliɔn alafa geɖe la, dzɔ le afɔku aɖe abe Tsiɖɔɖɔ ene me kabakaba eye ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo koe nye esia. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ŋutɔ mexɔe se be amegbetɔwo nɔ agbe ƒe miliɔn ewo alo alafa geɖe enye sia o.

Tomeʋuʋu aɖeke manɔ anyi o . Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ne èle Grand Canyon kple dzɔdzɔme teƒe gã bubuwo kpɔm la, àte ŋu akpɔ ƒuƒoƒo siwo le wo nɔewo tame. Gake ne nu geɖe siwo tsia tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu le Grand Canyon kple teƒe bubuwo la, ɖe woate ŋu akpɔ anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu le ƒuƒoƒo siawo domea?

    Ŋuɖoɖoa me kɔ: ao. Womekpɔa anyigbaʋuʋu le Grand Canyon alo teƒe bubu aɖeke o. Kura o, edze abe ƒuƒoƒoawo do ƒome kple wo nɔewo sɔsɔe eye wowɔ wo ɖe wo nɔewo tame ɖiɖiɖeme manɔmee ene. Ele be ƒuƒoƒoawo ƒe dometsotsowo nanye esiwo me ʋuʋudedi le wu eye womasɔ le afisiafi o nenye be anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu gblẽ nu le wo ŋu ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe, gake menye nenemae o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, tsidzadza gã ɖeka ɖeɖe ate ŋu ana do goglowo nado le nusiwo wotsɔ ƒu gbe ƒe anyigba, eye míagagblɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe siwo wotsɔ nɔ anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu me o.

    Numeɖeɖe nyuitɔ kekeake le nusiwo wodzra ɖo ƒe wɔwɔme ŋue nye be wodzɔ le ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe me, ŋkeke alo kwasiɖa ʋɛ aɖewo koe ne mede ɖeke o. Ƒe miliɔn geɖe mate ŋu anye nyateƒe o. Le egbeŋkekeawo me gɔ̃ hã la, wode dzesii be, le kpɔɖeŋu me, kpe gbadzɛ si ƒe titrime nye meta ate ŋu adzɔ le miniti 30 va ɖo 60 me. Nya bubuwo tso nyatia ŋu le nyayɔyɔ si gbɔna me:

   (...) Gake nukae míekpɔna ɖe eteƒe?

    ‘Kuxi si dometsotso gbadza siawo hena vɛ vevietɔ na anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ƒe didiawoe nye alesi teƒe si le ete ƒe ʋuʋu si wokpɔ mɔ na le dometsotso siawo me ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ. Le ƒe miliɔn geɖe siwo wosusu be dometsotso siawo nanɔ anyi me la, àkpɔ mɔ be anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu si dze ƒã si mesɔ o, eye mele be dometsotsoawo nanɔ gbadzaa kura o.

  (...) Ðɔkta Roth ɖe eme yi ŋgɔe be:

    ‘Vovototo ɖedzesi si le ƒuƒoƒoawo ƒe nɔnɔme gbadzaa, vevietɔ paraconforities gbogboawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo siwo le ete ƒe tame, dome ne wotsɔe sɔ kple anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme si gblẽ le nutoa me fifia si mewɔ ɖeka kple ɖoɖo o ŋutɔ la, ɖe kuxi si dometsotso siawo he vɛ na anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ƒe didiawo la fia. Ne ƒe miliɔn geɖeawo dzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ la, nukatae anyigba te ƒe tamewo meto vovo kura abe alesi wòle le nutoa me ƒe anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme si li fifia gome ene o? Edze abe ƒe miliɔn geɖe siwo wodo ɖa be woatsɔ awɔ anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe sɔti la medzɔ kpɔ o ene. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, ne anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi bu le nuto aɖe me la, ekema ebu le anyigba bliboa katã dzi.’ (8) .

Strata dzɔ kabakaba le egbeŋkekeawo me . Ne wosusu be ƒuƒoƒoawo dzɔ vivivi le ƒe miliɔn geɖe me le Charles Lyell ƒe nufiafiawo nu la, nu ʋɛ aɖewo li siwo ŋu woate ŋu ade dzesii ŋutɔŋutɔ siwo tsi tre ɖe eŋu, afisi ƒuƒoƒoawo dzɔ le kabakaba le. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le St. Helena dzoto si wó le ƒe 1980 me gome la, ƒuƒoƒo siwo ƒo xlã wo nɔewo siwo ƒe titrime wu meta alafa ɖeka la dzɔ, eye le kwasiɖa ʋɛ aɖewo ko me. Mexɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe o, gake le ŋkeke ʋɛ aɖewo megbe la, ƒuƒoƒoawo ƒo ƒu ɖe wo nɔewo dzi. Nusi ɖe dzesi hãe nye be togbɛ aɖe va do le nuto ma ke me emegbe, eye tsi te sisi ɖe eme. Nuwɔna sia gɔ̃ hã mexɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe abe alesi nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti nunyalawo asusui ene o, gake nusianu dzɔ le kwasiɖa ʋɛ aɖewo megbe. Ele be míasusui be, le kpɔɖeŋu me, Grand Canyon kple dzɔdzɔmenu gã bubu geɖewo dzɔ tso nusiwo dzɔna kabakaba mawo tɔgbe me.

    Surtsey Ƒukpoa hã nye nya sia tɔgbe bubu. Wodzi ƒukpo sia le dzoto aɖe si wó le tsi te le ƒe 1963. Le January 2006 me la, New Scientist magazine gblɔ alesi baliwo, baliwo kple anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme bubuwo do le ƒukpo sia dzi le ƒe si mede ewo o me. Mexɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe alo akpe geɖe gɔ̃ hã o:

Baliwo, baliwo kple anyigba ƒomevi bubu siwo zi geɖe xɔa ƒe akpe ewo alo miliɔn geɖe hafi dzɔna la wɔ nuku na anyigbaŋutinunyalawo elabena mede ƒe ewo o. (9) .

Ati ƒe ke didiwo ƒe kpememewo, dinosaur ƒe kpememewo kple kpememe bubu siwo le ƒuƒoƒoawo me nye kpeɖodzi ɖeka si tsi tre ɖe nukpɔsusu ma si nye be ƒuƒoƒoawo dzɔ vivivi le ƒe miliɔn geɖe me ŋu. Woke ɖe atiwo ƒe ke ƒe kpememewo ŋu tso xexeame ƒe akpa vovovowo, eye wokeke to ƒuƒoƒo vovovo geɖe me. Saint-Etienne ƒe dzoto si le France ƒe foto xoxo aɖe ɖe alesi ati atɔ̃ siwo me kpewo le la gena ɖe ati siwo ade ƒuƒoƒo ewo alo esi wu nenema dometɔ ɖesiaɖe me fia. Nenema ke wokpɔ atikpo aɖe si didi meta 24 le Edinburgh gbɔ, si to ƒuƒoƒo siwo wu ewo me, eye nusianu ɖee fia be wotsɔ atikutsetsea yi eƒe nɔƒe kaba. Le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, ele be ƒuƒoƒoawo naxɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe, gake togbɔ be nusianu li hã la, atiwo ƒe kewo keke ta to ƒuƒoƒo siawo siwo xɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe me.

    Kpɔɖeŋu si gbɔna ɖe alesi wònye kuxi be woalé ɖe hatsotsowo me toto blewu ŋu le ƒe miliɔn geɖe me fia. Anɔ eme be woɖi atiawo kaba, ne menye nenema o la, woƒe kpememewo mate ŋu anɔ anyi egbea o. Nenema kee wòle le tomenu bubu siwo wokpɔna le anyigba me hã gome:

Derek ager, si nye anyigbaŋutinunyafialagã si woɖe le dɔ me le Swansea Yunivɛsiti Kɔledzi, si de suku le Lyell ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu sesẽ me, eye wòƒo nu tso ati aɖewo siwo ƒe kpememewo le ƒuƒoƒo vovovowo me ŋu le eƒe agbalẽa me kple kpɔɖeŋuwo. "Ne wobu akɔnta be Britaintɔwo ƒe Coal Measures ƒe dzotsinuwo ƒe titrime katã nye meta 1000, eye be wòadzɔ le abe ƒe miliɔn 10 ene megbe la, ekema ati si didi meta 10 ɖiɖi axɔ ƒe 100,000, ne míetsɔe be nenemae." the stratification occurred at a constant rate.Ema anye fewuɖunya.Alo ne woɖi ati si didi meta 10 le ƒe 10 me la, esia afia be kilometa 1000 le ƒe miliɔn ɖeka me alo kilometa 10 000 le ƒe miliɔn 10 me.Esia le abe fewuɖunya, eye míate ŋu aƒo asa na nyataƒoƒo be stratification dzɔ kabakaba ŋutɔ ɣeaɖewoɣi vavã o... (10)

Ekema nukae atikutsetsewo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo kple kpememe bubuwo ƒe dodo kabakaba fia? Numeɖeɖe nyuitɔ kekeakee nye afɔku si dzɔ kpata, si ɖe alesi nusiwo wotsɔ ƒu gbe kple kpememe siwo le wo me ƒe dodo kabakaba siaa me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, esia ate ŋu adzɔ le Tsiɖɔɖɔa me. Enyo be míade dzesii be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala geɖe te lɔlɔ̃ ɖe afɔkuwo dzi va yi, eye womegabunɛ nu tsɛe be nusianu dzɔna ɣesiaɣi le ƒe miliɔn geɖe me o. Kpeɖodziawo ɖo kpe afɔkuwo dzi wu nusiwo yia edzi blewu. Stephen Jay Gould, si nye mawudzimaxɔsela xɔŋkɔ aɖe si nye blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala he susu yi Lyell ƒe numekukua dzi be:

Charles Lyell nye senyala le eƒe dɔwɔɖui me... [eye wòto] ayemɔ eve dzi tsɔ ɖo eƒe nukpɔsusu siwo nye ɖekawɔwɔ ƒe nukpɔsusuwo anyi be eya koe nye anyigbaŋutinunya vavãtɔ. Gbã la, eɖo gbe ƒe nɔnɔmetata aɖe ale be wòatsrɔ̃e... Le nyateƒe me la, afɔku ƒe taʋlilawo ƒe susu nɔ dodokpɔ ŋu wu Lyell sã. Nyateƒee, edze abe anyigbaŋutinunyalawo hiã dzɔdzɔmefɔkuwo ene: kpeawo kakɛkakɛ eye wotro; wotutu nugbagbevi blibowo ɖa. Be Lyell naŋe aɖaba aƒu eɖeɖefia ŋutɔŋutɔ sia dzi la, etsɔ eƒe susuŋudɔwɔwɔ ɖɔ li kpeɖodziawo. Evelia, Lyell ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ nye nya siwo wogblɔna ƒe tsakatsaka...

 ... Lyell menye nyateƒe kple gbeadzidɔwɔwɔ ƒe sɔdola dzadzɛ o, ke boŋ enye nufiafia si doa dzidzɔ na ame eye wònye etɔxɛ si wotu ɖe ɣeyiɣi ƒe tsatsam ƒe nɔnɔme si li ke me si ɖoe koŋ kaka. Edze agbagba be yeatsɔ yeƒe nufiafia asɔ kple susuŋudɔwɔwɔ kple anukwareɖiɖi. (11) .

Abe alesi míegblɔe ene la, mɔnu si woate ŋu azã ɖe hatsotso akpa gãtɔ dzidzi teƒe wue nye afɔku abe Tsiɖɔɖɔ ene. Nusiwo me le anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe nɔnɔmetata me ƒe miliɔn geɖe, alo ɖewohĩ afɔku geɖe, katã ate ŋu atso afɔku ɖeka ma ke gbɔ: Tsiɖɔɖɔa. Ate ŋu aɖe alesi dinosaurwo tsrɔ̃, anyigba ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo ƒe anyinɔnɔ kple nu bubu geɖe siwo wokpɔ le anyigba me la me.

    Le kpɔɖeŋu me, zi geɖe la, wokpɔa dinosaurwo le kpe sesẽwo me, eye ate ŋu axɔ ƒe geɖe hafi woate ŋu aɖe tomenu ɖeka tso kpea me. Gake aleke wowɔ ge ɖe kpe sesẽawo me? Numeɖeɖe si me susu le koe nye be anyi falɛfalɛ ge ɖe wo tame eye emegbe wòsẽ. Nu sia ƒomevi medzɔna le afi aɖeke egbea o, gake le afɔku abe tsiɖɔɖɔ ene me la, anya wɔ hafi. Enyo be míade dzesii be wokpɔ blema nuŋlɔɖi 500 kloe le xexeame godoo, eye le esia nu la, Tsiɖɔɖɔa nɔ Anyigba dzi.

     Susu nyui siwo ta míagblɔ be Tsiɖɔɖɔa koŋ gbɔe afɔkua tso hãe nye nyateƒe si wònye be ƒumelãwo bɔ ɖe xexeame katã, abe alesi nya siwo gbɔna ɖee fia ene. Nya gbãtɔa tso agbalẽ aɖe si James Hutton, si nye anyigbaŋutinunya fofo, ŋlɔ ƒe 200 kple edzivɔe nye sia me:

Ele be míaƒo nya ta be ke kple kpe gbadzɛ siwo ƒo ƒu ɖe atsiaƒu gɔme, ƒumelãwo ƒe gowo kple koral-nuwo, anyigba kple anyie ye wɔ anyigba ƒe ƒuƒoƒoawo katã (...). (J. Hutton, Anyigba ƒe Nufiafia l, 26. 1785)

Ja. Esia nye nyateƒenya bɔbɔe mawo dometɔ ɖeka si bia numeɖeɖe, eye wònye nusianu si ku ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe agbagbadzedze si yi edzi be yease anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme si le tɔtrɔm le anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi me gɔme la ƒe tatɔ. (J. S. Shelton: Anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe nɔnɔmetata)

Nu bubu si ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔa fiae nye ƒumelãwo ƒe anyinɔnɔ le to kɔkɔwo abe Himalaya-towo, Alps-towo kple Andes-towo dzi. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo kple anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ŋutɔ ƒe agbalẽwo me kpɔɖeŋu aɖewoe nye esi:

Esi Darwin ŋutɔ nɔ mɔ zɔm le Beagle-ʋua dzi la, ekpɔ ƒumelã siwo ƒe kpememewo le tso Andes Towo dzi. Eɖee fia be, nusi nye to fifia la nɔ tsi te tsã. (Jerry A. Coyne: Miksi evoluutio on totta [Nusitae nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ nye nyateƒe], axa 127)

Susu aɖe li si tae wòle be míalé ŋku ɖe agakpe siwo le togbɛwo dzi ƒe nɔnɔme gbãtɔ ŋu nyuie. Wokpɔnɛ nyuie wu le Alps-towo dzi, le Lime Alps-to siwo le anyiehe, afisi woyɔna be Helvetian-nutowo me. Limestone ye nye kpe vevitɔ si wotsɔ wɔa kpewoe. Ne míelé ŋku ɖe agakpe si le afisia le togbɛ siwo dzi ʋuʋudedi le alo to aɖe tame ŋu - ne ŋusẽ nɔ mía si be míalia afima - míava ke ɖe lãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo, lãwo ƒe kpememewo, ŋu mlɔeba. Zi geɖe la, wogblẽna vevie gake anya wɔ be woakpɔ kakɛ siwo woate ŋu ade dzesii. Kpememe mawo katã nye lime-kplu alo ƒumelãwo ƒe ƒunukpeƒewo. Wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye ammonites siwo wotsɔ ka ƒo xlãe, eye vevietɔ la, lãkle siwo ƒe gowo le eve la sɔ gbɔ ŋutɔ. (...) Nuxlẽla ate ŋu abia eɖokui le ɣeyiɣi sia me be nukae wòfia be togbɛwo léa tsi gbogbo aɖewo ɖe wo me, siwo hã woate ŋu akpɔ le ƒugɔme. (axa 236,237 "Muuttuva maa", Pentti Eskola)

Harutaka Sakai si tso Japan Yunivɛsiti le Kyushu wɔ numekuku ƒe geɖe tso ƒumelã siawo siwo wokpɔ le Himalaya Towo dzi ŋu. Woa kple eƒe ƒuƒoƒoa ŋlɔ lãwo ƒe lãkpɔ blibo aɖe si nɔ anyi le Mesozoic ɣeyiɣia me la ɖi. Ƒumelã siwo mebɔbɔ o, siwo sɔ kple ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be sea urchins kple starfish siwo li fifia la, le agakpewo ƒe gli siwo didi wu kilometa etɔ̃ tso atsiaƒu dzi la me. Wokpɔa Ammonites, belemnites, corals kple plankton abe kpe gbadzɛwo ene le towo ƒe kpewo me (...)

   Le teƒe si kɔkɔ kilometa eve la, anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ke ɖe dzesi aɖe si atsiaƒua ŋutɔ gblẽ ɖi ŋu. Eƒe kpe si le abe ƒutsotsoewo ene la sɔ kple nɔnɔme siwo susɔ ɖe kea me tso ƒutsotsoe siwo me tsi mele o gbɔ. Wokpɔa limestone ɣi siwo do le tsi te tso ƒumelã manyaxlẽwo ƒe susɔewo me tso Everest-toa tame gɔ̃ hã. ("Maapallo ihmeiden ɣletinyigba", axa 55)

Aleke nèwɔ tsɔ ɖo kpe agbe ƒe anyinɔnɔ le Anyigba dzi ƒe miliɔn geɖe dzi?

Wofɔ nu eve aɖewo ɖe te le etame siwo wozãna tsɔ ɖoa ​​kpe ƒe miliɔn geɖe ƒe ɣeyiɣiwo dzi: kpe siwo me keklẽŋusẽ le ƒe dzidzedze kple alesi woƒoa wo nɔewoe ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme. Wokpɔe be wo dometɔ aɖeke meɖo kpe edzi be ɣeyiɣi didi siwo wozã la nye nyateƒe o. Kuxi si le dzidzenu siwo wowɔ ɖe kpewo dzi ŋue nye be vinyɔnunuwo le kpe yeyewo keŋkeŋ me xoxo eye to esia me la, wodzena xoxo. Eye mefia ƒe miliɔn geɖe hã o elabena wokpɔ amegbetɔ ƒe adzɔnuwo, amegbetɔ ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo gɔ̃ hã le ƒuƒoƒo siwo wobu be wonye blematɔwo me, eye le esi kpeɖodzi li egbea be ƒuƒoƒoawo ƒoa ƒu kabakaba ɖe wo nɔewo dzi ta. Ele bɔbɔe be woake ɖi ƒe miliɔn geɖe le nyateƒenya siawo ta.

    Ke alesi agbe le anyigba dzi ƒe dzedzeme ya ɖe? Wogblɔna na mí enuenu le dzɔdzɔmeɖoɖowo, sukugbalẽwo kple teƒe bubuwo be agbe sesẽwo li le anyigba dzi ƒe miliɔn alafa geɖe. Ðe wòsɔ be míaka ɖe nukpɔsusu sia dzia? Le nya sia me la, ele be nàlé ŋku ɖe nya siwo gbɔna ŋu:

Ame aɖeke mate ŋu anya ƒe si anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo xɔ o . Gbã la, ele be woalé ŋku ɖe anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo ŋu. Woawo koe nye agbe si míenɔ va yi ƒe susɔeawo, eye nu bubu aɖeke mele mía si o.

     Gake ɖe wòanya wɔ be woanya ƒe si tututu woxɔ tso tomenuawo mea? Ðe wòanya wɔ be woanya be kpeƒekpeƒe bubu aɖe tsi wu bubu alo metsi kura oa? Ŋuɖoɖoa me kɔ: manya wɔ be woabu esia ŋu o. Ne woɖe anyigba ƒe kpe aɖe do goe, le kpɔɖeŋu me, dinosaur ƒe ƒu alo trilobite ƒe kpememe la, womeŋlɔ eƒe ƒexɔxɔ kple ɣeyiɣi si wònɔ agbe le anyigba dzi o. Míate ŋu ade dzesi nyatakaka mawo tso eme o. Amesiame si fɔ tomenu aɖe ate ŋu ade dzesi esia. (Nenema ke wòle le le kpɔɖeŋu me agado me nutatawo hã gome. Numekula aɖewo ate ŋu asusu be woxɔ ƒe akpe ewo, gake woawo ŋutɔwo meɖe dzesi mawo tɔgbe aɖeke fia o. Le nyateƒe me la, woate ŋu axɔ ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo ko.)

    Togbɔ be nusianu li hã la, nukpɔsusu vevi aɖe si le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia me enye be woate ŋu anya ƒe siawo. Togbɔ be kpememeawo ŋutɔ megblɔa nyatakaka aɖeke alo ɖenɛ fiana o hã la, nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔsela geɖe gblɔna be yewonya ɣeyiɣi si me yewonɔ (nusi woyɔna be index fossil table). Wosusu be nyatakaka siwo ŋu kakaɖedzi le le yewo si ku ɖe afisi tututu ammonites, trilobites, dinosaur, lã siwo naa no wo viwo, kple nugbagbe bubu siwo le Anyigba dzi le ŋu, togbɔ be manya wɔ be woaƒo nya ta nenema ke tso anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo kple woƒe nɔƒewo me o hã.

Ame aɖeke mele Anyigba sia dzi si nya nu tso kpewo kple kpe gbadzɛwo ŋu ale gbegbe be wòate ŋu aɖo kpe edzi le mɔ aɖeke nu be kpe ƒomevi aɖe koŋ tsi wu ƒomevi bubu le nyateƒe me o. Ne míagblɔe bubui la, ame aɖeke meli si ate ŋu aɖo kpe edzi ŋutɔŋutɔ be trilobite si nɔ anyi le Cambrian ɣeyiɣia me tsi wu dinosaur si nɔ anyi le Cretaceous ɣeyiɣia me alo lã si naa no wo viwo tso Tertiary ɣeyiɣia me o. Anyigbaŋutinunya nye nusianu gake menye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya si sɔ pɛpɛpɛ o. (12) .

Ne woɖe anyigba ƒe kpememewo do goe la, kuxi ma ke ku ɖe mammoth kple dinosaur ƒe kpememewo hã ŋu. Aleke woate ŋu aɖo kpe woƒe dzɔdzɔ vovovo siwo le anyigba dzi dzi ne wo ame evea siaa ƒe kpememewo le nɔnɔme nyui me eye wogogo anyigba ƒe anyime abe alesi wokpɔnɛ zi geɖe ene? Aleke ame aɖe ate ŋu agblɔ be dinosaur ƒe kpememe xɔ ƒe miliɔn 65 wu mammoth alo amegbetɔ ƒe kpememe ne wo ame evea siaa le nɔnɔme nyui me sɔsɔe? Ŋuɖoɖoae nye be nyatakaka mawo tɔgbe mele ame aɖeke si o. Amesiame si gblɔna be menye nenemae o la yia susu me nukpɔsusu ƒe akpa dzi.

     Eyata nukatae dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala mawudzimaxɔselawo xɔe se be ne mede ɖeke o la, dinosaur ƒe anyikpe xɔ ƒe miliɔn 65 ya teti wu mammoth ƒe kpememe? Nusi koŋ gbɔ esia tsoe nye anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata, si wowɔ le ƒe alafa 19 lia me, si fia ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe hafi woto radiocarbon mɔnu alo keklẽŋusẽ ƒe mɔnu bubuwo vɛ, le kpɔɖeŋu me. Wonɔa te ɖe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata sia dzi ɖoa ƒe si kpememeawo xɔ, elabena wosusui be Darwin ƒe nufiafia sɔ eye be lã ƒomevi vovovowo ƒe hatsotso vovovowo do le Anyigba dzi le ɣeyiɣi vovovowo me. Eyata woxɔe se be agbe dze egɔme tso atsiaƒu me, ale be gbã la, lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ bɔbɔe aɖe nɔ anyi, emegbe atsiaƒu gɔme lãwo do, emegbe tɔmelãwo, emegbe akpɔkplɔ siwo nɔa tsia ƒe go kemɛ dzi, emegbe lã siwo tana eye mlɔeba xeviwo kple lã siwo naa no wo viwo. Woxɔe se be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ yi ŋgɔ le ɖoɖo sia nu, . eye wowɔ anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata le ƒe alafa 19 lia me hena taɖodzinu sia, si egbea gɔ̃ hãe ɖoa alesi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala mawudzimaxɔselawo ɖea ƒe si anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo xɔ la gɔme. Susu bubu aɖeke mele wo si be woatsɔ agblɔ ƒe si wotsɔ kpe xɔasiawo xɔ o.

   Eyata wotu anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ vivivi ƒe nukpɔsusu dzi, si nye nɔnɔme vevi aɖe si hiã hafi woate ŋu agblɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia. Gake kuxiae nye be womekpɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ vivivi aɖeke le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetataawo me kpɔ si aɖo kpe edzi be anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe kplɔ̃a sɔ o. Mawudzimaxɔsela xɔŋkɔ Richard Dawkins gɔ̃ hã lɔ̃ ɖe nya ma ke dzi le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Sokea Kelloseppä (s. 240,241, The Blind Watchmaker) me: “ Tso esime Darwin la, nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo nya be tomenu siwo woɖo ɖe ɖoɖo nu le ɣeyiɣi ƒe ɖoɖo nu la menye nu suesuesue siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo o, ƒã hafi tɔtrɔ siwo ɖe dzesi. ” Nenema ke blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala xɔŋkɔ Stephen Jay Gould si nye mawudzimaxɔsela gblɔ be: “Nyemedi le mɔ aɖeke nu be mabu ŋutete si ate ŋu anɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ vivivi ƒe nukpɔsusua ŋu la nu tsɛe o. Ðeko medi be made dzesii be ‘womekpɔe’ le kpewo me kpɔ o.” (13) .

   Nukae míate ŋu aƒo nya ta tso nya siwo míegblɔ va yi me? Ne womewɔ ŋgɔyiyi vivivi o la, woate ŋu ake ɖi ƒe si wobu le anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata me kple susu si nye be lã ƒomevi vovovowo ƒe hatsotso vovovowo do ɖe Anyigba dzi le ɣeyiɣi vovovowo me ŋu. Nukpɔsusu ma tɔgbe aɖeke meli si dzi woanɔ te ɖo o. Ke boŋ esɔ wu be míasusui be lã ƒomevi siwo katã nɔ anyigba dzi va yi la nɔ anyigba dzi le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me, gake wonɔ nu gbagbewo ƒe akpa vovovowo me ko, elabena wo dometɔ aɖewo nye ƒumelãwo, bubuwo nye anyigbadzilãwo, eye bubuwo nɔ wo dome. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, lã ƒomevi aɖewo abe dinosaur kple trilobites, siwo wobu be wonye index fossils ene la tsrɔ̃. Susu aɖeke meli si ta míaxɔe ase be le nyateƒe me la, lã ƒomevi aɖewo tsi alo metsi wu bubuwo o. Womate ŋu anɔ te ɖe anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo dzi aƒo nya ta nenema o.

    Fossil gbagbewo - nugbagbe siwo wòle be woaku ƒe miliɔn geɖe enye sia hafi, gake wokpɔ wo gakpɔtɔ le agbe egbea - hã nye kpeɖodzi be mele be woaka ɖe ƒe miliɔn geɖe dzi o. Le nyateƒe me la, anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata mawo tɔgbe alafa geɖe li. Germanytɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala Ðɔkta Joachim Scheven ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe kpɔɖeŋu siwo wu 500 le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata gbagbe sia ƒomevi ŋu. Kpɔɖeŋu ɖekae nye coelacanth hã, si woxɔ se be eku ƒe miliɔn 65 enye sia, si fia le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me kple dinosaurwo. Ke hã, wokpɔ tɔmelã sia agbagbee le egbeŋkekeawo me, eyata afikae wòɣla eɖokui ɖo ƒe miliɔn 65 enye sia? Tiatia bubu, eye wòanya wɔ wu, enye be ƒe miliɔn geɖe medzɔ kpɔ o.

Nukatae dinosaurwo menɔ agbe ƒe miliɔn geɖe enye sia o ? Memamã siwo do ŋgɔ ɖee fia be manya wɔ be woanya ƒe si tututu kpememeawo xɔ o. Womate ŋu aɖo kpe edzi hã be le kpɔɖeŋu me, trilobite, dinosaur alo mammoth ƒe kpememewo ƒe ƒexɔxɔ to vovo o. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me kpeɖodzi aɖeke meli na esia o, gake ɖewohĩ lã ƒomevi siawo nɔ anyigba dzi le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me, gake le lãwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa vovovowo me ko, abe alesi ƒumelãwo, agadowo, togbɛwo kple tonyigbawo hã li fifia kple woƒe lãwo kple numiemiewo ene.

    Ke agbenɔnɔ le anyigba dzi ƒe miliɔn geɖe, abe alesi wogblɔnɛ na mí enuenu le dzɔdzɔmeɖoɖowo alo dzɔtsoƒe bubuwo me ene ya ɖe? Woate ŋu akpɔ nya sia gbɔ nyuie wu to radiocarbon mɔnu dzi elabena ate ŋu adzidze ƒe si lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo xɔ. Zi geɖe la, kpewo mee wotsɔa keklẽŋusẽ ƒe mɔnuwo dzidzea nu bubuwo, gake woate ŋu azã radiocarbon mɔnu atsɔ adzidze nu tso anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo me tẽ. Nu sia ƒe afã ƒe agbenɔƒe si dziɖuɖua da asi ɖoe nye ƒe 5730, eyata mele be wòadzɔ kura le ƒe 100,000 megbe o.

    Ke dinosaurwo ya ɖe? Nyaʋiʋli gãtɔ kekeake le go sia me ku ɖe dinosaurwo ŋu. Edze abe amewo tsɔa ɖe le eme na wo ene, eye woto wo dzi dze agbagba be yewoatsɔ aɖo kpe ƒe miliɔn geɖe siwo wotsɔ nɔ anyigba dzi dzi. Wonye nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ƒe nyanyuigblɔla siwo wohe vɛ ne ehiã ne eɖo ƒe miliɔn geɖe.

   Gake, gake. Abe alesi míede dzesii ene la, wotu ƒe si dinosaur xɔ la ɖe anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata si woƒo ƒu le ƒe 1800-awo me dzi, si wokpɔ be mesɔ o zi geɖe. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me kpeɖodzi aɖeke meli be dinosaurwo tsi wu, le kpɔɖeŋu me, lã gã siwo woyɔna be mammoths kple lã bubu siwo tsrɔ̃ o. Nu bɔbɔe ʋɛ aɖewo siwo ŋu woke ɖo siwo ɖee fia be ƒe miliɔn geɖe enye sia si dinosaurwo metsrɔ̃ o eye be egbegbe lã ƒomevi geɖe nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple wo lae nye esi.

• Egbegbe lã ƒomeviwo nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple dinosaurwo. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti nunyalawo le nu ƒom tso dinosaur ƒe ɣeyiɣia ŋu ɣesiaɣi elabena le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia nu la, woxɔe se be lãwo ƒe hatsotso vovovowo do le Anyigba dzi le ɣeyiɣi vovovowo me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wosusuna be dinosaurwo mee xeviwo tso, eye le esia ta dinosaurwo anya do le anyigba dzi do ŋgɔ na xeviwo. Nenema ke wotsɔe be lã gbãtɔ siwo naa no wo viwo medze le anyigba dzi o vaseɖe dinosaur ƒe ɣeyiɣia ƒe nuwuwu.

    Gake nya si nye dinosaur ƒe ɣeyiɣia flua ame elabena tso dinosaur ƒe hatsotsowo me la, wokpɔ lã ƒomevi siwo sɔ pɛpɛpɛ le egbegbe ɣeyiɣiwo me: atiglinyi, atiglinyi, king boa, ʋetsuvi, beaver, badger, hedgehog, shark, tsi nuyi, koklozi, anyi, mussel, . koral, akpɔkplɔ, caiman, egbegbe xeviwo, lã siwo naa no wo viwo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woxɔe se be xeviwo tso dinosaurwo me, gake wokpɔ xevi mawo ke le dinosaur ƒe hatsotsoawo me abe alesi wole egbea ene: akpɔkplɔ, dadi, drake, loon, flamingo, atsutsurɔe, penguin, ƒutaxewo, albatross, cormorants, kple avocets. Kaka ƒe 2000 naɖo la, woŋlɔ egbegbe xevi vovovo siwo wu alafa ɖeka ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo tso Cretaceous ƒe ƒuƒoƒo me. Le nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo siawo dome la, wogblɔe le kpɔɖeŋu me le Carl Werner ƒe agbalẽ si nye “Living Fossils” me. Ƒe 14 sɔŋ la, ewɔ numekuku le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo ŋu tso dinosaur ƒe ɣeyiɣia me, eva nya nu tso blemanuwo ŋuti nunyalawo ƒe agbalẽwo ŋu, . eye wòɖi tsa yi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe 60 le xexeame godoo, eye wòɖe foto siwo ade 60,000. Ðɔkta Werner gblɔ be:"Blemanudzraɖoƒewo meɖea egbegbe xevi siawo ƒe kpememe fiana o, eye womeɖea wo ɖe nɔnɔmetata siwo ɖe dinosaur ƒe nɔnɔmewo fiana me hã o. Mesɔ o. Le nyateƒe me la, ɣesiaɣi si woɖe T. Rex alo Triceratops ƒe nɔnɔmetata le blemanudzraɖoƒe ƒe ɖeɖefia aɖe me la, dadiwo, loonwo, flamingowo, alo ɖewo." ele be woaɖe egbegbe xevi bubu siawo siwo ŋu woke ɖo le hatsotso ɖeka ma ke me kple dinosaurwo hã ƒe nɔnɔmetata.Gake medzɔna nenema o. Nyemekpɔ dadi si si dinosaur le le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe kpɔ o, alo?Atsutsurɔe aɖe?A ako?"

   Nukae míate ŋu aƒo nya ta tso nya siwo míegblɔ va yi me? Xewo nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple dinosaurwo godoo, eye susu aɖeke meli si ta míaxɔe ase be ne míetso eme la, axɔ ƒe miliɔn ewo o.

    Ke lã siwo naa no wo viwo ya ɖe? Le akɔntabubu aɖewo nu la, wokpɔe be lã ƒomevi 432 ya teti siwo naa no wo viwo nɔa anyi ɖekae kple dinosaur ( Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Kielan, Cifelli, RL, kple Luo, ZX, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution and Structure, Columbia Yunivɛsiti ƒe Nyadzɔdzɔdɔwɔƒe, NY, 2004) . Nenema ke wokpɔ dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo le ƒu siwo ɖi sɔ, nyi, kple alẽ ƒe ƒuwo dome (Anderson, A., Tourism falls victim to tyrannosaurus, Nature, 1989, 338, 289 / Dinosaurus ate ŋu aku kpoo le nyateƒe me, 1984, New Scientist, 104, 9.) , eyata dinosaurwo kple lã siwo naa no wo viwo anya nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me.

   Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, le video dzi gbebiame aɖe si Carl Werner, si nye Utah ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe si Kpɔa Do Ŋgɔ Na Ŋutinya Gbɔ ƒe nudzraɖoƒedzikpɔla, Ðɔkta Donald Burge ɖe eme be: “ Míekpɔa lã siwo naa no wo viwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo le míaƒe dinosaur-tomenukukuwo katã kloe me. Bentonite anyi tɔn ewo siwo me lã siwo naa no wo viwo ƒe kpememewo le la le mía si, eye míele wo nam numekula bubuwo. Menye esi míakpɔ wo be wole vevie o tae o, ke boŋ le esi agbe le kpuie ta, eye nyeme bi ɖe lã siwo naa no wo viwo me o: mebi ɖe lã siwo tana kple dinosaurwo me”. Nusiwo wokpɔ ƒomevi siawo ɖee fia be lã ƒomevi siwo tso lãwo ƒe hatsotsowo katã me nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me ɣesiaɣi, gake le lãwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa vovovowo me ko. Lã ƒomevi aɖewo, abe dinosaur ene, tsrɔ̃. Egbea gɔ̃ hã la, lã ƒomeviwo le kukum.

• Lãmetsi falɛfalɛwo fia ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe . Wogblɔ va yi be ƒe alafa 19 lia me anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata si me woxɔe se be dinosaurwo tsrɔ̃ ƒe miliɔn 65 enye sia dzi koŋue wotu ɣeyiɣi si me dinosaurwo dzɔ ɖo.

   Dinosaur ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo hã ate ŋu aʋẽna lilili. Jack Horner, si nye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala si xɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia dzi se, gblɔ tso teƒe gã aɖe si ŋu woke ɖo le dinosaur ƒe kpememewo ŋu be “ƒu siwo katã le Hell Creek la ʋẽna lilili.” Aleke ƒuwo ate ŋu ase ʋeʋẽ le ƒe miliɔn ewo megbe? Ne ɖe wotsi nenema la, anye ne ʋeʋẽa katã dzo le wo me vaseɖe fifia.

    Nukae wòle be numekulawo nawɔ? Anyo wu be nàɖe asi le anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe nɔnɔmetata si wowɔ le ƒe alafa 19 lia me ŋu eye nàlé fɔ ɖe anyigba ƒe kpememeawo ŋu tẽ. Ne lãkusi falɛfalɛwo, proteinwo, DNA kple radiocarbon gakpɔtɔ le wo me la, mate ŋu anye ƒe miliɔn geɖe ƒe nya o. Nu siawo ƒe anyinɔnɔ le kpememewo me fia be ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe koe wonɔ. Esiawo nye metriks nyuiwo hena ƒe si anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo xɔ.

• Ʋɔ dribawo ŋuti numeɖeɖewo. Ame geɖe gblɔna be amegbetɔ menɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple dinosaurwo o. Gake nya gbogbo aɖewo ƒo nu tso ʋɔ dribawo ŋu le amegbetɔwo ƒe kɔnyinyiwo me. Darwin ŋɔlimetɔ Richard Owen ye to ŋkɔ dinosaur vɛ le ƒe 1841 me, gake wogblɔa nu tso ʋɔ dribawo ŋu ƒe alafa geɖe. Nya aɖewo siwo wogblɔ tso nyati sia ŋue nye esi:

Nukutɔe la, ʋɔ driba siwo le xotutuwo me la le abe lã ŋutɔŋutɔ siwo nɔ anyi va yi ene. Woɖi lã gã siwo tana (dinosaur) siwo ɖu anyigbaa dzi ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe hafi wosusu be amegbetɔ do. Zi geɖe la, wobua ʋɔ dribawo be wovɔ̃ɖi eye wogblẽa nu. Dukɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒo nu tso wo ŋu le woƒe gliwo me. ( The World Book Encyclopedia, Babla 5, 1973, axa 265)

Tso ŋutinya si woŋlɔ ɖi ƒe gɔmedzedze la, ʋɔ dribawo dze le afisiafi: le Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ƒe nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔ siwo ku ɖe dekɔnuwo ƒe ŋgɔyiyi ŋu me, le Yudatɔwo ƒe Nubabla Xoxoa ƒe ŋutinya me, le China kple Japan ƒe nuŋlɔɖi xoxowo me, le Hela, Roma ƒe glitotowo me kple Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo, le blema Amerika ƒe kpɔɖeŋunyagbɔgblɔwo me, le Afrika kple India ƒe gliwo me. Esesẽ be woakpɔ habɔbɔ si metsɔ ʋɔ dribawo de eƒe ŋutinya si wogblɔna le xotutu me o...Aristotle, Pliny kple agbalẽŋlɔla bubu siwo nɔ anyi le blemaɣeyiɣiwo me gblɔ be nyateƒenyawo dzie wotu ʋɔ driba ŋutinyawo ɖo ke menye susu me o. (14) .

Biblia yɔ ŋkɔ ʋɔ driba hã zi geɖe (le kpɔɖeŋu me, Hiob 30:29: Nyee nye ʋɔ dribawo nɔvi, eye menye atsutsurɔewo ƒe zɔhɛ). Le go sia me la, woate ŋu akpɔ numeɖeɖe dodzidzɔname aɖe tso nya sia ŋu tso dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala mawudzimaxɔsela Stephen Jay Gould gbɔ. Ede dzesii be ne Hiob ƒe agbalẽa ƒo nu tso Behemoth ŋu la, lã ɖeka kolia si ŋu nɔnɔmetata sia sɔ ɖoe nye dinosaur ( Pandans Tumme , s. 221, Ordfrontsförlag, 1987). Esi wònye nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔsela ta la, exɔe se be Hiob ƒe agbalẽa ŋlɔla anya kpɔ eƒe sidzedze le blemanu siwo ŋu woke ɖo ŋu. Ke hã, agbalẽ xoxotɔ kekeake siwo le Biblia me dometɔ ɖeka sia ƒo nu tso lã gbagbe aɖe ŋu kɔte (Hiob 40:15 Kpɔ ɖa, behemoth, si mewɔ kpli wò; eɖua gbe abe nyi ene...).

   Ʋɔ dribawo hã dzena le aɖaŋudɔwo me (www.dinoglyphs.fi). Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woŋlɔ ʋɔ dribawo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo ɖe aʋawɔnuwo (Sutton Hoo) kple sɔlemexɔwo ƒe gliɖoɖowo dzi (le kpɔɖeŋu me, S. S. Mary kple Hardulph, England). Le Ishtar ƒe agbo nu le blemadu si nye Babilon me la, woɖe ʋɔ dribawo ƒe nɔnɔmetata tsɔ kpe ɖe nyitsuwo kple dzatawo ŋu. Le Mesopotamia ƒe tsilindo nutrenu gbãtɔwo me la, ʋɔ driba siwo ƒe asike didi abe kɔ ene kloe dzena (Moortgat, A., The art of ancient Mesopotamia, Phaidon Press, London 1969, axa 1,9,10 kple Plate A.). Vance Nelson ƒe agbalẽ si nye Dire Dragonsgblɔ kpɔɖeŋu bubuwo. Nusi ɖe dzesi le agbalẽ sia ŋue nye be woɖe nutata xoxo siwo ku ɖe ʋɔ dribawo/dinosaurwo ŋu, kpakple nɔnɔmetata siwo egbegbe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ŋutɔ ta siwo wotu ɖe dinosaur ƒe ƒuwo dzi la fia. Nuxlẽlawo ŋutɔ ate ŋu atsɔ aɖaŋudɔ xoxo siwo ɖi wo nɔewo, kpakple nɔnɔmetata siwo wotu ɖe ƒuwo dzi asɔ kple wo nɔewo. Woƒe ɖekawɔwɔ dze ƒã ŋutɔ.

   Ke Chinatɔwo ƒe ɣletivimefakaka ya ɖe? Alesi dinosaurwo anya nye ʋɔ dribawo ŋutɔŋutɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu nyui aɖee nye ɣletivimefakaka sia, si wonya be exɔ ƒe alafa geɖe. Eyata ne wotu Chinatɔwo ƒe ɣletivihatsotso ɖe lãwo ƒe dzesi 12 siwo gbugbɔna le ƒe 12 ƒe tsatsam dzi la, lã 12 ye kpɔa gome le eme. Wo dometɔ 11 nye esiwo wonya nyuie le egbeŋkekeawo me gɔ̃ hã: sisiblisi, nyitsu, amegãxi, akpɔkplɔ, da, sɔ, alẽ, boso, koklozi, avu kple ha. Ke boŋ lã 12 lia nye ʋɔ driba, si meli egbea o. Nyabiase nyui aɖee nye be ne lã 11-awo nye lã ŋutɔŋutɔwo kpɔ la, nukatae ʋɔ driba la anye nusi to vovo eye wònye glimemewɔwɔ? Ðe susu mele eme wu be míasusui be enɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me kple amegbetɔwo tsã, gake etsrɔ̃ abe lã bubu geɖe ene oa? Anyo be míagaɖo ŋku edzi ake be ƒe alafa 19 lia me koe Richard Owen to nya dinosaur vɛ. Do ŋgɔ na ema la, wozã ŋkɔ ʋɔ driba ƒe alafa geɖe. 

Aleke nèwɔ tsɔ ɖo kpe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafiaa dzii?

Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia to vovo kura na Mawu ƒe nuwɔwɔdɔa. Nufiafia sia si Darwin do ɖa la tsɔe be lãmenugbagbevi sue aɖe si tso lãmenugbagbevi sue aɖe me, si va trɔ le ƒe miliɔn geɖe me va zu lãmenugbagbevi siwo le sesẽm ɖe edzi la dzie wo katã wodze egɔme tsoe.

   Gake ɖe Darwin ƒe nufiafiaa nye nyateƒea? Woate ŋu adoe kpɔ to kpeɖodzi ŋutɔŋutɔwo dzi. Nya vevi aɖewoe nye esi.

1. Womeɖo kpe agbe ƒe dzidzi ɖeɖeko dzi o . Hafi agbe nate ŋu atrɔ la, ele be wòanɔ anyi. Gake Darwin ƒe nufiafia ƒe kuxi gbãtɔe nye esi. Gɔmeɖoanyi mele nufiafia bliboa ŋu o, elabena agbe mate ŋu ado le eɖokui si o, abe alesi míede dzesii va yi ene. Agbe koe ate ŋu ahe agbe vɛ, eye womekpɔ nusi to vovo na se sia o. Wodoa go kuxi sia ne ame lé mawudzimaxɔse ƒe numeɖeɖe ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe me ɖe asi tso gɔmedzedze vaseɖe nuwuwu. 

2. Radiocarbon ɖea ɣeyiɣi didi ƒe susuwo ɖa . Kuxi bubu enye be radiocarbon le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo kple dzotsinuwo me le ɣeyiɣi ɖesiaɖe me, siwo wobu be woxɔ ƒe miliɔn geɖe (Lowe, DC, Kuxi siwo do ƒome kple dzotsinuwo zazã abe 14C free background material dzɔtsoƒe ene, Radiocarbon 31 (2): 117 -120, ƒe 1989). Ƒe akpe geɖe koe radiocarbon ƒe anyinɔnɔ fia, si fia be ɣeyiɣi aɖeke megali na ŋgɔyiyi si wosusu be woawɔ o. Esia nye kuxi gã aɖe na Darwin ƒe nufiafia elabena nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo xɔe se be ƒe miliɔn geɖe hiã.

3. Cambrian ƒe wowóa ɖee fia be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ mesɔ o . Do ŋgɔ la, wogblɔ alesi nusi woyɔna be Cambrian ƒe wowó ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe ati (susu si nye be lãmenugbagbevi bɔbɔe la va zu agbe yeye geɖe wu) la be menye nyateƒe o. Alo ati sia tsi tre ɖe anyigba. Fossil data ɖee fia be tso gɔmedzedzea me ke la, nusiwo sesẽ kple lã ƒomeviwo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ nɔ eme. Esia sɔ kple nuwɔwɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋua.

4. Sidzenuwo kple ŋutinu siwo tsi afã kple afã aɖeke meli o . Ne nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti nufiafiaa nye nyateƒe la, ke ele be sidzenu, asi, afɔ, alo ŋutilã ƒe akpa bubu siwo le tɔtrɔm yeyee miliɔn geɖe nanɔ dzɔdzɔme nu. Ke boŋ ŋutilã ƒe akpa siawo le klalo eye wole dɔ wɔm. Richard Dawkins, si nye mawudzimaxɔsela xɔŋkɔ aɖe gɔ̃ hã lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be lã ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe kple ŋutinu ɖesiaɖe si le lã ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe si ŋu wosrɔ̃ nu tsoe vaseɖe fifia la bi ɖe nusi wòwɔna me. Nukpɔkpɔ sia tɔgbe sɔ ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia nu nyuie o, gake esɔ ɖe nuwɔwɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋua nu nyuie:

Nyateƒenya si wotu ɖe ŋkuléleɖenuŋu dzi enye be lã ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe kple ŋutinu ɖesiaɖe si le lã ƒomevi aɖe me si wodo kpɔ vaseɖe fifia la bi ɖe nusi wòwɔna me. Aʋala siwo le xeviwo, anyiwo kple ʋetsuviwo dzi nyo na dzodzo. Ŋkuwo bi ɖe nukpɔkpɔ me. Agbawo bi ɖe keklẽŋusẽ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ me. Míele ɣletinyigba aɖe dzi, afisi ɖewohĩ lã ƒomevi miliɔn ewo ƒo xlã mí le, eye wo katã le wo ɖokui si ɖee fia be edze abe wowɔ woe ene. Lã ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe sɔ ɖe eƒe agbenɔnɔ tɔxɛa nu nyuie. (15) .

Le nya si Dawkins gblɔ va yi me la, elɔ̃ ɖe edzi le mɔ si mele tẽ o nu be aɖaŋunuwɔwɔ ƒe anyinɔnɔ li, togbɔ be eɖoe koŋ gbee hã. Gake kpeɖodziawo ɖee fia kɔte be aɖaŋunuwɔwɔ ƒe anyinɔnɔ li. Nyabiase si sɔ enye be; Ðe wòwɔa dɔa? Eyae nye be ne nusianu le dɔ wɔm la, ke xɔtuɖoɖo si wɔa dɔ kple aɖaŋunuwɔwɔ ƒe nyae, eye xɔtuɖoɖoa mate ŋu ado mo ɖa le eɖokui si o.

    Ewɔ nuku ŋutɔ be ne bɔlƒola Jari Litmanen ƒe kpememe aɖe le Lahti, le kpɔɖeŋu me, mawudzimaxɔselawo katã lɔ̃na ɖe aɖaŋu si wowɔ le megbe nɛ dzi. Womexɔe se be yewo ŋutɔ yewodzi kpememe sia o, ke boŋ woxɔe se be wowɔ nɔnɔmetata si me nunya le le eƒe dzidzi me. Gake woxe mɔ ɖe nunya ƒe aɖaŋuwɔwɔ nu le nu gbagbe siwo sesẽ wu zi gbɔ zi geɖe eye woate ŋu aʋuʋu, adzi ɖe edzi, aɖu nu, alɔ̃ ame, eye woase seselelãme bubuwo gɔme. Esia menye nuŋububu si me susu le ŋutɔ o.

5. Tomenukulawo ɖee fia be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔe nye nyateƒe . Woɖee fia xoxo be ŋgɔyiyi aɖeke mele blemanuwo me vivivi o. Stephen Jay Gould, kpakple ame bubuwo gblɔ be: “Nyemedi le mɔ aɖeke nu be maɖi gbɔ alesi nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ vivivi ƒe nukpɔsusu ate ŋu adze nu gɔme o. Ðeko medi be made dzesii be ‘womekpɔe’ le kpewo me kpɔ o.” (16) . Nenema ke blemanuwo ŋuti nunyala xɔŋkɔ bubu geɖe lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ vivivi medzena le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo me o, togbɔ be enye Darwin ƒe nufiafia ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi vevi aɖe hã. Womagate ŋu ayɔ nyaʋiʋli si nye be anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata si woŋlɔ ɖi la mede blibo o hã o. Meganye nenema o, elabena ne mede ɖeke o la, woɖe anyigba ƒe kpeƒekpeƒe miliɔn alafa ɖeka ya teti tso anyigba dzi. Ne ŋgɔyiyi vivivi alo domedome nɔnɔme aɖeke mele nu sia me o la, ke mele nusi wogblẽ ɖe anyigba dzi hã me o. Nya siwo gbɔna la ɖe alesi domedome nuŋlɔɖiawo bu fia:

Ewɔ nuku ŋutɔ be dometsotso siwo le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo me la sɔ le mɔ aɖe nu: anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo bu le teƒe veviawo katã. (Francis Hitching, Akpɔkplɔ ƒe Kɔ , 1982, axa 19)

Aleke kee míeɖayi ŋgɔe le ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi me le lã mawo siwo nɔ anyigba dzi do ŋgɔ ƒe kpememe siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo me o, míate ŋu akpɔ lã ƒomevi siwo anye domedome nɔnɔme siwo le ƒuƒoƒo gãwo kple phyla dome ƒe dzesi aɖeke gɔ̃ hã o... Ƒuƒoƒo gãtɔwo ƒe lãwo ƒe fiaɖuƒea meƒoa ƒu ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu o. Wole ɖeka eye wole ɖeka tso gɔmedzedzea me ke... Womeke ɖe lã aɖeke si womate ŋu aɖo ɖe eya ŋutɔ ƒe ƒome me alo ƒuƒoƒo gã aɖeke hã ŋu tso kpe ƒomevi gbãtɔ siwo woɖo ɖe hatsotsowo me o... Dodome nɔnɔme ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ bliboe sia le ƒuƒoƒo gãawo dome o of animals can be interpreted in one way only... Ne míelɔ̃ be míaxɔ nyateƒenyawo abe alesi wole ene la, ele be míaxɔe ase be domedome nɔnɔme mawo tɔgbe menɔ anyi kpɔ o; ne míagblɔe bubui la, ƒomedodo ɖekae le ƒuƒoƒo gã siawo kple wo nɔewo dome tso gɔmedzedzea me ke.(Austin H. Clark, Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ Yeyea, axa 189)

Nukae míate ŋu aƒo nya ta tso nya siwo míegblɔ va yi me? Ele be míanɔ te ɖe anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo dzi agbe Darwin ƒe nufiafiaa, abe alesi Darwin ŋutɔ nɔ te ɖe anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo ŋu woke ɖo ɣemaɣi dzi gblɔe ene be: “Amesiwo xɔe se be anyigbaŋutinunya me nuŋlɔɖia de blibo wu alo wu nenema la agbe nye nufiafiaa godoo” (17 ).

6. Dzɔdzɔme tiatia kple vidzidzi mewɔa nu yeye aɖeke o . Darwin he susua vɛ le eƒe agbalẽ si nye On the Origin of Species me be dzɔdzɔmetiatiae le megbe na nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ. Ezã tiatia si amegbetɔ wɔ, si nye vidzidzi, kple alesi wòanya wɔ be woakpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe lãwo ƒe dzedzeme dzi to edzi abe kpɔɖeŋu ene.

    Gake kuxi si le dzɔdzɔmetiatia kple amegbetɔ ƒe tiatia ŋue nye be womewɔa nu yeye aɖeke o. Nusiwo li xoxo, si nye xoxoa, koe wotiaa . Woate ŋu ate gbe ɖe nɔnɔme aɖewo dzi ahanɔ agbe, gake menye agbetsitsi dzro aɖe koe hea nyatakaka yeyewo vɛ o. Nu gbagbe si li la magate ŋu atrɔ azu bubu o.

   Nenema ke tɔtrɔwo dzɔna, gake le seɖoƒe aɖewo ko me. Esia ate ŋu adzɔ elabena wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖe lãwo kple numiemiewo ŋu do ŋgɔ eye woate ŋu atrɔ asi le wo ŋu ahadzi wo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, vidzidzi ate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe avu ƒe afɔwo ƒe didime alo numiemiewo ƒe lolome kple woƒe wɔwɔme dzi, gake ɣeaɖeɣi la, àva ɖo seɖoƒe aɖe eye màyi edzi wu ema o. Lã ƒomevi yeye aɖeke mele dodom o eye nyatakaka yeyewo ƒe dzesi aɖeke hã mele dodom o.

Zi geɖe la, lãnyilawo kpɔnɛ be le dzidzime ʋɛ aɖewo ƒe asitɔtrɔ le wo ŋu megbe la, woɖoa seɖoƒe si gbɔ eme gbɔ: ŋgɔyiyi yi ŋgɔ wu afisia manya wɔ o, eye womewɔ lã ƒomevi yeye aɖeke o. (...) Eyata vidzidzi dodokpɔwo tea fli ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafiaa me tsɔ wu be woada asi ɖe edzi. (Le Yɔyɔ me, 3.7.1972, axa 8,9)

Kuxi bubue nye domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ahedada. Esi tɔtrɔ kple tɔtrɔ ɖe nɔnɔmewo ŋu le edzi yim la, domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe domenyinu deŋgɔ siwo nɔ tɔgbui gbãtɔwo si la dometɔ aɖewo bu. Zi alesi nugbagbewo bi ɖe etɔxɛe, le kpɔɖeŋu me, le vidzidzi alo anyigba ƒe vovototo ta la, zi nenemae mɔnukpɔkpɔ meganɔa tɔtrɔwo ŋu le etsɔme o. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe ketekea yia mɔ gbegblẽ dzi zi alesi wòxɔa ɣeyiɣi geɖee. Domenyiŋusẽfianu da ahe, gake lã ƒomevi vevi yeye aɖeke mele dodom o.

7. Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ ƒe tɔtrɔ mewɔa nyatakaka yeyewo kple ŋutinu ƒomevi yeyewo o . Le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ gome la, nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ƒe nya le eteƒe be edzɔna. Nusi nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ fia ƒe nya koe wònye. Ne tɔtrɔ kple tɔtrɔ ɖe nɔnɔmewo ŋu dzro ko ƒe nyae la, ke nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo tɔ dzɔ ŋutɔ be wode dzesii. Ema ƒe kpɔɖeŋu nyuiwo le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ŋutɔ ƒe agbalẽwo me. Ke boŋ lãmenugbagbevi -ɖe-amegbetɔ ƒe nufiafia gbãtɔ nye nukpɔsusu si ŋu kpeɖodzi mele o si womede dzesii le egbegbe dzɔdzɔme alo anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo me kpɔ o.

    Togbɔ be nusianu li hã la, nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo dzea agbagba be yewoadi mɔnu aɖe si aɖe alesi lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ bɔbɔe aɖe va zu lãmenugbagbevi siwo gɔme sese sesẽ la me. Wozã nugbagbeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ tsɔ kpe asi ɖe esia ŋu.

    Gake domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔwo kplɔa ame yia mɔ si to vovo na ema dzi le tsitsi gome. Wogblẽna, si fia be woxɔa ŋgɔyiyi yia anyime. Ne woado ŋgɔyiyi ɖe ŋgɔ la, ahiã be numekulawo naɖe nugbagbeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ si nana nyatakakawo dzina ɖe edzi kple ŋgɔyiyi si yia dzi ƒe kpɔɖeŋu akpe geɖe afia, gake esia mete ŋu dzɔ o. Tɔtrɔwo dzɔna nyateƒe - aʋala kple abɔ kple afɔ siwo gblẽ, amadede ƒe bu... - gake womede dzesi nyatakakawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖeke si me kɔ o. Le go bubu me la, wokpɔe to nugbagbeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe dodokpɔwo me be nugbagbevi siwo trɔna siwo li xoxo do ŋgɔ koŋue wowɔna. Wogbugbɔa nugbagbeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ mawo tɔgbe dzɔna zi gbɔ zi geɖe le dodokpɔwo me.

   Nyateƒee, enye nyateƒe be nugbagbeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ aɖewo ate ŋu aɖe vi le, le kpɔɖeŋu me, nuto si me aɖi le alo nuto si me dɔlékuiwutikewo sɔ gbɔ ɖo me, gake ne nɔnɔmeawo trɔ gbɔ va ɖo woƒe nɔnɔme nyuitɔ me la, zi geɖe la, ame ɖekaɖeka siwo ŋu tɔtrɔ sia le la metsia agbe le nɔnɔme siwo sɔ me o. Kpɔɖeŋu ɖekae nye ʋusɔgbɔdɔ si woyɔna be sickle cell. Ame siwo ŋu domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ sia le ate ŋu awɔ dɔ nyuie le teƒe siwo asrãdɔ le, gake enye dɔléle sesẽ aɖe le nuto si me asrã mele o. Ne dzila evea siaa gbɔe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ sia nyi la, ke dɔlélea wua ame. Nenema ke tɔmelã siwo ƒe ŋkuwo bu to nugbagbeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ me ate ŋu anɔ agbe le agado dovivitiwo me gake womate ŋu anɔ agbe le nɔnɔme siwo sɔ me o. Alo ʋetsuvi siwo ƒe aʋalawo bu to nugbagbeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ me ate ŋu awɔ nu le ƒukpo siwo dzi ya ƒona le dzi elabena womedzona yia atsiaƒua me bɔbɔe nenema o, gake le teƒe bubuwo la, woɖoa xaxa me.

    Numekula geɖe siwo nya nu tso nutoa me ŋu hã gbe be domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ ahe tɔtrɔ gãwo vɛ alo ahe tɔtrɔ yeyewo vɛ o. Esia dze to le kpɔɖeŋu me, ƒe bla nanewo ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe dodokpɔ siwo wowɔ le akɔɖu ʋetsuviwo kple dɔlékuiwo ŋu me. Nya aɖewo siwo numekulawo gblɔ tso nya sia ŋue nye esi:

Togbɔ be wodzro domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ akpe geɖe me le míaƒe ɣeyiɣia me hã la, míekpɔ nya aɖeke si me kɔ si me domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ atrɔ lã aɖe wòazu lã si me kɔ wu, awɔ nuwo ƒe wɔwɔme yeye, alo ana wòatrɔ ɖe nɔnɔme yeye si de to, yeye gɔ̃ hã ŋu o. (R. D. Clark, Darwin: Do Ŋgɔ Kple Emegbe , axa 131)

Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ ƒe tɔtrɔ siwo míenya – siwo wosusu be eya gbɔe xexe gbagbe la tso – zi geɖe la, enye ŋutinu aɖe ƒe bu, bu (amadede ƒe bu, kpeɖeŋutɔ ƒe bu), alo ŋutinu si li xoxo ƒe dzidziɖedzi. Le go aɖeke me la, womewɔa nu yeye ŋutɔŋutɔ alo ame ɖekaɖeka aɖeke na lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ɖoɖoa o, nusianu si woate ŋu abu be enye ŋutinu yeye aɖe ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi alo dɔ yeye aɖe ƒe gɔmedzedze o. (Jean Rostand, Orion ƒe Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe Agbalẽ , 1961, axa 79)

Ele be míase egɔme be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ƒe kadodo si wɔa dɔ nyuie ŋutɔ eye wòkeke ta le wo si be woatsɔ ade dzesi nugbagbevi siwo trɔna siwo naa nyatakakawo dzina ɖe edzi. Domenyiŋusẽfiala akpa gãtɔ ƒe ŋku ʋuna ɖe wo ŋu. - - Ke hã, nyemeka ɖe edzi be nugbagbevi ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu ɖeka si dze ƒã gɔ̃ hã li si ɖikeke mele eme o be ana nyatakaka nava o. (Sanford, J., Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe Entropy kple Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe Nya Ɣaɣla, Ivan Press, New York, axa 17).

Nyataƒoƒoae nye be tɔtrɔwo mate ŋu anye nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe mɔ̃ o, eye dzɔdzɔme tiatia hã mate ŋu anye o, elabena wo dometɔ aɖeke mewɔa nyatakaka yeye kple xɔtuɖoɖo yeye sesẽ siwo "tso lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ me yi amegbetɔ me" -nufiafia la o. Numeɖeɖe siwo katã le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti agbalẽwo me nye kpɔɖeŋu nyuiwo, gake tɔtrɔ kple tɔtrɔ ɖe nɔnɔmewo ŋu ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo koe nye dɔlékuiwo ƒe tsitretsitsi, xeviwo ƒe nuyi ƒe lolome ƒe tɔtrɔ, nudzodzoewo ƒe tsitretsitsi ɖe nudzodzoeviwutikewo ŋu, tɔmelãwo ƒe tsitsi ƒe tɔtrɔ si tso tɔƒodede fũ gbɔ, nudzodzoe si wotsɔ atadi wɔ ƒe amadede doviviti kple keklẽ kple tɔtrɔwo le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme ƒe mɔxenuwo ta. Esiawo katã nye alesi ameha aɖe wɔa nu ɖe ​​tɔtrɔ siwo va le nutoa me ŋu ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo, gake lã ƒomevi veviawo ya nɔa ɖeka ɣesiaɣi eye wometrɔna zua bubuwo o. Dɔlékuiwo gakpɔtɔ nye dɔlékuiwo, avuwo nye avuwo, avuwo abe avuwo ene, kple bubuawo Tɔtrɔwɔwɔ dzɔna nyateƒe, .

   Enyo be míade dzesii be le eƒe agbalẽ si nye On the Origin of Species me la, Darwin megblɔ lã ƒomeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖeke hã o, ke boŋ egblɔ tɔtrɔ kple tɔtrɔ ɖe nɔnɔmewo ŋu le hatsotso veviwo me ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo ko. Wonye kpɔɖeŋu nyuiwo, gake womegale nenema o. Womeɖo kpe edzi be "tso lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ dzi va ɖo amegbetɔ dzi" -nufiafia be enye nyateƒe o. Darwin ŋutɔ gblɔ le lɛta aɖe me be: “Le nyateƒe me la, ɖeɖi te ŋunye be magblɔ na amewo be nyemegblɔ be kpeɖodzi aɖeke tẽ le asinye be lã ƒomevi aɖe trɔ zu lã ƒomevi bubu o eye be mexɔe se be nukpɔsusu sia sɔ vevietɔ le esi woate ŋu aƒo nudzɔdzɔ geɖe nu ƒu ɖe hatsotsowo me ahaɖe wo me ta wotu ɖe edzi” (18). Nenema ke nyayɔyɔ si gbɔna gblɔ be le Darwin ƒe agbalẽ si nye On the Origin of Species me la, lã ƒomeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu ŋutɔŋutɔ aɖeke meli o:

"Enye nukokoe ŋutɔ be agbalẽ si xɔ ŋkɔ le lã ƒomeviwo ƒe dzɔtsoƒe me ɖeɖe me meɖe eme le mɔ aɖeke nu o." (Christopher Booker, Times ƒe nuŋlɔla si ƒo nu tso Darwin ƒe agbalẽ gã si nye On the Origin of Species ŋu) (19)

Aleke nèɖo kpe amegbetɔ ƒe dzidzime tso nuwɔwɔ siwo le abe boso ene me dzii?

Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi vevitɔe nye be lã ƒomevi siwo katã li fifia ƒe lãmenugbagbevi ɖeka: lãmenugbagbevi bɔbɔe aɖe. Nenema kee wòle le egbegbe amegbetɔ hã gome. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo fiaa nu be lãmenugbagbevi gbãtɔ ma ke mee míetso, si trɔ zu ƒumelã ƒomeviwo gbã eye abe afɔɖeɖe mamlɛtɔ ene la, do ŋgɔ na amegbetɔ va zu egbegbe tɔgbui siwo le abe bosowo ene. Aleae nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo xɔe se, togbɔ be womate ŋu akpɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ vivivi le blemanuwo me o hã.

     Gake ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ƒe gɔmesese si le amegbetɔwo ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu nye nyateƒea? Míate gbe ɖe susu vevi eve siwo ɖee fia be esia to vovo na ema dzi:

Egbegbe amegbetɔ ƒe susɔe siwo le ƒuƒoƒo xoxowo me ɖee fia be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ mele eme o . Susu gbãtɔa le bɔbɔe eye enye be wokpɔ egbegbe amegbetɔwo ƒe susɔe siwo me kɔ le hatsotso xoxowo alo esiwo do xoxo wu me abe wo tɔgbui siwo wosusu be wonye tɔgbuiwo ƒe susɔeawo ene ya teti, ale be egbegbe amegbetɔ ƒe kukuawo le hatsotso xoxowo me wu wo tɔgbui siwo wosusu be wonye wo tɔgbuiwo gɔ̃ hã. Wokpɔ egbegbe amegbetɔ ƒe susɔe kple nunɔamesi siwo me kɔ gɔ̃ hã le dzokpe siwo wobu be woxɔ ƒe miliɔn alafa geɖe gɔ̃ hã me.

    Nukae esia fia? Efia be egbegbe amegbetɔ do le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me ya teti le anyigba dzi alo do ŋgɔ na tɔgbui siwo wosusu be wonye tɔgbuiwo gɔ̃ hã. Mate ŋu adzɔ le mɔ aɖeke nu o elabena dzidzimeviawo mate ŋu anɔ agbe le wo tɔgbuiwo ŋkume gbeɖe o. Tsitretsitsi aɖe si dze ƒã si tsi tre ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe numeɖeɖe si ku ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe dzɔtsoƒe ŋu lae nye esi.

   Nya siwo gbɔna la gblɔ nya geɖe tso esia ŋu na wò. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala xɔŋkɔwo lɔ̃ ɖe alesi wòdze ƒã be wokpɔ egbegbe amegbetɔ tɔ ƒe susɔewo enuenu le blema hatsotsowo me, gake wogbe wo le esi woƒe nyonyome nye egbegbe tɔ akpa ta. Woke ɖe nu gbogbo aɖewo siwo sɔ kple wo nɔewo ŋu:

LBS Leakey: “Nyemeka ɖe edzi be amegbetɔ ƒe kuku ma si nye [Acheul kple Chelles] dekɔnu siawo tɔ, zi geɖe (...) gake womede dzesi wo be wonye nenema o alo wogbe wo elabena woawoe nye... Homo sapiens ƒomevi, eye le esia ta womate ŋu abu wo be wonye ame tsitsiwo o.” (20) .

R. S. Lull: ... Ƒumelãwo ƒe kpeƒekpeƒe mawo tɔgbe do zi gbɔ zi geɖe. (...) Wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe, togbɔ be woɖo tsitsi ƒe nudidi bubuawo gbɔ hã – be woaɖi wo ɖe ƒuƒoƒo tsitsiwo me, lãwo ƒe kuku ƒe dzedzeme le wo dome kple fossilization grade ɖeka ma ke, kple bubuawo – mesɔ gbɔ be woakpɔ amegbetɔŋutinunya ŋutɔŋutɔ ƒe nudidiwo gbɔ o, elabena ŋutilã ƒe nɔnɔme aɖeke mele wo dometɔ aɖeke si si manɔ Amerika Indiatɔwo si egbea o.” (21) .

Marvin L. Lubenow ŋlɔ nu tso nya ma ke ŋu le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Myytti apinaihmisistä (Dzihehe ƒe Ƒuwo) me . Le agbalẽ sia me la, eƒo nu tso nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ŋutɔ ƒe ƒexɔxɔ ƒe hatsotsowo ŋu na anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo ŋu woke ɖo . Wode nusiwo katã ŋu woke ɖo siwo ŋu woka nya ta le le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti agbalẽwo me la eme.

    Kuxi ma ke doa mo ɖa le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ƒe ƒexɔxɔ ƒe hatsotso siawo me: wokpɔa anyigba ƒe kpeƒekpeƒewo le anyigba ƒe hatsotso siwo wotsaka me eye nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe ɖoɖo aɖeke si woɖo ɖi mele wo si o. Womekpɔa wo le ɖoɖo si nu nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ bia nu o. Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo mefia be amegbetɔ tso tɔgbui bɔbɔe siwo le abe bosowo ene me o.

    Lubenow gblɔ le eƒe agbalẽa me be:

   (...) Mlɔeba la, míaƒe mɔzɔzɔa ƒe “Fossil Day” va. Sukuviawo gblɔ woƒe nyatakakawo na woƒe sukuhatiwo eye woɖo woƒe anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo ɖe ɖoɖo aɖe si wowɔ ɖe ƒexɔxɔ kple hatsotso siwo nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo na dzi. Esi kakɛawo nɔ gegem ɖe wo nɔƒe vivivi la, sukuviawo va se egɔme nyuie wu be anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetataawo meɖo kpe amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ dzi godoo o.

Ne amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ nye nyateƒe la, anye ne woatsɔ anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetataawo aɖo ɣeyiɣi ƒe ɖoɖo aɖe dzi tso Anyiehe boso la gbɔ, to Homo habilis , Homo erectus kple Homo sapiens gbãtɔ    ƒomevi aɖe me , eye mlɔeba woatsɔe aɖo egbegbe Homo sapiens gbɔ(emae nye mí, ame siwo lolo eye míedze tugbe). Ke boŋ woatsɔ anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetataawo aɖo afisia kple afima nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe ɖoɖo aɖeke si me kɔ manɔmee. Togbɔ be sukuviawo zã nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔselawo ŋutɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣi kple hatsotso siwo woda ɖe hatsotsowo me hã la, eva dze ƒã na wo be nusiwo wofɔ tso anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme me la na amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ zu dzodzro boŋ. Nuƒo alo nuƒo ɖesiaɖe si mawɔ ɖe wo nɔewo yome mawɔ dɔ ɖe ame dzi abe nusɔsrɔ̃ si sukuviawo ŋutɔ wɔ ene o. Naneke si mate ŋu agblɔ hafi akpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe sukuviawo dzi abe nyateƒe amama si ku ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe kpememenuwo ŋutɔ ŋu ene o. (22) .

Le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo me la, hatsotso eve koe li: boso dzrowo kple egbegbe amegbetɔwo . Abe alesi míegblɔe ene la, nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi vevitɔe nye be amegbetɔ dzɔ tso nuwɔwɔ siwo le abe boso ene me, ale be le ŋutinya me la, amegbetɔ siwo ƒe nyawo sesẽ wu va nɔ anyigba dzi. Nukpɔsusu siae nye Darwin kple eŋɔlimetɔwo ƒe susu, togbɔ be womekpɔ nu boo aɖeke tso tɔgbui siwo wosusu be wonye amegbetɔwo ŋu le ƒe alafa 19 lia me o hã. Dzixɔse kple mɔkpɔkpɔ be woava ke ɖe yewo ŋu emegbe le anyigba me koe Darwin kple eƒe zɔhɛwo nɔ.

   Dzixɔse ma ke xɔ aƒe ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe kpememewo didi egbea me. Esi amewo xɔ nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia dzi se ta la, wodia amesiwo wosusu be wonye amegbetɔ tɔgbuiwo. Xɔse kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe nusianu si wowɔna dzi. Alo ne womexɔ amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ tso tɔgbui siwo le abe boso ene gbɔ dzi se o la, anye ne nusi ʋãa wo la masɔ gbɔ be woadi o.

    Nukae nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo la ɖe fia? Womeƒoa adegbe na ame siwo da asi ɖe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe nufiafia dzi o. Womelɔ̃ ɖe nusianu kloe si ŋu woke ɖo dzi o, eye gawu la, woate ŋu ade dzesi nu aɖe si me kɔ le nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo me: le nuwuwu la, hatsotso eve koe li: edze ƒã be nuwɔwɔ siwo le abe bosowo ene kple amegbetɔ dzrowo. Mamã sia yia edzi ale gbegbe be dzigbe bosowo (Australopithecus) nye boso siwo bɔ abe alesi ŋkɔa ɖee fia ene, abe alesi Ardi, si ƒe ahɔhɔ̃ ƒe lolome le sue wu dzigbe bosowo tɔ ene. (Homo Habilis nye hatsotso si me mekɔ o si ate ŋu anye ƒuƒoƒo vovovowo ƒe tsakatsaka. Eƒe nɔnɔme aɖewo ɖee fia be eɖi bosowo wu dzigbe bosowo gɔ̃ hã). Ke boŋ Homo Erectus kple Neanderthal ŋutsu si ɖi wo nɔewo ŋutɔ la nye ame tsɛwo.

    Nukatae woma wo ɖe hatsotso eve ko me alea? Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala geɖe ŋutɔ lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be dzigbe bosowo mate ŋu anye amegbetɔ tɔgbuiwo o, gake be enye boso dzro aɖe, si nye lã ƒomevi aɖe si tsrɔ̃. Woƒo nya ta alea elabena woƒe ŋutilã le abe boso ene ŋutɔ eye ahɔhɔ̃a ƒe lolome nye egbegbe amegbetɔ ƒe ahɔhɔ̃ ƒe akpa etɔ̃lia ko. Nya eve aɖewoe nye esi:

Ne wotsɔ ŋutsu kple amegbetɔ ƒe tagbɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo la, edze ƒã be Australopithecus ƒe tagbɔ ɖi amegbetɔ ƒe tagbɔ wu. Nyagbɔgblɔ be menye nenemae o la, asɔ kple gbɔgblɔ be ameyibɔ nye yevu. (23) .

Nusiwo ŋu míeke ɖo la megblẽ ɖikeke aɖeke kura be (...) Australopithecus meɖi Homo sapiens o ; ke boŋ eɖi egbegbe guenons kple anthropoids. (24) .

Ke Homo erectus kple Neanderthal ŋutsu si ɖi wo nɔewo ŋutɔ eye woƒe ahɔhɔ̃ ƒe lolome kple ŋutilã ɖoa ŋku egbegbe amegbetɔwo dzi keŋkeŋ ya ɖe? Wokpɔ kpeɖodzi si sɔ be wo ame evea siaa nye amegbetɔwo egbea. Homo erectus te ŋu ƒo eɖokui ɖe ƒudzimɔzɔzɔ me eye wòwɔ dɔwɔnuwo hã ale be nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti nunyala Ðɔkta Alan Thorne gblɔ le keke ƒe 1993 me ke be: "Womenye Homo erectus o (ne míagblɔe bubui la, mele be woatsɔ ŋkɔ sia ayɔ wo o). Amegbetɔwoe wonye". (The Australian, August 19, 1993). Nenema ke egbegbe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo va le nukpɔsusu si nye be woate ŋu abu Neanderthal ŋutsua be enye amegbetɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ la me geɖe wu. Tsɔ kpe ɖe ŋutilã ƒe wɔwɔme ŋu la, nusiwo gbɔ wòtsoe nye dekɔnu gbogbo siwo ŋu woke ɖo kple DNA ŋuti numekuku yeyewo.(Donald Johnson / James Shreeve: Lucy ƒe Vi, axa 49).

   Numekula siwo do susua ɖa be woatsɔ Homo erectus kple Neandertal ade Homo sapiens ƒe hatsotso me la dometɔ aɖewoe nye le kpɔɖeŋu me Milford Wolpoff. Nusi na nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ŋuti nunyala aɖe ƒe nya sia ɖe dzesi enye be wogblɔ be ekpɔ hominides ƒe anyikpe gbãtɔwo wu ame bubu ɖesiaɖe. Nenema ke Bernard Wood, amesi wobu be eyae nye ame vevitɔ le nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ ƒe dzidzimegbalẽwo me, kple M. Collard gblɔ be hominide geɖe siwo wosusu be woɖi amegbetɔwo kloe alo woɖi dzigbe bosowo kloe (Science 284 (5411): 65-71, 1999 me tɔ).

    Nukae míate ŋu aƒo nya ta tso nya siwo míegblɔ va yi me? Viɖe aɖeke mele eme be woaƒo nu tso apeman ŋu o, elabena le nyateƒe me la, amegbetɔwo kple bosowo koe nɔ anyi. Ƒuƒoƒo eve siawo koe li, abe alesi numekula xɔŋkɔ geɖe siwo le nuto sia me gblɔe ene.

   Le go bubu me la, ne míeƒo nu tso amegbetɔ ƒe dzedzeme le anyigba dzi ŋu la, susu aɖeke meli si tae amegbetɔ do le anyigba dzi do ŋgɔ wu nusi Biblia ɖe fia, si fia abe ƒe 6,000 enye sia ene o. Nukatae wòle nenema? Nusitae nye be kpeɖodzi si ŋu kakaɖedzi le meli be exɔ ɣeyiɣi didi wu o. Le nyateƒe me la, ŋutinya si wonya la dzɔ tso ƒe 4000-5000 ko, esime kasia eye le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me la, nuwo abe nuŋɔŋlɔ, xɔtutu, dugãwo, agbledede, dekɔnuwo, akɔntabubu sesẽwo, zemelawo, dɔwɔnuwo wɔwɔ kple nu bubu siwo wobu be wonye amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔme ene do. Nɔnɔmetɔtrɔdzixɔsela geɖe lɔ̃a nuƒoƒo tso do ŋgɔ na ŋutinya kple ŋutinya me ɣeyiɣiwo ŋu, gake kpeɖodzi nyui aɖeke meli si fia be ɣeyiɣi si do ŋgɔ na ŋutinya me nɔnɔ nɔ anyi o, le kpɔɖeŋu me, ƒe 10,000 va ɖo 20,000 enye sia, elabena womenya xɔwo kple nusiwo míeyɔ ɖe etame la kple kakaɖedzi tso ɣemaɣi o.

   Gawu la, ewɔ nuku kura be amegbetɔ trɔ ƒe miliɔn eve kple afã enye sia, gake kasia eƒe dekɔnuwo do mo ɖa le xexeame godoo ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewoe nye esi va yi. Numeɖeɖe si nyo wue nye be ƒe akpe ʋɛ aɖewo koe amegbetɔ nɔ anyi, eye le esia ta ɣeyiɣi ma me koe xɔwo, dugãwo, gbegbɔgblɔ ƒe ŋutetewo, kple dekɔnuwo do mo ɖa, abe alesi Mose I, ƒe agbalẽa ɖee fia ene. 

Mègatsi Mawu fiaɖuƒe la godo o!

Mlɔeba la, nuxlẽla nyui! Mawu lɔ̃ wò eye wòdi be nàyi eƒe fiaɖuƒe mavɔ la me. Ne ènye fewuɖula kple Mawu ƒe futɔ kpɔ hã la, ɖoɖo nyui aɖe le Mawu si na wò. Se kpukpui siwo gbɔna siwo ƒo nu tso Mawu ƒe lɔlɔ̃ na amewo ŋu gɔme. Wogblɔ ale si Yesu va xexea me ale be ame sia ame nate ŋu axɔ agbe mavɔ kple nu vɔ̃wo ƒe tsɔtsɔke. Ame sia ame si le xexeame ate ŋu ato esia me:

- (Yohanes 3:16) Elabena Mawu lɔ̃ xexeame ale gbegbe be wòtsɔ eƒe Tenuvi la na, bena ame sia ame si xɔ edzi se la nagatsrɔ̃ o, ke boŋ wòakpɔ agbe mavɔ.

- (1 Yohanes 4:10) Esia mee lɔlɔ̃ le, menye be míelɔ̃ Mawu o, ke boŋ be elɔ̃ mí, eye wòdɔ Via ɖa be wòanye míaƒe nuvɔ̃wo ƒe avuléle.

Gake ɖe kadodo nɔa ame kple Mawu dome eye wotsɔa nu vɔ̃wo keae le eɖokui sia? Ao, ele be amegbetɔ natrɔ ɖe Mawu ŋu aʋu eƒe nuvɔ̃wo me. Ðewohĩ xɔse si me woléa nusiwo katã woŋlɔ ɖe Biblia me me ɖe asi le nyateƒe me koe le ame geɖe si, gake womeɖe afɔ sia si me wotrɔna ɖe Mawu ŋu hetsɔa woƒe agbe bliboa na Mawu kpɔ o.

    Dzimetɔtrɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu nyui aɖee nye Yesu ƒe nufiafia tso vi nudomegblẽlaa ŋu. Ŋutsuvi sia nɔ agbe le nuvɔ̃ deto me, gake emegbe etrɔ ɖe fofoa ŋu heʋu eƒe nuvɔ̃wo me. Fofoa tsɔe ke.

- (Luka 15:11-20) Eye wògblɔ bena: Ŋutsu aɖe dzi ŋutsuvi eve.

12 Eye wo dometɔ suetɔ gblɔ na fofoa be: “Fofo, tsɔ nunɔamesi siwo le asinye la nam.” Eye wòma eƒe agbemenuhiahiãwo na wo.

13 Le ŋkeke ʋee aɖewo megbe la, viaŋutsu sue la ƒo wo katã nu ƒu, eye wòzɔ mɔ yi didiƒe ʋĩ, eye wògblẽ eƒe nunɔamesiwo dome le afi ma kple agbenɔnɔ si me zitɔtɔ le .

14 Esi wòwu nu sia nu vɔ la, dɔwuame sesẽ aɖe to le anyigba ma dzi. eye wòte hiãkame.

15 Eye wòyi ɖawɔ ɖeka kple dukɔ ma me tɔ aɖe; eye wòdɔe ɖe eƒe agblewo me be wòaɖu hawo.

16 Ne ɖe wòdi be yeatsɔ lãgbalẽ siwo ha siwo ɖuna la ayɔ yeƒe ƒodo me fũ, gake ame aɖeke menae o.

17 Esi wòva ɖo eɖokui me la, egblɔ be: “Fofonye ƒe hadɔwɔla nenie si abolo sɔ gbɔ eye wòsusɔna, eye nye hã mele tsɔtsrɔ̃m le dɔwuame ta!

18 Matso ayi fofonye gbɔ agblɔ nɛ bena: Fofo, mewɔ nu vɔ̃ ɖe dziƒo kple ŋkuwòme .

19 Eye nyemegadze be woayɔm be viwò azɔ o.

20 Eye wòtso va fofoa gbɔ. Ke esi wògakpɔtɔ le adzɔge ʋĩi la, fofoa kpɔe, eye wòse veve ɖe enu , eye wòƒu du, dze kɔ nɛ, eye wògbugbɔ nu nɛ.

Ne ame trɔ ɖe Mawu ŋu la, ele be wòaxɔ Yesu hã abe eƒe agbe ƒe Aƒetɔ ene. Elabena to Yesu dzi koe ame ate ŋu ate ɖe Mawu ŋu ahaxɔ nuvɔ̃wo ƒe tsɔtsɔke abe alesi kpukpui siwo kplɔe ɖo ɖee fia ene. Eya ta yɔ Yesu be wòanye wò agbe ƒe Aƒetɔ, eye àxɔ nuvɔ̃wo tsɔtsɔke kple agbe mavɔ.

- (Yohanes 14:6) Yesu gblɔ nɛ bena: Nyee nye mɔ la, nyateƒe la kple agbe la, ame aɖeke meva Fofo la gbɔ o, negbe to dzinye ko.

- (Yohanes 5:40) Eye màva gbɔnye o, bena nanɔ agbe .

- (Dɔwɔwɔwo 10:43) Nyagblɔɖilawo katã ɖi ɖase nɛ , be ame sia ame si xɔ edzi se la axɔ nuvɔ̃wo ƒe tsɔtsɔke to eƒe ŋkɔ me .

- (Dw .

39 Eya ta wotsoa ame siwo katã xɔ xɔse la ame dzɔdzɔewo tso nu siwo katã me Mose ƒe se la mete ŋu bu mi tsoe o la me.

Ne èxɔ Yesu ɖe wò agbe me eye nètsɔ wò xɔse, si nye wò ŋuɖoɖo ɖe ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ ƒe nya la ŋu, ɖe eŋu (Dɔwɔwɔwo 16:31 "Eye wogblɔ bena: Xɔ Aƒetɔ Yesu Kristo dzi se, eye àkpɔ ɖeɖe, eye wò aƒe."), àte ŋu ado gbe ɖa, le kpɔɖeŋu me, ale: 

Xɔname ƒe gbedodoɖa : Aƒetɔ, Yesu, metrɔ ɖe Wò ŋu. Meʋu eme be mewɔ nu vɔ̃ ɖe ŋuwò eye nyemenɔ agbe ɖe Wò lɔlɔ̃nu nu o. Ke hã, medi be matrɔ le nye nuvɔ̃wo ŋu eye madze Wò yome kple nye dzi blibo. Mexɔe se hã be wotsɔ nye nuvɔ̃wo ke to Wò avuléle me eye mexɔ agbe mavɔ to Wò dzi. Meda akpe na Wò ɖe ɖeɖe si Nènam la ta. Amen.